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Carlos Cordero, director de la consultora Sustentia, hace un análisis de las herramientas que existen para evaluar la gestión ambiental de la actividad de las empresas en el Sur.
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Eventos Sustentables. Valor agregado + ventaja competitiva.
Exposición de Fabián Piqué, expero en Turismo, en el Encuentro de Destinos Sedes de Eventos, 22 de Abril 2010, Villa La Angostura
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Presentación con relato en audio:
http://memoreno.wordpress.com/2010/09/19/ecologia-sustentabilidad-etica-y-relaciones-publicas/
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Similar a Session 1 monteiro regional trade agreements and the environment spanish version
En esta sesión vemos la perspectiva de regulaciones internacionales, regionales y locales sobre impacto ambiental en la manufactura sustentable dentro del contexto Mexicano
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Session 1 monteiro regional trade agreements and the environment spanish version
1. DISPOSICIONES AMBIENTALES EN LOS
ACUERDOS COMERCIALES REGIONALES:
SITUACIÓN ACTUAL
Santiago de Chile, 23 de enero 2018
Jose-Antonio Monteiro, PhD
OCDE Taller sobre
los Acuerdos Comerciales Regionales y el Medio Ambiente en Chile
2. J.-A. Monteiro, PhD 23 de enero 2018
Análisis basada en 284 acuerdos regionales
comerciales (ACR) notificados al GATT/OMC entre
1957 y 2017.
Cualquier disposición que se refiere expresamente
al medio ambiente, desarrollo sostenible y otras
cuestiones relacionadas con el medio ambiente.
opiniones expresadas no reflejan necesariamente
las de la OMC, y sin perjuicio de las posiciones de
los Miembros y de sus derechos y obligaciones en
el marco de la OMC
Advertencia
3. J.-A. Monteiro, PhD 23 de enero 2018
Marco institucional
Evolución de los Acuerdos Comerciales
Formas de disposiciones ambientales
Tipos principales de disposiciones ambientales
Leyes ambientales
Acuerdos multilateral sobre el medio ambiente
Bienes y servicios ambientales
Gestión de los recursos naturales
Temas ambientales específicos
Consultas y solución de controversias
Esquema de la Exposición
4. J.-A. Monteiro, PhD 23 de enero 2018
Políticas
ambientales
domesticas
Acuerdos
comerciales
regionales (RTAs)
Acuerdos
multilaterales
ambientales
(AMUMAs)
Protección ambiental
Organización Mundial del Comercio
Objetivos
SistemadeReglas
Jurisprudencia
Negociaciones
Transparencia
Marco Institucional
5. J.-A. Monteiro, PhD 23 de enero 2018
Evolución de los ACR
284 ACRs en vigencia notificados al OMC
278 ACRs (98%) incluyen disposiciones relacionadas con el ambiente
Las disposiciones ambientales difieren mucho entre sí
en cuanto a la forma y el tipo de disposición:
localización
alcance
lenguaje
número de disposiciones
observancia OMC
ACR Sur-Sur ACR Norte-Sur ACR Norte-Norte
ACRscondisposicionesambientales
6. J.-A. Monteiro, PhD 23 de enero 2018
110
52
124
279
129
39%
18%
44%
98%
45%
Anexo
Capítulo
específico
Artículo(s)
específico(s)
Artículo(s) no
específico(s)
Preámbulo
Acuerdos
comerciales regionales
y / o Documentos
complementarios
278 ACRs 48 ACRs
24
10
7
9
4
8%
4%
2%
3%
1%
Acuerdo
Protocolo
Memorando
Declaración
conjunta
Carta(s)Preámbulo
Artículo(s) no
específico(s)
Artículo(s)
específico(s)
Capítulo
específico
Anexo
Carta(s)
Declaración
conjunta
Memorando
Protocolo
Acuerdo
Forma de las
Disposiciones Ambientales
7. J.-A. Monteiro, PhD 23 de enero 2018
Más de 60 tipos de disposiciones
ambientales identificados…
42
137
89
126
279
24
131
15%
48%
31%
44%
98%
8%
46%
Gestión de los recursos
naturales
Bienes y servicios
ambientales
Propriedad intelectual
y biodiversidad
Acuerdos multilaterales
ambientales…
Leyes ambientales
nacionales
Objetivos del ACR
Préambulo
50
70
77
130
31
40
56
38
18%
25%
27%
46%
11%
14%
20%
13%
Procedimientos de
solución de diferencias
Procedimientos de
consultas
Arreglos institucionales
Coopéración
Acceso a la justicia
Partipación del público
Transparencia
Cambio climáticoPreámbulo
Objetivos del ACR
Leyes ambientales
nacionales
Acuerdos multilaterales
ambientales (AMUMAs)
Propiedad intelectual
y biodiversidad
Bienes y servicios
ambientales
Gestión de los
recursos naturales
Cambio climático
Transparencia
Participación del
público
Acceso a la justicia
Cooperación
Arreglos
institucionales
Consultas
Solución de diferencias
Tipos de Disposiciones
Ambientales
8. J.-A. Monteiro, PhD 23 de enero 2018
0
10
20
30
40
50
1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016
Númerodetiposde
disposicionesambientales
ACR Sur-Sur ACR Norte-Sur ACR con América Latina ACR Norte-Norte
NAFTA
USA-PER
EU-CA
USA-COL
CAN-PER
CAN-CHL
CAN-HND
USA-CHL
NIC-TPKM
EU-PE-CO
KOR-COL
EU-CAN
TPP
USA-SGP
?
