Para abordar a complexa e cambiante realidade social e política de Israel, a Fundação FHC recebe o Prof. Dr. Gustavo Mesch, sociólogo israelense, nascido na Argentina e reconhecido internacionalmente.
Prof. Dr. Gustavo S. Mesch
Sociólogo, é professor e reitor da Universidade de Haifa (Israel). PhD em Sociologia pela Ohio State University (1993), foi presidente da Seção de Informação e Comunicação da American Sociological Association e editor-chefe do Sociological Focus, jornal oficial da North Central Sociological Association (EUA). Pesquisa temas relacionados à relação entre tecnologia e sociedade, como impactos sociais das novas mídias, cultura jovem na internet e redes sociais online e offline.
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A sociedade israelense: dinâmicas de mudança e o futuro da democracia - Prof. Dr. Gustavo S. Mesch
1. Cambio Social y la
Democracia en Israel
Gustavo S. Mesch
Profesor de Sociologia
Universidad de Haifa
2. Israel: 70 años
• La creación del Estado de Israel es un evento histórico único
en la historia del pueblo judío.
• La renovación en la presencia y conservación de la soberanía
nacional renovación del hebreo como lengua diaria y de la
literatura
• Formación de cultura, economía y sociedad,
• Estilo de vida israelí: alto valor a la innovación, educación,
familia y democracia.
4. Población de Israel hoy 8,463,491 habitantes
(10 veces más que la población en 1948)
5. 6.589 millones son judíos y el núero de árabes es
1.849 millones, (20.9% de la población).
6. De Agricultura Intensiva a Tecnología
• La economía depende de las industrias basadas en la innovación
tecnológica.
• Israel es un Centro mundial en el Pulido de diamantes.
• 23.2 % de las exportaciones: diamantes, materiales de tecnología alta
(hardware-Software: CheckPoint, Intel), Aviación y farmacología (Teva).
• En 2017, 2.3% del Producto bruto doméstico depende de la agricultura y el
1.1% de la fuerza humana estaba ocupada en la producción Agrícola.
• Ciencia y tecnología es uno de los sectores mas desarrollados, el 4.2
porciento del producto bruto domestico en este sector.
• Israel esta en el lugar 13 en termino de productividad científica en el
mundo (número de publicaciones científicas por 100 mil habitantes), y
tiene uno de los números mas altos de patentes por habitante en el
mundo.
7. • El sector de tecnología alta incluye los sectores de electrónica,
farmacia y aviación, compañías como Intel, Teva y CheckPoint.
• Este sector ha crecido rápidamente desde los años 90. El empleo en
estas industrias era del 7 % del empleo total en 1995 e incrementó al
9 %en 2014.
• Este sector incrementó en su contribución del 6.5 porciento al 11.4
porciento del producto doméstico.
11. La Democracia Israelí
• Democracia Liberal o Democracia Etno-nacional?
• El sector mayoritario de los sociólogos en Israel la definen como
democracia liberal: sistema democrático estable, que provee derechos
civiles y sociales a todos los ciudadanos. Israel es un estado nacional judío,
y las instituciones representan los intereses de la mayoría nacional.
• Los sociólogos que pertenecen a líneas criticas y radicales Democracia
étnica-nacional: El modelo esta basado en dos características
contradictorias: por un lado se otorgan derechos a todos los ciudadanos, y
por el otro lado posición de ventaja a la mayoría étnica.
• Esta contradicción crea tensiones - la minoría no se puede identificar con
los símbolos del estado en forma completa (con el himno nacional, la
bandera) y las tensiones llevan a protestas.
12. Una Democracia y una Sociedad
Profundamente dividida
•División etno-nacional.
•División Religiosa-Laica.
•División de judíos orientales y occidentales.
•División socio-económica
13. La división etno-nacional
• Existente entre la minoría Árabe (21 porciento de la población) y la mayoría judía.
