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Spanish 2
Grammar Book
By Katia Dorsey
Table of Contents
1.    Nationalities
2.    Stem Changing Verbs
3.    Para
4.    Indirect Object Pronouns
5.    Object Pronoun Placement
6.    Gustar
7.    Affirmative and Negative
8.    Superlatives
9.    Reflexives
10.   affirmative tu commands + irregulars + pronoun
      placement
11.   negative tu command + irregulars + pronoun placement
12.   sequencing events
argentino                   mexicano
                 costarricense                  uruguayo
 nicaragüense                        cubano
                   venezolano               colombiano

 peruano               dominicano
                                         paraguayo
      puertorriqueño

chileno                                        ecuatoriano
                             boliviano
                 hondureño
                                     guatemalteco
 salvadoreño
                   español                        guineano
                                    panameño

Nationalities
                                                             1
Boot verbs
                                                  o-ue,
 Stem Changers                                    e-ie,
                                                  e-i,
 oThe stem does not change for the nosotros (we)  u-ue
 or vosotros (you) form!

 oExamples:
    oPensar - e-ie         to think, to plan

            pienso pensamos
                                                        yo nosotros
           piensas pensáis                                 vosotros
                                                        tu
            piensa piensan
                                                    El, ella, U
                                                              Ellos, ellas,
o Pedir- e-i   to ask for, to order
                                                              Uds.
    o?Pido un postre y lo compartimos?              d.
                                                                      2
       Should I order dessert and we’ll share it?
Para
   To mean "in order to" followed by an infinitive.
       Examples:
         Viajamos para aprender español. (We travel in
          order to learn Spanish.)
         Vive para comer. (He lives in order to eat.)
   To indicate purpose, intent, usefulness or need
       Examples:
         Estudia para dentista. (She is studying to
          become a dentist.
         Quisiera una bicicleta para dos. (I'd like a
          bicycle for two.)



                                                          3
Indirect Object Pronouns
   To identify the indirect object use our two guidelines:
       The IO tells us where the DO is going.
       The IO answers the question "to whom?" or "for whom" the action of
        the verb is performed.
                                  Examples:
                                  Lucy me compra un regalo.
                                    Lucy buys (for) me a gift.
Use these pronouns:               Lucy te compra un regalo.
                                     Lucy buys (for) you a gift.
     me        nos                Lucy le compra un regalo.
                                    Lucy buys (for) her a gift.
                                  Lucy nos compra un regalo.
        te     os                   Lucy buys (for) us a gift.
                                  Lucy os compra un regalo.
                                     Lucy buys (for) you-all (familiar) a gift.
        le     les                Lucy les compra un regalo.
                                     Lucy buys (for) them a gift.
                                                                                  4
Object Pronoun Placement
                    Attach the
                    pronoun to                         Examples for Inderect
                   the infinitive
                                                       Objects:

                        1.                             oRosa le compra una olla a
                                         Attach the    su madre.
Attach the            Object             pronoun to     Rosa buys her mother a pot.
pronoun to    2.     Pronoun
                    Placement
                                    4.        an
progressive                              affirmative
                                         command
                                                       oRosa quiere comprarle una
                        3.                             olla a su madre.
                                                        Rosa wants to buy her mother a pot.
                    Place the
                    pronoun
                   before the
                   conjugated
                       verb



                                                                                         5
Les
        Gustar                     gusta
                                      *** The form of gustar
     To like/ to please
                                Os
                                      matches the noun, not
                                gusta
Me                            Nos
                                      the speaker!
gusta Te    Le    gusta
      gusta gusta

   Examples:
                 Matches singular noun

   •Me gusta mucho tu idea para el concurso.
    I like your idea for the contest lot.

               Matches plural noun

   •Me gustan las enchiladas.

                                                          6
    I like enchiladas.
Affirmative and Negative
  Words
oAffirmatives:                  oNegatives:
     oAlgo something                 o Nada nothing
     oAlguien someone                o Nadie no one
     oAlgún, alguno same             o Ningún, ninguno none, not any
     oSiempre always                 o Nunca never
     oTambién also                   o Tampoco neither, either
Examples:                                                           A double
                                                                    negative is
?Algo de tomar?                                                    required when
Something to drink?          Nadie quiere postre.                  no procedes the
                             No one wants dessert.                  verb.

     Por Ahora, nada más.
    For now, nothing more.                  No quiero nada.
                                           I don’t want anything.

                                                                              7
Superlatives
      Used to express extremes with adjectives and
       adverbs.
          Drop the vowel then add –ísimo(a) or –ísimos (as)
 Example:
 La idea de Rosa es interesantísima.
   Rosa’s idea is very (extremely) interesting.


