Rising and declining cities a the North of the Tarraconensis: some cases of study

June, 2019June, 2019 Los Bañales de Uncastillo & Santa Criz de EslavaLos Bañales de Uncastillo & Santa Criz de Eslava 11
Rising and declining citiesRising and declining cities
at the North of the Tarraconensis: some cases of studyat the North of the Tarraconensis: some cases of study

Just a way to say thanks!Just a way to say thanks!
The surveys of the Hamburg/Trier team in Cinco Villas de AragónThe surveys of the Hamburg/Trier team in Cinco Villas de Aragón

Too many possibilities for a still-unexplored Roman city…Too many possibilities for a still-unexplored Roman city…
The results at Campo Real/FilleraThe results at Campo Real/Fillera

…… and many possibilities also for a excavation still in progress after ten yearsand many possibilities also for a excavation still in progress after ten years
The results at Los BañalesThe results at Los Bañales

Two steps in a clear evolutionTwo steps in a clear evolution
Noctes AtticaeNoctes Atticae 16, 13, 916, 13, 9
Aulus Gellius
(126-190 AD)
<< But the relationship of the “colonies” is a<< But the relationship of the “colonies” is a
different onedifferent one (sed coloniarum alia necessitudo est)(sed coloniarum alia necessitudo est);;
for they do not come into citizenship from without,for they do not come into citizenship from without,
nor grow from roots of their own, but they are as itnor grow from roots of their own, but they are as it
were transplantedwere transplanted (quasi propagatae sunt)(quasi propagatae sunt) from thefrom the
State and have all the laws and institutions of theState and have all the laws and institutions of the
Roman people, not those of their own choice. ThisRoman people, not those of their own choice. This
condition, although it is more exposed to controlcondition, although it is more exposed to control
and less freeand less free (magis obnoxia et minus libera)(magis obnoxia et minus libera),, is,is,
nevertheless thought preferable and superiornevertheless thought preferable and superior
because of the greatness and majesty of the Romanbecause of the greatness and majesty of the Roman
people, of which those colonies seem to bepeople, of which those colonies seem to be
miniatures, at is were, and in a way copiesminiatures, at is were, and in a way copies (quasi(quasi
effigies paruae simulacraque)effigies paruae simulacraque) >>>>

Two steps in a clear evolutionTwo steps in a clear evolution
EpistulaeEpistulae, 26, 55, 26, 55
Ausonius
(310-395
AD)
<< Whereas thou dost fix my Spanish dwelling-<< Whereas thou dost fix my Spanish dwelling-
place in ruined citiesplace in ruined cities (aut quae deiectis ruinis)(aut quae deiectis ruinis)
traversing in thy verse desolate towns, and castesttraversing in thy verse desolate towns, and castest
in my teeth, mountainin my teeth, mountain CalagurrisCalagurris,, BilbilisBilbilis hanginghanging
from its jagged cragsfrom its jagged crags (iuga per seruposa)(iuga per seruposa), and, and
IlerdaIlerda prostrate on its hill-side >>prostrate on its hill-side >>

Ancient and traditional viewsAncient and traditional views
Some issues connected with the development of cities under AugustusSome issues connected with the development of cities under Augustus

The city as an “ideal” way of lifeThe city as an “ideal” way of life
Some ideals connected with urban life and urban ideology in Roman timesSome ideals connected with urban life and urban ideology in Roman times

Roman cities at the juridical district ofRoman cities at the juridical district of Caesar AugustaCaesar Augusta: the: the cCCAcCCA
*
Our area of interestOur area of interest

Roman network at the juridical district ofRoman network at the juridical district of Caesar AugustaCaesar Augusta: the: the cCCAcCCA

*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
A very well urbanized and popularted are betweenA very well urbanized and popularted are between PompeloPompelo andand Caesar AugustaCaesar Augusta