• La minoría árabe tiene una doble característica:
• Son residentes y ciudadanos legales de Israel, participación en elecciones
nacionales y locales.
• Representación política a través de voto, ciudadanía y representación de partidos
árabes en el parlamento.
• Reconocimiento del Árabe como Idioma oficial y autonomía del sistema educativo
y religioso.
• 2016 - resolución 922 del gobierno, produce una inversión gigante en la
infraestructura y educación árabe a los efectos de reducir las diferencias
educacionales y económicas.
14. • Parte del pueblo palestino y la nación árabe con quienes Israel se
encuentra en un estado constante de tensión militar.
• Estado permanente de emergencia desde 1948: otorga poderes de
censura al gobierno y al ejército, detención administrativa.
• Prevención de discusión pública de cuestiones críticas tales como los
presupuestos militares, operaciones militares y la política nacional
sobre plantas nucleares.
• Servicio militar obligatorio, excepto a los Árabes, otorga ventajas en el
mercado laboral.
15. Reflexión en la opinión publica
• Un 69,5 de la población Judía sostiene: “un Árabe que
se define como palestino en Israel no puede ser leal al
estado y sus leyes”.
• El 80 porciento de la Población Judía indica que “toda
decisión con respecto a los límites del estado de Israel
debe ser tomada por una mayoría que debe incluir a
los partidos no-árabes en el parlamento ”.
18. Intentos de reducción de tensiones etno-
nacional
• A partir del 2007 el gobierno adoptó una política doble con respecto a la
minoría árabe.
• Por un lado, a través de acciones parlamentarias exclusión de la minoría
árabe del ámbito político y cultural. (ley de nacionalidad, mínimo de votos
para ser elegido al parlamento, modificación de la lengua árabe como
lengua oficial).
• Y al mismo tiempo, implementación de medidas a los efectos de
incrementar rápidamente la integración de la población árabe en la
economía israelí y mejorar la infraestructura.
• Resolución 922 del Gobierno (2014), programa de 3,3 billones de dolares
para la infraestructura e integración económica árabe. (la mitad ya fue
transferida)
21. Corrientes Religiosas
• Los ultra-ortodoxos: ponen énfasis en el judaísmo como religión y se adhieren a
los conceptos religiosos que tienen prioridad. Este grupo que era pequeño ha
crecido mucho por procesos demográficos. Se opusieron a la creación del estado
y hoy son parte del gobierno pero para representar sus intereses y se oponen a
servir el servicio militar. La autoridad son los rabinos. (6.5 %)
• Los Religiosos nacionales, que conservan la religión pero son comprometidos con
el Estado y sus necesidades incluyendo el servicio militar. Aceptan la autoridad de
los rabinos, pero también de las instituciones del Estado (Parlamento, Leyes y
juzgados) (17%)
• La mayoría de la población que se auto considera tradicional, es decir cuida las
tradiciones religiosas de una forma o la otra. (38%)
• Los laicos, que consideran necesaria la separación del estado de la religión, y la
supremacía de las instituciones democráticas. (38%)
22. Temas de conflicto
• Legislación religiosa: transporte y comercio del sabado, o restringir la
legislación a asuntos nacionales que permitan la libertad completa de
culto. Los ultra-religiosos y religiosos exigen legislación que distinga a
Israel como país primordialmente judío.
• La ley del servicio militar obligatorio.
• Definición de quién es judío, de acuerdo a la religión ortodoxa o
aceptación de la postura de reformistas y conservativos incluido el
reconocimiento a la conversión.
• La participación de Rabinos en la política y su interferencia con
decisiones basadas en el tribunal supremo de justicia
23. Incremento de las tensiones por cambios
demográficos:transición de Mesorti a Haredi-dati
29. El riesgo de democracia
• El 45% del público en Israel
piensa que la democracia Israelí
está en peligro.
• El 23% de los alineados con la
derecha y religiosos piensan así.