***Changes are required when the last consonant is c, g, or z.

           c   qu     rico     riquísimo
           g   gu     largo(a)     larguísimo
           z   c      feliz      felicísimo

                                                                 9
Reflexives                                               The subject
       1.     In front of a conjugated verb…                    is also the
                -Me acuesto a las diez de la noche.
                -Me estoy acostando ahora mismo.
                                                                  object!
       2.     Attached to a gerund…
                -Estoy acostándome ahora mismo.
                -Luisa está cepillándose los dientes.
       3.     Attached to an infinitive… ir + a + infinitive
                 -Voy a acostarme ahora mismo.
                 -Luisa va a cepillarse os dientes.
***The subject, the pronoun, and the verb are all in the same form.
Levantarse:                   Lavarse:                     Acostarse:
Me levanto Nos                   Me lavo    Nos lavamos   Me acuesto    Nos acostamos
           levantamos
Te levantas   Os levantáis      Te lavas     Os laváis    Te acuestas   Os acostáis



                                                                                      10
Se levanta    Se levantan       Se lava       Se lavan     Se acuesta   Se acuestan
Affirmative tu commands +
 Irregulars + Pronoun placement
     Rules for affirmative tú commands:
      1. Change the verb to the tú form
      2. Drop the “s”                          ***The pronoun attaches
                                               to the command.
   Examples:                                   Ex. ¡Ponte otra camisa!
   Caminar ¡Camina!                                 Put on yourself another shirt!
   Comer     ¡Come!
   Abrir ¡Abre!
o Affirmative Irregulars:
    oDecir- di               Examples:
    oHacer- haz
                                 Do it!    Hacer   ¡Hazlo!
    oIr- ve
    oPoner- pon
    oSalir- sal                  Eat it!   Comer    ¡Cómelo!
    oSer- sé
    oTener- ten
    oVenir- ven
                                                                           11
Negative tu command + Irregulars
+ Pronoun placement
                  Rules for negative tú commands:
                  1. Put the verb into yo form
                  2. Change the vowel (a-e, e-a)
                  3. Add an ”s”
                Examples:
                Poner- yo pongo- no pongo- ¡No pongas!
                Comer- yo como- no como- ¡No comas!
                Hablar- yo hablo- no hablo- ¡No hables!
Negative Irregulars:
T. Tener     no tengas
V. Venir     no vengas                  ***Object pronouns
                                        precede the verbs.
D. Dar/decir no des/no digas         Example:
I. Ir       no vayas                  ¡No lo uses!
S. Ser      no seas                    Don’t use it (the blowdryer).
H. Hacer    no hagas
E. Estar    no estés
S. Saber    no sepas
                                                                       12
Sequencing Events- tells when
something is prior to something else




                                                               primero
 entonces            then


por fin             also
                                           Mañana
                                           morning

                       Por la…              Tarde
                           In/during the    evening

                                           Noche
                                             night

     Antes de
      before    Despues de / luego
                      after                Los Lunes, etc….
                                             On Monday, etc.



                                                                 13

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Grammar book by Katia Dorsey