The description of the region in PlinyThe description of the region in Pliny
Naturalis HistoriaNaturalis Historia, 3, 3, 24, 3, 3, 24
Pliny the ElderPliny the Elder
(23-79(23-79
AD)AD)
<<<< Caesar AugustaCaesar Augusta, a colony that pays no taxes, is washed by, a colony that pays no taxes, is washed by
the river Ebro; its site was once occupied by a town calledthe river Ebro; its site was once occupied by a town called
SalduieSalduie, belonging to the district of Edetania. It his the centre for, belonging to the district of Edetania. It his the centre for
55 peoples; of these with the rights of Roman citizens55 peoples; of these with the rights of Roman citizens (ex his(ex his
ciuium Romanorum)ciuium Romanorum) are theare the BilbilitaniBilbilitani, the, the CelcensesCelcenses (once a(once a
colony), thecolony), the CalagurritaniCalagurritani (surnamed(surnamed NasiciNasici), the), the IlerdensesIlerdenses
belonging to the race of thebelonging to the race of the SurdaonesSurdaones next to the rivernext to the river SicorisSicoris,,
thethe OscensesOscenses of the district of Suessetania, and theof the district of Suessetania, and the
TuriassonenesTuriassonenes; with the old Latin rights are the; with the old Latin rights are the CascantensesCascantenses
(Latinorum ueterum Cascantenses)(Latinorum ueterum Cascantenses),, ErgauicensesErgauicenses,,
GraccurritaniGraccurritani,, LeonicensesLeonicenses andand OsicerdensesOsicerdenses; bound by treaty; bound by treaty
are theare the TarracensesTarracenses (foederatos Tarracenses)(foederatos Tarracenses); tributary; tributary
(stipendiarios)(stipendiarios) are theare the ArcobrigensesArcobrigenses,, AndelonensesAndelonenses,, AracelitaniAracelitani,,
BursaonensesBursaonenses,, CalagurritaniCalagurritani surnamedsurnamed FibularensesFibularenses,,
ConplutensesConplutenses,, CarensesCarenses,, CinciensesCincienses,, CortonensesCortonenses,, DamanitaniDamanitani,,
IspallensesIspallenses,, IlursensesIlursenses,, IluberitaniIluberitani,, IacetaniIacetani,, LibiensesLibienses,,
PompelonensesPompelonenses andand SegiensesSegienses >>>>

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The archaeological site of Los BañalesThe archaeological site of Los Bañales
An area with many research’s possibilities: Los Bañales (y II) (photo: Arqueocad)An area with many research’s possibilities: Los Bañales (y II) (photo: Arqueocad)

The archaeological site of Santa CrizThe archaeological site of Santa Criz
An excavated site still waiting for its interpretation (photo: Juanmi Círez)An excavated site still waiting for its interpretation (photo: Juanmi Círez)
11
22
33
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55

The concept ofThe concept of parua oppidaparua oppida
De ChorographiaDe Chorographia 2, 902, 90
Pomponius MelaPomponius Mela
(h. 30 AD)(h. 30 AD)
<<<< Then, nearThen, near TarracoTarraco, are the small towns, are the small towns (ide(ide
ad Tarraconem parua sunt oppida)ad Tarraconem parua sunt oppida) ofof BlandaeBlandae,,
IluroIluro,, BaetuloBaetulo,, BarcinoBarcino,, SuburSubur andand TolobiTolobi; small; small
rivers, therivers, the BaetuloBaetulo beside Mt. Jupiter, thebeside Mt. Jupiter, the
RubricatumRubricatum on the shore ofon the shore of BarcinoBarcino, and the, and the
MaisMais betweenbetween SuburSubur andand TolobisTolobis.. TarracoTarraco is theis the
city on these shores that is wealthiest in maritimecity on these shores that is wealthiest in maritime
resourcesresources (Tarraco urbs est in his oris(Tarraco urbs est in his oris
maritimarum opulentissima) >>maritimarum opulentissima) >>

The so-calledThe so-called parua oppidaparua oppida
The profile of those small cities as shooting stars (drawing by I. Diéguez)The profile of those small cities as shooting stars (drawing by I. Diéguez)

The role of the colonies asThe role of the colonies as propugnacula Imperiipropugnacula Imperii

The role of the road-system and the city networkThe role of the road-system and the city network

The role of the army: infrastructures and spread of public imageThe role of the army: infrastructures and spread of public image

The development of infrastructures (The development of infrastructures (IRMNIRMN 1, Castiliscar)1, Castiliscar)
Imp(erator) Ca[esar diui f(ilius)]Imp(erator) Ca[esar diui f(ilius)]
Aug[ustus co(n)s(ul) XI]Aug[ustus co(n)s(ul) XI]
tr[i]bun[ic(ia) potes(tate) XV]tr[i]bun[ic(ia) potes(tate) XV]
XV im[p(erator) XIII]XV im[p(erator) XIII]
55
[pont]ifex max[s]u(mus)[pont]ifex max[s]u(mus)
Leg(io) IIII Mac(edonica)Leg(io) IIII Mac(edonica)
M(ilia) <passuum> [L]XIIXM(ilia) <passuum> [L]XIIX

The development of infrastructures (The development of infrastructures (HEpHEp17, 645-652)17, 645-652)
L(egio)· IIIIL(egio)· IIII ⋅⋅ M(acedonica)M(acedonica)
L(egio)L(egio) ⋅⋅ M(acedonica)M(acedonica)

The aqueduct as a symbol ofThe aqueduct as a symbol of RomanitasRomanitas

The spread of the public image (The spread of the public image (EpigraphicaEpigraphica, 78, 2016), 78, 2016)
L(ucio)· CaesariL(ucio)· Caesari ⋅⋅ AugustiAugusti
f(ilio)f(ilio)