El 72 % de los votos a la
izquierda y el 65% de los Árabes
piensan que la democracia está
en peligro
30.
31. Media and the risk to democracy
political interference in the ostensibly
independent mainstream media• Recent revelations in Israel evidence an apparent intersection between government and media that raises concerns over the fragile state of the fundamental democratic principle of press freedom.
In response to a Supreme Court order, Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu was forced to reveal last week that he held more than 100 calls between 2012 and 2015 with Sheldon Adelson, a major backer and
owner of the free Israel Hayom daily, the most widely circulated tabloid in the country. The premier also spoke more than 200 times during that time frame with then-Israel Hayom editor Amos Regev, culminating with
up to five conversations per day in the lead-up to the March 2015 elections.
• This comes on the backdrop of an ongoing criminal investigation into Netanyahu known as Case 2000, in which the premier is suspected of having attempted to arrange more
favorable coverage from the rival Yediot Aharonot newspaper in exchange for curbing the distribution of Israel Hayom. In taped phone calls with Yediot publisher Amnon Mozes,
Netanyahu expressed a willingness to back legislation to this effect, whereas, for his part, Mozes noted that "30, 50, 70 percent of the advertising pages" in Israel Hayom are
government-bought.
• In the result, the role the media is meant to play in a democracy is a hot-button issue; more specifically, the
discussion centers around whether it continues to satisfy its intended function as the historic "gatekeeper"
of free societies or whether it has become, in general, so partisan that it simply acts as a mouthpiece for or
against those in power, depending on their political orientation.
Further dismal light is shed on media behavior in Case 4000, in which, among other suspicions still being
investigated, it is alleged — and several journalists have publicly confirmed — that coverage of the prime
minister and his family was skewed in Netanyahu’s favor at the Walla news site, second only to Ynet as the
nation’s most-read online news resource. Journalists, like anybody else, need to earn a living and don’t
particularly want to lose their jobs. But journalism is supposed to be a skilled, and, yes, principled,
profession. If, as seems to have been the case, it was an open secret for years at Walla that its very purpose
— reporting and analysis of the news — was routinely subverted by its owners, why was there no insistent
outcry from the reporters and columnists and editors within?
• Netanyahu’s alleged efforts to dominate the media, including from his position as minister of
communications, feature elsewhere in the various allegations against him as well
32. • targeting the cops
• The police have been strategically undermined by the prime minister and his allies —
including being castigated by Netanyahu directly as biased and lacking in objectivity in its
investigation of him. Netanyahu’s new coalition chief, David Amsalem, charged this
week that “the police have been engaged in an obsessive, even sick chase after the
prime minister in order to bring him down.” (Amsalem’s predecessor David Bitan had to
quit the job because he is defending himself against corruption allegations.) A Likud-led
Knesset committee hauled in police chief Roni Alsheich last week in a transparent effort
to discredit him.
•
• Yoav Kisch (R), chairman of the Interior Affairs Committee with Police Commissioner Roni
Alsheich at a meeting of the Interior Affairs Committee, at the Knesset, the Israeli
parliament in Jerusalem, on February 20, 2018. (Yonatan Sindel/Flash90)
• While Alsheich emerged from that session with reputation intact, this is hardly the
heyday of Israeli police performance.
33. • Judicial integrity
• Finally, we come to the judiciary — an institution Netanyahu has not attacked in his efforts to discredit his accusers, and one of the last relatively unsullied beacons of our
democracy… until the past few days.
•
• Ombudswoman of the Prosecution, retired Judge Hila Gerstel, attends a Constitution, Law, and Justice, Committee meeting in the Israeli parliament on January 27, 2016.