USA-MOR
USA-KOR
EU-MDA
EU-GEO
EFTA-CA
(1) Evolución de las
Disposiciones Ambientales
9. J.-A. Monteiro, PhD 23 de enero 2018
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Númeromediodetiposde
disposicionesambientales
Número total de ACR notificados
Desarrollado En desarrollo
EU
post-2010
EU
pre-2011
CHE
USA
pre-2008
SLV
CAN
PER
CHN
CRI
PAN
COL
GTM
HND
CHL
NZL
AUS
DOM
MEX
KOR
NIC
IND
JPN
USA
post-2007
CARICOM EFTA
post-2010
EFTA
pre-2011
UKR
RUS
TUR
SGP
TPKM
ISLNOR
LIE
(2) Evolución de las
Disposiciones Ambientales
10. J.-A. Monteiro, PhD 23 de enero 2018
mejorar
adoptar
armonizar
no dejará de aplicar /
no renunciar / no derogar
no bajar / no relajar
no ser utilizado con fines
proteccionistas
aplicar efectivamente
Derechoa…
regular y adoptar
establecer el nivel
de protección
excepciones generales
exenciones y medidas de
salvaguardias
no considerar como
expropiaciones indirectas
Compromisopara…
Disposiciones sobre
Leyes Ambientales
11. J.-A. Monteiro, PhD 23 de enero 2018
40
35
33
30
25
16
12
12
10
8
7
CITES
Prot. de Montreal
Conv. de Basilea
Decl. de Rio
CDB
Prot. de Kioto
Derecho del Mar
Otros AMUMAs
Conv. de Rotterdam
CMNUCC
Conv. de Estocolmo
AMUMAs
Importancia
Reafirmación de las obligaciones
Leyes ambientales consistentes con
las obligaciones
Adhesión y ratificación
Diálogo y cooperación
Adopción de leyes para cumplir con
las obligaciones
(incluso sobre las negociaciones de la OMC)
Relación en caso de incompatibilidad
(Obligación del AMUMA: no afectada / cubierta por las excepciones
generales / prevalece )
Consultas y solución de diferencia
(Consejo de AMUMAs, Elección del foro, Consulta y deferencia)
Disposiciones sobre
Leyes Ambientales
12. J.-A. Monteiro, PhD 23 de enero 2018
Promoción del comercio
Reducción / Eliminación de
obstáculos al comercio
Categorías de productos /actividades
Lista de compromisos de servicios
Buenas prácticas de reglamentación
Cooperación
Lista de productos libre de aranceles
Bienes,serviciosytecnologíasambientales(BSTA)
32
19
15
16
13
13
6
2
2
8
Medio ambiente
Energía renovable
Eficiencia energética
Ecoetiquetados
Desarrollo sostenible
Comercio justo
Mitigación climática
Producción orgánica
Ecoturismo
Otros
Disposiciones sobre Bienes
y Servicios Ambientales
13. J.-A. Monteiro, PhD 23 de enero 2018
Silvicultura/Pescasostenible
Energíayrecursosminerales
Importancia
Promoción del comercio
Adoptar medidas
Armonizar
Aplicar efectivamente
Combatir producción ilegal
Cooperación
Importancia
Promoción del comercio
Aplicar efectivamente
Transparencia
Excepciones generales
Cooperación
Transferencia de
tecnología
Gestión de los
Recursos Naturales
14. J.-A. Monteiro, PhD 23 de enero 2018
Cambioclimático
Importancia
Reafirmación de los derechos
y obligaciones de la CMNUCC
Adoptar medidas
Cumplimiento con el
Protocolo de Kioto
Reducción / Eliminación de
obstáculos al comercio de
bienes /servicios ambientales
Cooperación
Diversidadbiológicayconocimientotradicional
Importancia
Reafirmación de los derechos
y obligaciones del CDB
Adoptar medidas
Cumplimiento con CDB
Aplicar efectivamente
Cooperación
Temas Ambientales Mas
Recientes
15. J.-A. Monteiro, PhD 23 de enero 2018
Relación con los AMUMAs
…. …
Mantener medidas ambientales
… …
Capítulo sobre las inversionesCapítulo sobre disposiciones iniciales
ConsultasElección del foro Consultas
Solución de Controversias
entre Estados
Solución de Controversias
entre inversionista y estado
Mantener medidas ambientales
Cumplir con los AMUMAs
… …
Capítulo sobre el medio ambiente
Compromisos clave
Cumplir con medidas ambientales
… …
Acuerdo ambiental
Consultas ambientales Consultas ambientales
Solución de Controversias
del AMUMA
Consultas y Solución
de Controversias (SC)
16. J.-A. Monteiro, PhD 23 de enero 2018
La inclusión de disposiciones ambientales es un proceso dinámico.
Las disposiciones ambientales siguen siendo muy heterogéneas.
El alcance, lenguaje y ubicación de las disposiciones ambientales
tienen implicaciones con respecto a la aplicabilidad del
mecanismo a solución de controversias del ACR.
Resumen
17. J.-A. Monteiro, PhD 23 de enero 2018
GRACIAS POR SU ATENCIÓN!
Jose-Antonio.Monteiro@WTO.org