The spread of the public image (The spread of the public image (HEpHEp5, 916)5, 916)
C(aio)· CaesariC(aio)· Caesari ⋅⋅ AugustiAugusti
f(ilio)f(ilio)

The role of the imperial cult: official propaganda and local loyaltyThe role of the imperial cult: official propaganda and local loyalty

A new portrait ofA new portrait of diuus Augustusdiuus Augustus fromfrom CaraCara

The memory of Germanicus in Los Bañales’ forumThe memory of Germanicus in Los Bañales’ forum

The epigraphic evidence on Germanicus’ memory (The epigraphic evidence on Germanicus’ memory (HEpHEp5, 734 &5, 734 & CILCIL IIII22
/5, 900)/5, 900)

The sculptural program of theThe sculptural program of the ciuitasciuitas of Santa Criz de Eslavaof Santa Criz de Eslava

The role of the local elite: public benefactors and patronsThe role of the local elite: public benefactors and patrons

Statue base dedicated to Tiberius, 31-32 AD (Statue base dedicated to Tiberius, 31-32 AD (AEAE 2015, 656)2015, 656)
Ti(berio)· Caesari · Aug(usti) ·Ti(berio)· Caesari · Aug(usti) ·
f(ilio) diui · n(epoti)· Aug(usto) ·f(ilio) diui · n(epoti)· Aug(usto) ·
pont(ifici)· maxumopont(ifici)· maxumo
imp(eratori)· VIII · trib(unicia)· pot(estate)imp(eratori)· VIII · trib(unicia)· pot(estate)
55
XXXIII · co(n)s(uli)· V ·XXXIII · co(n)s(uli)· V ·
Q(uintus)· Sempronius· L(ucii)· f(ilius)Q(uintus)· Sempronius· L(ucii)· f(ilius)
Vitulus· dec(urio)· equit(um)Vitulus· dec(urio)· equit(um)
test(amento)· f(ieri)· iussittest(amento)· f(ieri)· iussit

[Q(uinto)] Sempronio · L(ucii) f(ilio)[Q(uinto)] Sempronio · L(ucii) f(ilio)
VituioVituio (sic)(sic) · dec(urioni) · equit(um) ·· dec(urioni) · equit(um) ·
alae Taurianae ·alae Taurianae ·
[s]ub· praefecto ·[s]ub· praefecto ·
55
[c]oh(ortis)· Germanorum ·[c]oh(ortis)· Germanorum ·
[-c.4-]us lib(ertus) ·[-c.4-]us lib(ertus) ·
[p(osuit)?]· ex · test(amento) ·[p(osuit)?]· ex · test(amento) ·
More on the program honouring Tiberius, 31-32 AD (More on the program honouring Tiberius, 31-32 AD (AEAE 2015, 657)2015, 657)

More on the program honouring Tiberius, 31-32 AD (More on the program honouring Tiberius, 31-32 AD (ZPEZPE 200, 2016)200, 2016)
Q(uinto) Sempronio · L(ucii) · f(ilio)Q(uinto) Sempronio · L(ucii) · f(ilio)
Vitulo · dec(urioni) · equit(um)Vitulo · dec(urioni) · equit(um)
alaealae ⋅⋅ Taurianae ·Taurianae ·
sub· praefecto ·sub· praefecto ·
55
coh(ortis)· Germanor(um) ·coh(ortis)· Germanor(um) ·
Aesop[u]s lib(ertus) ·Aesop[u]s lib(ertus) ·

The role of theThe role of the dignitasdignitas: monumentalization and dignification: monumentalization and dignification

The plan of the forum at Los Bañales (by Luis Romero)The plan of the forum at Los Bañales (by Luis Romero)

The digital reconstruction of the forum at Los Bañales (by Pablo Serrano)The digital reconstruction of the forum at Los Bañales (by Pablo Serrano)

The plan of the forum at Santa Criz de Eslava (by P. Sáez & R. Armendáriz)The plan of the forum at Santa Criz de Eslava (by P. Sáez & R. Armendáriz)

The role of theThe role of the aemulatioaemulatio: urban competition and imitation: urban competition and imitation

The role of the cultural globalization: the epigraphic habitThe role of the cultural globalization: the epigraphic habit

The cultural globalization: the epigraphic habit (The cultural globalization: the epigraphic habit (CAUNCAUN 27, 2018 y27, 2018 y CILCIL II, 2974)II, 2974)

The role of theThe role of the ius Latiiius Latii and theand the ciuitas Romana per honoremciuitas Romana per honorem on Flavian timeson Flavian times