(Yonatan Sindel/Flash90)
• Now we have a cloud of concern over the Supreme Court President Esther Hayut, for failing to turn to the police when her friend and fellow judge Hila Gerstel gave her a
reportedly vague account of an effort by top Netanyahu aide Nir Hefetz to bribe Gerstel in 2015. (The alleged deal was for Gerstel to be appointed attorney general — the legal
officer who must decide on any investigations and indictments of the prime minister — in return for closing a case involving alleged financial abuse by Sara Netanyahu.)
•
• Supreme Court Chief Justice Esther Hayut at a hearing at the Supreme Court in Jerusalem on January 14, 2018. (Yonatan Sindel/Flash90)
• Hayut, in a statement last week, said Gerstel only told her about the incident after it had become irrelevant — when Avichai Mandelblit had already been appointed as attorney
general — and gave her only “limited details,” and that she therefore “had no basis” for taking the matter any further. Surely, that was for the police to determine.
• More recently still, we have the matter of alleged collusion between Tel Aviv Magistrate’s Court Judge Ronit Poznansky-Katz and Israel Securities Authority investigator Eran
Shacham-Shavit, purportedly coordinating against the defendants in Case 4000 as documented in an exchange of WhatsApp messages on Sunday.
•
• Judge Ronit Poznansky-Katz (L) and the Israel Securities Authority’s legal adviser, Eran Shacham-Shavit (R)
• Now that the full content of their texts has been published, it emerges that their exchanges were not prejudicial to the defendants, but neither were they anything less than
inappropriate. Defendants at a court hearing have the reasonable right to assume that the judge has not been discussing their case with prosecutors outside of the courtroom.
• It’s no wonder that concern over the duo’s WhatsApp legal flirtation has obscured the gravity of the case itself in recent days. And no wonder that this was the incident that found
Aryeh Deri marveling at the prime minister’s luck.
Notas del editor
Light Bulb Questions
(Intermediate)
To reproduce the box effects on this slide, do the following:
On the Home tab, in the Slides group, click Layout, and then click Blank.
On the Design tab, in the Themes group, click the arrow next to Colors and then click Oriel.
On the Insert tab, in the Illustrations group click the arrow under Shapes, and then under Rectangles, select rectangle (first row, first option from left).
On the slide, drag to draw a rectangle.
Under Drawing Tools, in the Format tab, in the Size group, click the arrow at the bottom right corner launching the Format Shape dialog box.
In the Format Shape dialog box, select Size in the left pane, under Size and rotate in the right pane set Height to 1.88” and Width to 2”.
Also in the Format Shape dialog box, select Fill in the left pane, and under Fill in the right pane select No Fill.
Also in the Format Shape dialog box, select Line Color in the left pane, under Line Color in the right pane, select Solid Line, and then click the arrow to the right of Color, and under Theme Colors, select Black, Text 1 (first row, second option from left).
Also in the Format Shape dialog box, select Line Style in the left pane, under Line Style in the right pane set Width to 0.25 pt.
Close the Format Shape dialog box.
Select the rectangle. On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, point to Align, and then do the following:
Click Align Left.
Click Align Top.
Select the rectangle. On the Home tab, in the Clipboard group, click the arrow to the right of Copy, and then click Duplicate. Repeat this process three more times for a total of five rectangles.
Select duplicate on right side. On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, point to Align, and then do the following:
Click Align Right.
Click Align Top.
Select all five rectangles. On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, point to Align, and then do the following:
Click Align Top.
Click Distribute Horizontally.
Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Arrange group, click the arrow to the right of Group and select Group.
Select the grouped rectangles. On the Home tab, in the Clipboard group, click the arrow to the right of Copy, and then click Duplicate. Repeat this process two more times for a total of four grouped sets.
Select one grouped set. On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, point to Align, and then do the following:
Click Align Center.
Click Align Bottom.
Select all other grouped sets, and also on the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, point to Align, do the following:
Click Align Center.
Click Distribute Vertically.
Select all grouped rectangles. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Arrange group, click the arrow to the right of Group and select Ungroup.
