4. Emisiones de dióxido de carbono per cápita, 1996
Emisiones de Co2
producidas por los combustibles fósiles y la fabricación
de cemento, divididas por la población, expresadas en toneladas
métricas.
MEDIO AMBIENTE
Menos que 1.0
1.0-2.9
3.0-6.9
7.0-14.9
15.0 ó más
S.I.
5. Elementos del Cambio Global
• Cambio Climático -- temperatura y humedad
• Gases atmosféricos traza (CO2, O3, CH4, etc.)
• Uso de suelo/ cambios en superficie del suelo.
• Especies invasivas
• Pérdida de biodiversidad
6. Average global surface temperatures (in centigrade) from
1860–2000, showing deviation from the baseline 1961–1990
average temperature.
Patz, 2002.
PNAS 99(20):12506
7.
8. Duración de la
estación de
transmisión de
malaria falciparum en
los 2080s
Sin la aplicación de
medidas de mitigación
para el CO2
Con la aplicación de
medidas para reducir
CO2a 550ppm
McMichael &
Kovats, 1999
12. Rol potencial de El Niño sobre la calidad del agua en el
sudoeste de Florida (Anomalías en la temperatura
superficial del mar, flujo de los ríos, precipitaciones) ASM,
1999
Fecal ColiformLevels
Enterococci Levels
Coliphage Levels
Mean Monthly Discharge
Myakka and Peace Rivers
Monthly ENSO SSTA
17. La re-emergencia del cólera ha permitido
importantes cambios en el conocimiento de la
epidemiología de las enfermedades diarréicas en
una escala pan-global
Climate variability
(ENSO)?
20. The prevalence of Cyclospora cayetanesis infection in children younger than 18
years of age and the air temperature in Lima, Peru (September 1992–July 1994).
Lima is in a desert region where the rainfall is <2 cm/year.
Madico 1997. Clin Infect Dis. 24:179.
34. Blanqueamiento de los Arrecifes de Coral
Puntos de
blanqueamiento
en los últimos 15
años
Coral
Blanqueado
Goniopora,
Micronesia
35. Alan J. Pounds, Michael P.L. Fogden and John H. Campbell. 1999 Biological response
to climate change on a tropical mountain. Nature Vol: 398 611-615.
Mortandad de Reptiles a escala global
36. CONCLUSIONES
• Los factores ambientales (cambio climático global)
condicionan cambios a nivel genético en los organismos
vivientes y en especial en los microorganismos, que les
permiten su adaptación.
• Estos cambios son impredecibles en el tiempo, pero
llevan al desarrollo de microorganismos con nuevas
capacidades patogénicas y a la evolución de nuevos
patógenos.
• El manejo oportuno de nuevas enfermedades
dependerá de las lecciones aprendidas a partir del
estudio de patrones de invasión de patógenos y de su
evolución en respuesta al cambio global
Notas del editor
Atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide over the last
10,000 years (large panels) and since 1750 (inset panels). Measurements are shown from ice cores
(symbols with different colours for different studies) and atmospheric samples (red lines). The
corresponding radiative forcings are shown on the right hand axes of the large panels. {Figure 6.4}
Clin.Microbiol.Rev. 15:757
Clin.Microbiol.Rev. 15:757
FEMS Microbiol Rev 26:125-39
Science 285:347
Potential health effects of climate variability and change. *, moderating influences include nonclimate factors that affect climate-related health outcomes, such as population growth and demographic change, standards of living, access to health care, improvements in health care, and public health
infrastructure. **, adaptation measures include actions to reduce risks of adverse health outcomes, such as vaccination programs, disease surveillance, monitoring, use of protective technologies (e.g., air conditioning, pesticides, water filtrationtreatment), use of climate forecasts, development of weather warning systems, emergency management and disaster preparedness programs, and public education
Clin.Microbiol Rev.17:136
PNAS 100:1051
Cuando se dobla el Sari 4 o 5 veces estos poros disminuyen hasta cerca de 20 micras.
17 nov 2010
Top: Regions where major coral reef bleaching events have taken place during the past 15 years. Yellow spots indicate major bleaching events.
Bottom: Photograph of a bleaching hard coral (Goniopora spp.) from Pohnpei, Micronesia. Photo taken by J Hoogesteger. Notice that the entire coral is not bleached, the polyps around the edges are still healthy.
Coral reef bleaching, the whitening of diverse invertebrate taxa, results from the loss of symbiotic zooantheallae and/or a reduction in photosynthetic pigment concentrations in zooxanthellae residing within scleractinian corals. Coral reef bleaching is caused by various anthropogenic and natural variations in the reef environment including sea temperature, solar irradiance, sedimentation, xenobiotics, subaerial exposure, inorganic nutrients, freshwater dilution, and epizootics. Coral bleaching events have been increasing in both frequency and extent worldwide in the past 20 years. Global climate change may play a role in the increase in coral bleaching events, and could cause the destruction of major reef tracts and the extinction of many coral species.
Corals live within a relatively narrow temperature margin, and anomalously low and high sea temperatures can induce coral bleaching. Bleaching events occur during sudden temperature drops accompanying intense upwelling episodes, (-3 degrees C to –5 degrees C for 5-10 days), or seasonal cold-air outbreaks. Bleaching is much more frequently reported from elevated sea surface temperatures. A small positive anomaly of 1-2 degrees C for 5-10 weeks during the summer season will usually induce bleaching.
Source: http://www.marinebiology.org/coralbleaching.htm