The final consolidation of a model (The final consolidation of a model (CILCIL II, 2973, Sádaba)II, 2973, Sádaba)
C(aio) ·C(aio) · Atilio·Atilio· L(ucii) f(ilio) Quirina GenialiL(ucii) f(ilio) Quirina Geniali
AtiliaAtilia ·· Festa auoFesta auo
L(ucio) ·L(ucio) · Atilio·Atilio· C(aii) ·C(aii) · f(ilio) Quirina Festof(ilio) Quirina Festo
Atilia ·Atilia · Festa ·Festa · patri ·patri · optimooptimo
Atilia·Atilia· L(ucii)·L(ucii)· f(ilia) ·f(ilia) · Festa ·Festa · et ·et · sibisibi
se ·se · uiua ·uiua · fecitfecit

The reactivation of personal munificence (The reactivation of personal munificence (AEAE 2014, 701-705)2014, 701-705)

Reconstruction of theReconstruction of the Victoria AugustiVictoria Augusti’s’s scholaschola (by Pablo Serrano)(by Pablo Serrano)

Vict[o]Vict[o]
riaeriae
A[ug?]A[ug?]
The local elite helping and solving urban needs (The local elite helping and solving urban needs (SHASHA 36, 2018)36, 2018)

Public works as an exhibition of civic pride: the baths at Los Bañales (by I. Diéguez)Public works as an exhibition of civic pride: the baths at Los Bañales (by I. Diéguez)

Ancient viewsAncient views usus. new approaches. new approaches
Some new issues connected with the main problem discussed hereSome new issues connected with the main problem discussed here

On a new publication on that subjectOn a new publication on that subject

On another incoming publication on that subjectOn another incoming publication on that subject

A new model of comprehension of an essential questionA new model of comprehension of an essential question

The end of the “golden age”The end of the “golden age”
Cassius DioCassius Dio
(155-235 AD)(155-235 AD)
Roman HistoryRoman History 72, 36, 472, 36, 4
<<<< This matterThis matter [the problems on the relationship[the problems on the relationship
between Marcus Aurelius and Commodus]between Marcus Aurelius and Commodus] mustmust
be our next topic; for our history now descendsbe our next topic; for our history now descends
from a kingdom of goldfrom a kingdom of gold (jrysés té basiléias)(jrysés té basiléias) to oneto one
of iron and rustof iron and rust (katapesúsés tés jistorías)(katapesúsés tés jistorías) asas
affairs did for the Romans of that dayaffairs did for the Romans of that day >>>>

On the so-calledOn the so-called oppida labentiaoppida labentia
SHA.SHA. Vita Marci AureliVita Marci Aureli 23, 423, 4
<<<< He himself was very sparing of the publicHe himself was very sparing of the public
money in giving largessmoney in giving largess (in largitionibus pecuniae(in largitionibus pecuniae
publicae)publicae), a fact which we mention rather in praise, a fact which we mention rather in praise
tan in disparagement, but nevertheless he gavetan in disparagement, but nevertheless he gave
financial assistance to the deserving, furnished aid,financial assistance to the deserving, furnished aid,
to towns on the brink of ruinto towns on the brink of ruin (oppidis labentibus)(oppidis labentibus),,
and, when necessity demanded, cancelled tributeand, when necessity demanded, cancelled tribute
or taxesor taxes >>>>Historia AugustaHistoria Augusta
(117-284 AD)(117-284 AD)

InfirmitasInfirmitas,, tenuitastenuitas,, difficultatesdifficultates
AEAE 1962, 288 from1962, 288 from MuniguaMunigua: on sustainability challenges of cities in Spain: on sustainability challenges of cities in Spain

Our panel to the 19th AIAC Conference in Cologne-Bonn (May, 2018)Our panel to the 19th AIAC Conference in Cologne-Bonn (May, 2018)

The cities of Hispania: a facade of wellfare?The cities of Hispania: a facade of wellfare?
Epigrafía Jurídica de la España RomanaEpigrafía Jurídica de la España Romana, Madrid, 1953, p. 142, Madrid, 1953, p. 142
<<<< El auge del desarrollo de la vida municipal sueleEl auge del desarrollo de la vida municipal suele
colocarse en el siglo II y, concretamente paracolocarse en el siglo II y, concretamente para
España, en la época de Adriano, ya desde Trajano.España, en la época de Adriano, ya desde Trajano.
Pero no deja de ser verdad que tal apogeo era másPero no deja de ser verdad que tal apogeo era más
bien una apariencia de bienestar generalbien una apariencia de bienestar general [facade of[facade of
wellfare]wellfare], explotado por pequeños grupos caciquiles,, explotado por pequeños grupos caciquiles,
y que, pese a las apariencias, la organización de lasy que, pese a las apariencias, la organización de las
ciudades carecía de aquellas reservas de vitalciudades carecía de aquellas reservas de vital
autonomía necesariasautonomía necesarias [financial reserves][financial reserves] parapara
superar la decadencia en que inmediatamentesuperar la decadencia en que inmediatamente
incurrieron. La ruina del Imperioincurrieron. La ruina del Imperio [ruin of Empire][ruin of Empire]
fue precedida de una ruina de las ciudadesfue precedida de una ruina de las ciudades [ruin of[ruin of
cities in advance] >>cities in advance] >>
Álvaro D’OrsÁlvaro D’Ors
(1915-(1915-
2004)2004)