To reproduce the video effects on this slide, do the following:
On the Insert tab, in the Media group, click Video, and then click Video from File.
In the left pane of the Insert Video dialog box, click the drive or library that contains the video. In the right pane of the dialog box, click the first video that you want, and then click Insert.
Under Video Tools, on the Format tab, in the Size group, click the arrow at the bottom right corner to launch the Format Video dialog box.
In the Format Video dialog box, select Size in the left pane, under Size and Rotate in the right pane, set Height to 1.88” and Width to 1.99”.
In the Animations tab, in the Animation group, select Play.
Also on the Animations tab, in the Timing group, click the arrow to the right of Start and select With Previous.
On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, point to Align, and then do the following:
Click Align Left.
Click Align Top.
Also on the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, under Order Objects, click Send to Back.
On the Insert tab, in the Media group, click Video, and then click Video from File.
In the left pane of the Insert Video dialog box, click the drive or library that contains the video. In the right pane of the dialog box, click the second video that you want and then click Insert.
In the Format Video dialog box, select Size in the left pane, under Size and Rotate in the right pane, and set Height to 1.88” and Width to 1.99”.
In the Animations tab, in the Animation group, select Play.
Also on the Animations tab, in the Timing group, click the arrow to the right of Start and select With Previous.
On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, point to Align, and then click Align Top.
Press and hold CTRL, select second video and second rectangle from top left. On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, point to Align, and then select Align Left or Align Right (depending on which way the video needs to move to match up with rectangle).
Select the second video, on the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, under Order Objects, click Send to Back.
On the Insert tab, in the Media group, click Video, and then click Video from File.
In the left pane of the Insert Video dialog box, click the drive or library that contains the video. In the right pane of the dialog box, click the third video that you want and then click Insert.
Under Video Tools on the Format tab, in the Size group, click the arrow at the bottom right corner to launch the Format Video dialog box.
In the Format Video dialog box, select Size in the left pane, under Size and Rotate in the right pane, set the Height to 3.75” and the Width to 4”.
In the Animations tab, in the Animation group, select Play.
Also on the Animations tab, in the Timing group, click the arrow to the right of Start and select With Previous.
On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, point to Align, and then do the following:
Click Align Right.
Click Align Top.
Also on the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, under Order Objects, click Send to Back.
On the Insert tab, in the Media group, click Video, and then click Video from file.
In the left pane of the Insert Video dialog box, click the drive or library that contains the video. In the right pane of the dialog box, click the fourth video that you want and then click Insert.
In the Format Video dialog box, select Size in the left pane, under Size and Rotate in the right pane, set the Height to 1.88” and the Width to 1.99”.
In the Animations tab, in the Animation group, select Play.
Also on the Animations tab, in the Timing group, click the arrow to the right of Start and select With Previous.
On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, point to Align, and then click Align Bottom.
Press and hold CTRL, select fourth video and seventeenth rectangle (fourth row, second option from left). On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, point to Align, and then select Align Left or Align Right (depending on which way the video needs to move to match up with rectangle).
Select just the video, on the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, under Order Objects, click Send to Back.
On the Insert tab, in the Media group, click Video, and then click Video from file.
In the left pane of the Insert Video dialog box, click the drive or library that contains the video. In the right pane of the dialog box, click the fifth video that you want and then click Insert.
In the Format Video dialog box, select Size in the left pane, under Size and Rotate in the right pane, set the Height to 1.88” and the Width to 1.99”.
In the Animations tab, in the Animation group, select Play.
Also on the Animations tab, in the Timing group, click the arrow to the right of Start and select With Previous.
Press and hold CTRL, select fifth video and thirteenth rectangle (third row, third option from left). On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, point to Align, and then select Align Left or Align Right, and then Align Top or Align Bottom (depending on which way the video needs to move to match up with rectangle).
Select just the video, on the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, under Order Objects, click Send to Back.