  • 2. Table of Contents 1. Nationalities 2. Stem Changing Verbs 3. Para 4. Indirect Object Pronouns 5. Object Pronoun Placement 6. Gustar 7. Affirmative and Negative 8. Superlatives 9. Reflexives 10. affirmative tu commands + irregulars + pronoun placement 11. negative tu command + irregulars + pronoun placement 12. sequencing events
  • 3. argentino mexicano costarricense uruguayo nicaragüense cubano venezolano colombiano peruano dominicano paraguayo puertorriqueño chileno ecuatoriano boliviano hondureño guatemalteco salvadoreño español guineano panameño Nationalities 1
  • 4. Boot verbs o-ue, Stem Changers e-ie, e-i, oThe stem does not change for the nosotros (we) u-ue or vosotros (you) form! oExamples: oPensar - e-ie to think, to plan pienso pensamos yo nosotros piensas pensáis vosotros tu piensa piensan El, ella, U Ellos, ellas, o Pedir- e-i to ask for, to order Uds. o?Pido un postre y lo compartimos? d. 2 Should I order dessert and we’ll share it?
  • 5. Para  To mean "in order to" followed by an infinitive.  Examples:  Viajamos para aprender español. (We travel in order to learn Spanish.)  Vive para comer. (He lives in order to eat.)  To indicate purpose, intent, usefulness or need  Examples:  Estudia para dentista. (She is studying to become a dentist.  Quisiera una bicicleta para dos. (I'd like a bicycle for two.) 3
  • 6. Indirect Object Pronouns  To identify the indirect object use our two guidelines:  The IO tells us where the DO is going.  The IO answers the question "to whom?" or "for whom" the action of the verb is performed. Examples: Lucy me compra un regalo. Lucy buys (for) me a gift. Use these pronouns: Lucy te compra un regalo. Lucy buys (for) you a gift. me nos Lucy le compra un regalo. Lucy buys (for) her a gift. Lucy nos compra un regalo. te os Lucy buys (for) us a gift. Lucy os compra un regalo. Lucy buys (for) you-all (familiar) a gift. le les Lucy les compra un regalo. Lucy buys (for) them a gift. 4
  • 7. Object Pronoun Placement Attach the pronoun to Examples for Inderect the infinitive Objects: 1. oRosa le compra una olla a Attach the su madre. Attach the Object pronoun to Rosa buys her mother a pot. pronoun to 2. Pronoun Placement 4. an progressive affirmative command oRosa quiere comprarle una 3. olla a su madre. Rosa wants to buy her mother a pot. Place the pronoun before the conjugated verb 5
  • 8. Les Gustar gusta *** The form of gustar To like/ to please Os matches the noun, not gusta Me Nos the speaker! gusta Te Le gusta gusta gusta Examples: Matches singular noun •Me gusta mucho tu idea para el concurso. I like your idea for the contest lot. Matches plural noun •Me gustan las enchiladas. 6 I like enchiladas.
  • 9. Affirmative and Negative Words oAffirmatives: oNegatives: oAlgo something o Nada nothing oAlguien someone o Nadie no one oAlgún, alguno same o Ningún, ninguno none, not any oSiempre always o Nunca never oTambién also o Tampoco neither, either Examples: A double negative is ?Algo de tomar? required when Something to drink? Nadie quiere postre. no procedes the No one wants dessert. verb.  Por Ahora, nada más. For now, nothing more.  No quiero nada. I don’t want anything. 7
  • 10. Superlatives  Used to express extremes with adjectives and adverbs.  Drop the vowel then add –ísimo(a) or –ísimos (as) Example: La idea de Rosa es interesantísima. Rosa’s idea is very (extremely) interesting. ***Changes are required when the last consonant is c, g, or z. c qu rico riquísimo g gu largo(a) larguísimo z c feliz felicísimo 9
  • 11. Reflexives The subject 1. In front of a conjugated verb… is also the -Me acuesto a las diez de la noche. -Me estoy acostando ahora mismo. object! 2. Attached to a gerund… -Estoy acostándome ahora mismo. -Luisa está cepillándose los dientes. 3. Attached to an infinitive… ir + a + infinitive -Voy a acostarme ahora mismo. -Luisa va a cepillarse os dientes. ***The subject, the pronoun, and the verb are all in the same form. Levantarse: Lavarse: Acostarse: Me levanto Nos Me lavo Nos lavamos Me acuesto Nos acostamos levantamos Te levantas Os levantáis Te lavas Os laváis Te acuestas Os acostáis 10 Se levanta Se levantan Se lava Se lavan Se acuesta Se acuestan
  • 12. Affirmative tu commands + Irregulars + Pronoun placement  Rules for affirmative tú commands: 1. Change the verb to the tú form 2. Drop the “s” ***The pronoun attaches to the command. Examples: Ex. ¡Ponte otra camisa! Caminar ¡Camina! Put on yourself another shirt! Comer ¡Come! Abrir ¡Abre! o Affirmative Irregulars: oDecir- di Examples: oHacer- haz Do it! Hacer ¡Hazlo! oIr- ve oPoner- pon oSalir- sal Eat it! Comer ¡Cómelo! oSer- sé oTener- ten oVenir- ven 11
  • 13. Negative tu command + Irregulars + Pronoun placement  Rules for negative tú commands: 1. Put the verb into yo form 2. Change the vowel (a-e, e-a) 3. Add an ”s” Examples: Poner- yo pongo- no pongo- ¡No pongas! Comer- yo como- no como- ¡No comas! Hablar- yo hablo- no hablo- ¡No hables! Negative Irregulars: T. Tener no tengas V. Venir no vengas ***Object pronouns precede the verbs. D. Dar/decir no des/no digas Example: I. Ir no vayas  ¡No lo uses! S. Ser no seas Don’t use it (the blowdryer). H. Hacer no hagas E. Estar no estés S. Saber no sepas 12
  • 14. Sequencing Events- tells when something is prior to something else primero entonces then por fin also Mañana morning Por la… Tarde In/during the evening Noche night Antes de before Despues de / luego after Los Lunes, etc…. On Monday, etc. 13