Ideology and bases of municipal systemIdeology and bases of municipal system
The recognition of municipal working of communities by the Flavian periodThe recognition of municipal working of communities by the Flavian period

Obsessed with theObsessed with the pecunia communispecunia communis
Lex IrnitanaLex Irnitana, Ch. 20 [, Ch. 20 [De iure et potestate quaestorumDe iure et potestate quaestorum]]
<<<< And they are to have the right and power ofAnd they are to have the right and power of
collectingcollecting (exigendi)(exigendi),, spendingspending (erogandi)(erogandi),, keepingkeeping
(custodiendi)(custodiendi),, administeringadministering (atministrandi)(atministrandi) andand
looking afterlooking after (dispensandi)(dispensandi) the common funds ofthe common funds of
thethe municipesmunicipes of thatof that municipiummunicipium (pecunia(pecunia
communem municipum)communem municipum) at the discretion of theat the discretion of the
duumviriduumviri >>>>Lex Irnitana (91
AD)

Lex IrnitanaLex Irnitana, Ch. 60 [, Ch. 60 [Vt de pecunia communi municipum caueatur ab hisVt de pecunia communi municipum caueatur ab his]]
<<<< Those who in thatThose who in that municipiummunicipium seek theseek the
duumvirate or the quaestorship or are forced intoduumvirate or the quaestorship or are forced into
that position by being nominatedthat position by being nominated (…)(…),, each of them,each of them,
on the day of which the election is held, before theon the day of which the election is held, before the
votes are cast, is to provided at the discretion of thevotes are cast, is to provided at the discretion of the
person who holds that electionperson who holds that election praedespraedes to theto the
common account of thecommon account of the municipesmunicipes, that their, that their
common funds which he handels in the course ofcommon funds which he handels in the course of
this office will be kept safe for themthis office will be kept safe for them (pecuniam(pecuniam
communem municipum saluam is fore)communem municipum saluam is fore) >>>>
Lex Irnitana (91
AD)

Lex IrnitanaLex Irnitana, Ch. 80 [, Ch. 80 [De pecunia publica mutua sumendaDe pecunia publica mutua sumenda]]
<<<< If theIf the decurionesdecuriones oror conscripticonscripti of thatof that
municipiummunicipium decide under oath by ballot, when notdecide under oath by ballot, when not
less than three quarters of them are present, thatless than three quarters of them are present, that
any loan is to be raised for the use of theany loan is to be raised for the use of the resres
publicapublica of theof the municium Flauium Irnitanummunicium Flauium Irnitanum andand
those funds are ‘entered as spent’ to thethose funds are ‘entered as spent’ to the municipesmunicipes,,
provided that no more than 50.000 sesterces areprovided that no more than 50.000 sesterces are
‘entered as spent’‘entered as spent’ (erogatio pecuniae)(erogatio pecuniae) to them into them in
one year, except with the authorization of theone year, except with the authorization of the
person who governs that province (…)person who governs that province (…) >>>>
Lex Irnitana (91
AD)

Lex IrnitanaLex Irnitana, Ch. 79 [, Ch. 79 [De pecunia communi municipum erogandaDe pecunia communi municipum eroganda]]
<<<< (…) nor is he to propose it to the(…) nor is he to propose it to the municipesmunicipes ofof
thatthat municipiummunicipium, nor is he to distribute or divide, nor is he to distribute or divide
up or allot their common funds to the colonists ofup or allot their common funds to the colonists of
thethe decurionesdecuriones oror conscripticonscripti (distribuenda,(distribuenda,
diuidenda, discribenda inter municipes)diuidenda, discribenda inter municipes), nor is he, nor is he
to raise with theto raise with the decurionesdecuriones oror conscripticonscripti
alienating, reducing, spending or lending in thealienating, reducing, spending or lending in the
name of thename of the municipesmunicipes the funds which are thethe funds which are the
common funds of thecommon funds of the municipesmunicipes (…) when fewer(…) when fewer
are present than could make up three quarters ofare present than could make up three quarters of
the whole number ofthe whole number of decurionesdecuriones oror conscripticonscripti >>>>
Lex Irnitana (91
AD)