On the Insert tab, in the Media group, click Video, and then click Video from file.
In the left pane of the Insert Video dialog box, click the drive or library that contains the video. In the right pane of the dialog box, click the sixth video that you want and then click Insert.
In the Format Video dialog box, select Size in the left pane, under Size and Rotate in the right pane, set Height to 1.88” and Width to 1.99”.
Close the Format Video dialog box.
In the Animations tab, in the Animation group, select Play.
Also on the Animations tab, in the Timing group, click the arrow to the right of Start and select With Previous.
On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, point to Align, and then click Align Bottom.
Press and hold CTRL, select sixth video and nineteenth rectangle (fifth row, fourth option from left). On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, point to Align, and then select Align Left or Align Right (depending on which way the video needs to move to match up with rectangle).
Select just the video, on the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, under Order Objects, click Send to Back.
To reproduce the text effects on this slide, do the following:
Press and hold CTRL, select rectangles six, seven and eight (second row, first, second and third options from left), then under the Home tab, in the Clipboard group, click the Cut icon.
On the Insert tab, in the Text group, click Text Box, and then on the slide drag to draw your text box in the area you just cut.
Type text, Questions, in the text box, and then select the text. On the Home tab, in the Font group, select Book Antiqua from the Font list, with a Font Size of 88 pt.
Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the WordArt Styles group, click the arrow at the bottom right to launch the Format Text Effects dialog box.
In the Format Text Effects dialog box, select Text Fill in the left pane, under Text Fill in the right pane select Solid fill, then click the arrow to the right of Color and under Theme Colors, select Light Yellow, Background 2, Darker 75% (fifth row, third option from left).
Also in the Format Text Effects dialog box, select Shadow in the left pane, under Shadow in the right pane, click the arrow to the right of Color and under Theme Colors, select Black, Text 1 (first row, second option from left), and the do the following:
In the Transparency box, enter 35%.
In the Size box, enter 100%.
In the Blur box, enter 6 pt.
In the Angle box, enter 90 degrees.
In the Distance box, enter 4 pt.
Also in the Format Text Effects dialog box, select 3-D Format in the left pane, under 3-D Format in the right pane, click the arrow to the right of Top, under Bevel select Art Deco (third row, fourth option from left), and then do the following:
To the right of Top, in the Width box, enter 2 pt.
To the right of Top, in the Height box, enter 4.4 pt.
Under Contour, click arrow to right of Color and under Theme Colors, select Light Yellow, Background 2, Darker 10% (second row, third option from left), then set Size to 2pt.
Under Surface, click the arrow to the right of Lighting and under Neutral, select Soft (first row, third option from left).
Select text. On the Home tab, in the Paragraph group, select Center Text.
Close the Format Text Effects dialog box.
To reproduce the background effects on this slide, do the following:
On the Design tab, in the bottom right corner of the Background group, click the arrow at the bottom right to launch the Format Background dialog box.
In the Format Background dialog box, select Fill in the left pane, under Fill in the right pane, select Gradient fill, then click the arrow to the right of Type and select Radial.
Still in the Fill pane, under Gradient stops, click Add gradient stop or Remove gradient stop until four stops appear on the slider. Customize the gradient stops as follows:
Select the first stop on the slider, and then do the following:
In the Position box, enter 0%.
Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors select Gold, Accent 4, Lighter 80% (second row, eighth option from the left).
Select the second stop on the slider, and then do the following:
In the Position box, enter 26%.
Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors select Gold, Accent 4, Lighter 60% (second row, eighth option from the left).
Select the third stop on the slider, and then do the following:
In the Position box, enter 59%.
Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors select Gold, Accent 4, Lighter 40% (fourth row, eighth option from the left).
Select the last stop on the slider, and then do the following:
In the Position box, enter 100%.
Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors select Gold, Accent 4, Darker 25% (fifth row, eighth option from the left).
Close the Format Background dialog box.