Thinking about theThinking about the res communisres communis tootoo
Lex IrnitanaLex Irnitana, Ch. 26 [, Ch. 26 [De iure iurando IIuirorum et aedilium et quaestorumDe iure iurando IIuirorum et aedilium et quaestorum]]
<<<< (…) and that he will not knowingly and with(…) and that he will not knowingly and with
wrongful intent do anything contrary to this statuewrongful intent do anything contrary to this statue
(ex hac lege)(ex hac lege) or to the common good of theor to the common good of the
municipesmunicipes of thatof that municipiummunicipium (exque re communi(exque re communi
municipum)municipum) and that he will restrain those whom heand that he will restrain those whom he
is able to restrain and that he will neither initiate ais able to restrain and that he will neither initiate a
coursecourse (of action)(of action) nor advise it nor express annor advise it nor express an
opinion otherwise tan he believes to be acoording toopinion otherwise tan he believes to be acoording to
this statute and to the common good of thethis statute and to the common good of the
municipesmunicipes of thatof that municipiummunicipium ((res communisres communis
municipummunicipum)) (…) Anyone who has not sworn in this(…) Anyone who has not sworn in this
way is to be condemned to pay 10,000 sesterces to theway is to be condemned to pay 10,000 sesterces to the
municipesmunicipes of thatof that municipiummunicipium >>>>
Lex Irnitana (91
AD)

TheThe res prolataeres prolatae and the farming basesand the farming bases
Lex IrnitanaLex Irnitana, Ch. K [, Ch. K [De rebus proferendisDe rebus proferendis]]
<<<< (…) for what period within their term of office(…) for what period within their term of office
they wish business to be postponed for the harvest orthey wish business to be postponed for the harvest or
the vintagethe vintage (per quos dies res prolatas intra suum(per quos dies res prolatas intra suum
honorem messis uindemiae causa) >>honorem messis uindemiae causa) >>
Lex Irnitana (91
AD)

AAdlectio ad numerumdlectio ad numerum and compromiseand compromise
Lex IrnitanaLex Irnitana, Ch. 31 [, Ch. 31 [De conuocandis edicto decuriones aut sublegendos…De conuocandis edicto decuriones aut sublegendos…]]
<<<< In any year in which there are fewer tan 63In any year in which there are fewer tan 63
decurionesdecuriones oror conscripticonscripti in thatin that municipiummunicipium (…)(…)
unless choice or choice in replacement ofunless choice or choice in replacement of decurionesdecuriones
oror conscripticonscripti has already taken place in that yearhas already taken place in that year
(facta decurionum conscriptorumue lectio sublectio)(facta decurionum conscriptorumue lectio sublectio)
the duumviri in charge of the administration ofthe duumviri in charge of the administration of
justice in that year, either or both of them at thejustice in that year, either or both of them at the
earliest posible opportunity, as they may thinkearliest posible opportunity, as they may think
proper, are to raise with theproper, are to raise with the decurionesdecuriones oror conscripticonscripti
(…) in replacement or substitution of those whose(…) in replacement or substitution of those whose
addition to the number ofaddition to the number of decurionesdecuriones oror conscripticonscripti
will lead to the presence of 63will lead to the presence of 63 decurionesdecuriones oror
conscripticonscripti in thatin that municipiummunicipium >>>>
Lex Irnitana (91
AD)

MunitionesMunitiones, compromise and public duties, compromise and public duties
Lex IrnitanaLex Irnitana, Ch. 83 [, Ch. 83 [De munitioneDe munitione]]
<<<< (…) whoever is a(…) whoever is a municepsmuniceps oror incolaincola of thatof that
municipiummunicipium or lives or has a field or fields within theor lives or has a field or fields within the
boundaries of thatboundaries of that municipiummunicipium, all of them are to be, all of them are to be
obliged to give, carry out and provide those days ofobliged to give, carry out and provide those days of
workwork (munitione damni cui facttum erit ex re(munitione damni cui facttum erit ex re
cmmuni it aestimetur)cmmuni it aestimetur) >>>>
Lex Irnitana (91
AD)

On early financial problems on citiesOn early financial problems on cities
EpistulaeEpistulae 10, 17b & 1810, 17b & 18
<<<< [Pliny to Trajan][Pliny to Trajan] I entered this province on theI entered this province on the
17th of September (…); for I am inclined to think17th of September (…); for I am inclined to think
much might be deducted from what is charged bymuch might be deducted from what is charged by
those who have the conduct of the public works if athose who have the conduct of the public works if a
faithful admeasurement were to be taken: at least Ifaithful admeasurement were to be taken: at least I
am of that opinion from what I have already seen ofam of that opinion from what I have already seen of
the accounts of this city (…)the accounts of this city (…) [Trajan to Pliny][Trajan to Pliny] TheThe
examination of the public accountsexamination of the public accounts (rationes rerum(rationes rerum
publicarum)publicarum) ought certainly to be your firstought certainly to be your first
employment, as they are evident in great desorderemployment, as they are evident in great desorder
(eas uexatas satis constat)(eas uexatas satis constat) >>>>
Pliny the YoungerPliny the Younger
(61-113 AD)(61-113 AD)

Again on towns of the brink of ruinAgain on towns of the brink of ruin
SHA.SHA. Vita Antonini PiiVita Antonini Pii 8, 48, 4
<<<< Beside all this, he helped many communitiesBeside all this, he helped many communities
(multas ciuitates adiuuit pecunia)(multas ciuitates adiuuit pecunia) to erect newto erect new
buildings and to restore the oldbuildings and to restore the old (ut opera noua(ut opera noua
facerent uel uetera restituerent)facerent uel uetera restituerent); and he even gave; and he even gave
pecuniary aid to Roman magistrates and senators topecuniary aid to Roman magistrates and senators to
assist them in the performance of their duties >>assist them in the performance of their duties >>
Historia Augusta
(117-284 AD)

AA check-listcheck-list for the urbanfor the urban decusdecus
CILCIL III, 352 fromIII, 352 from OrcistusOrcistus
<<<< (…); and that there is an abundant supply(…); and that there is an abundant supply
of waterof water (aquarum abundans afluentia)(aquarum abundans afluentia), and, and
public as well as private bathspublic as well as private baths (labacra publica(labacra publica
priuataque)priuataque), and a forum adorned with statues, and a forum adorned with statues
of former emperorsof former emperors (forum statuis ueterum(forum statuis ueterum
Principum ornatum)Principum ornatum), and a populace of, and a populace of
inhabitants so abundantinhabitants so abundant (populum(populum
commanentium)commanentium) that the seats there are easilythat the seats there are easily
filled; furthermore, from the water channelsfilled; furthermore, from the water channels
running past, there is an abundant number ofrunning past, there is an abundant number of
water-millswater-mills (aquarum aquimolinarum(aquarum aquimolinarum
numerum copiosum) >>numerum copiosum) >>

Los Bañales, anLos Bañales, an oppidum labensoppidum labens
The abandonment of the forum’s basilicaThe abandonment of the forum’s basilica

The evidences of Santa Criz de EslavaThe evidences of Santa Criz de Eslava
Architectural and financial problems in a small-size cityArchitectural and financial problems in a small-size city

ParapetasiaParapetasia and ilegal constructions in some spaces at the forumand ilegal constructions in some spaces at the forum

The end of the official sculptural programsThe end of the official sculptural programs

The end of theThe end of the aquarum afluentiaaquarum afluentia from the dam of the aqueductfrom the dam of the aqueduct

The effect of the “Antonine plague”The effect of the “Antonine plague”
Eutrop. 8, 12 (& Cass. Dio 72, 14, 3-4)Eutrop. 8, 12 (& Cass. Dio 72, 14, 3-4)
<<<< (…) since, under the emperor(…) since, under the emperor [Marcus[Marcus
Aurelius]Aurelius], after the victory over the Partians, after the victory over the Partians [and[and
over the Marcomani, on 174 AD]over the Marcomani, on 174 AD] there occurred sothere occurred so
destructive a pestilencedestructive a pestilence (casus pestilentiae fuit)(casus pestilentiae fuit)
that at Rome, and throughout Italy and thethat at Rome, and throughout Italy and the
provinces, the greater part of the inhabitantsprovinces, the greater part of the inhabitants
(maxima hominum pars defecit)(maxima hominum pars defecit) and almost all theand almost all the
tropos, sunk under the diseasetropos, sunk under the disease >>>>
Eutropius
(c. 363
AD)

The repression of Clodius Albinus’ revoltThe repression of Clodius Albinus’ revolt
SHA.SHA. Vita Septimi SeueriVita Septimi Seueri 1212
<<<< Countless persons who had sided withCountless persons who had sided with AlbinusAlbinus
were put to deathwere put to death (interfectis innumeris Albini(interfectis innumeris Albini
partium uiris)partium uiris), among them numerous leading men, among them numerous leading men
and many distinguished women, and their goodsand many distinguished women, and their goods
were confiscated and went to swell the publicwere confiscated and went to swell the public
treasury. Many nobles of the Gauls and Spains weretreasury. Many nobles of the Gauls and Spains were
also put to death at this timealso put to death at this time (cum Hispanorum et(cum Hispanorum et
Gallorum proceres multi occisi sunt)Gallorum proceres multi occisi sunt) (…) Yet, as a(…) Yet, as a
result of these confiscations, he left his sons aresult of these confiscations, he left his sons a
fortune greater tan any other emperor had left to hisfortune greater tan any other emperor had left to his
heirs, for he had made a large part of the gold in theheirs, for he had made a large part of the gold in the
Gauls, SpainsGauls, Spains (magnam partem auri per Galias, per(magnam partem auri per Galias, per
Hispanias)Hispanias) and Italy imperial propertyand Italy imperial property >>>>
Historia Augusta
(117-284 AD)

Tiberius Claudius Candidus (Tiberius Claudius Candidus (CILCIL IIII22
/14-2, 975)/14-2, 975)
Tib(erio) ·Tib(erio) · Cl(audio)·Cl(audio)· Candido ·Candido · c(on)s(uli)c(on)s(uli)
XVuir(o)· s(acris)· f(aciundis)·XVuir(o)· s(acris)· f(aciundis)· leg(ato) ·leg(ato) · Augg(ustorum)Augg(ustorum)
pr(o)· pr(aetore)· prouinc(iae) H(ispaniae)·pr(o)· pr(aetore)· prouinc(iae) H(ispaniae)· C(iterioris) ·C(iterioris) ·
et in ea duci terra mariqueet in ea duci terra marique
55
aduersus rebelles hh(ostes) pp(ublicos)aduersus rebelles hh(ostes) pp(ublicos)
item Asiae item Noricaeitem Asiae item Noricae
duci exercitus Illyriciduci exercitus Illyrici
expeditione Asiana item Parthicaexpeditione Asiana item Parthica
item Gallica logistae ciuitatisitem Gallica logistae ciuitatis
1010
splendidissimae Nicomedensiumsplendidissimae Nicomedensium
item Ephesiorum leg(ato) pr(o) pr(aetore) prouin(ciae)item Ephesiorum leg(ato) pr(o) pr(aetore) prouin(ciae)
Asiae cur(atori) ciuitatis TeanensiumAsiae cur(atori) ciuitatis Teanensium
allecto inter praetorios itemallecto inter praetorios item
tribunicios proc(uratori) XX hered(itatium) pertribunicios proc(uratori) XX hered(itatium) per
1515
Gallias Lugdunensem et BelGallias Lugdunensem et Bel
gicam et utramqu(ue) Germaniamgicam et utramqu(ue) Germaniam
praeposito copiarum expeditipraeposito copiarum expediti
onis Germanicae secundaeonis Germanicae secundae
trib(uno) mil(itum) leg(ionis) II Aug(ustae) praefectotrib(uno) mil(itum) leg(ionis) II Aug(ustae) praefecto
2020
coh(o)rtis secundae ciuiumcoh(o)rtis secundae ciuium
romanorum Silius Hospes hastatus leg(ionis) Xromanorum Silius Hospes hastatus leg(ionis) X
Geminae strator eiusGeminae strator eius
optimo praesidioptimo praesidi

Depopulation because of theDepopulation because of the pestilentiapestilentia??
The case ofThe case of LabitolosaLabitolosa (La Puebla de Castro, Huesca, Spain)(La Puebla de Castro, Huesca, Spain)

A consequence of the official repression?A consequence of the official repression?
On the so-calledOn the so-called urbs truncaurbs trunca ofof colonia Itucicolonia Ituci (Torreparedones, Córdoba, Spain)(Torreparedones, Córdoba, Spain)

Crisis on the basis of economic problemsCrisis on the basis of economic problems
SegobrigaSegobriga (Saelices, Cuenca, Spain) and the(Saelices, Cuenca, Spain) and the lapis specularislapis specularis

Crisis on the basis of economic problemsCrisis on the basis of economic problems
SisapoSisapo (La Bienvenida, Ciudad Real, Spain) and the cinnabar(La Bienvenida, Ciudad Real, Spain) and the cinnabar

Crisis as a consequence of urban competitionCrisis as a consequence of urban competition
The case of the competition betweenThe case of the competition between LucentumLucentum (Alicante) and(Alicante) and IliciIlici (Elche, Spain)(Elche, Spain)

Crisis before “the crisis”: final reflectionCrisis before “the crisis”: final reflection
The municipal system containing the seed of its own ruinThe municipal system containing the seed of its own ruin

Javier ANDREU PINTADOJavier ANDREU PINTADO
Universidad de NavarraUniversidad de Navarra
https://unav.academia.edu/JavierAndreuhttps://unav.academia.edu/JavierAndreu
http://www.losbanales.eshttp://www.losbanales.es
http://www.santacrizdeeslava.comhttp://www.santacrizdeeslava.com
jandreup@unav.esjandreup@unav.es

Rising and declining cities a the North of the Tarraconensis: some cases of study

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