Artículo legal sobre la protección que la Ley de Propiedad Intelectual otorga a las fotografías, según se consideren obra fotográfica o mera fotografía.
The document explains Newton's First Law of Motion, which states that an object at rest stays at rest and an object in motion stays in motion with the same speed and direction unless acted upon by an unbalanced force. It provides examples of this law, such as objects sliding across surfaces coming to a rest due to the unbalanced force of friction. The document also discusses how forces like friction and air resistance can cause moving objects to slow down over time according to this first law of motion.
There are two types of elementary particles: fermions and bosons. Fermions obey the Pauli exclusion principle and have half-integer spin, while bosons do not obey PEP and have integer or zero spin. Fermions are further divided into leptons, which do not feel the strong force, and quarks, which do feel the strong force. Quarks combine to form composite particles called hadrons, which are divided into baryons containing three quarks and mesons containing two quarks. The four fundamental forces are electromagnetic, strong, weak, and gravity, and are mediated by gauge bosons.
This document summarizes key concepts from a chapter on rotational dynamics:
- It discusses rotational motion versus translational motion and defines torque as the cause of angular acceleration.
- Rigid objects in equilibrium are analyzed using the concepts of torque and center of gravity.
- Newton's second law is extended to rotational motion, defining moment of inertia and relating torque to angular acceleration.
- Several example problems demonstrate calculating torque, center of gravity, and rotational motion and equilibrium for various objects.
This document discusses waves and sound. It defines different types of waves like transverse, longitudinal, and periodic waves. It describes the characteristics of waves including amplitude, wavelength, period, and frequency. It discusses how the speed of waves on a string depends on the tension and linear mass density of the string. It also describes the nature and speed of sound waves in different media. It introduces concepts like the Doppler effect and applications of sound in medicine like ultrasound imaging and lithotripsy.
Classical mechanics vs quantum mechanicsZahid Mehmood
Classical mechanics can explain motion based on Newton's laws of forces and particles. However, experiments at the atomic scale produced results inconsistent with classical theory. Max Planck explained blackbody radiation by quantizing electromagnetic radiation. Later, experiments showed matter also exhibits wave-particle duality, requiring new theories like quantum mechanics.
This document contains notes from Physics 111 Lecture 5. It begins with an agenda that includes discussing dynamics, recapping free body diagrams, and reviewing Newton's laws. It then covers various physics tools like ropes, springs, and pulleys. Examples are provided for calculating acceleration given forces. The document ends with problems involving an accelerometer and inclined plane. Key concepts covered include mass vs weight, Newton's laws, gravity, tension, Hooke's law, and using free body diagrams to solve physics problems.
Gauge field theory describes fundamental interactions through the principle of local gauge invariance. Quantum mechanics respects the gauge invariance of electromagnetic fields by requiring a simultaneous change in phase of the wavefunction under gauge transformations of potentials. Insisting on local gauge freedom in quantum mechanics forces the introduction of gauge fields that interact with particles. Yang-Mills theory extends this concept to field theories by demanding local gauge invariance of the Lagrangian density. This dictates that gauge fields belong to the Lie algebra of the symmetry group and interact with matter fields through covariant derivatives. The Lagrangian includes terms for gauge fields constructed from an invariant field strength tensor.
Maxwell's equations and their derivations.Praveen Vaidya
Being the partial differential equations along with the Lorentz law the Maxwell's equation laid the foundation for classical electromagnetism, classical optics, and electric circuits. The equations provide a mathematical model for electric, optical, and radio technologies, such as power generation, electric motors, wireless communication, lenses, radar etc. Maxwell's equations describe how electric and magnetic fields are generated by charges, currents, and changes of the fields.[note 1] One important consequence of the equations is that they demonstrate how fluctuating electric and magnetic fields propagate at a constant speed (c) in the vacuum, the "speed of light". Known as electromagnetic radiation, these waves may occur at various wavelengths to produce a spectrum from radio waves to γ-rays. The equations are named after the physicist and mathematician James Clerk Maxwell, who between 1861 and 1862 published an early form of the equations that included the Lorentz force law. He also first used the equations to propose that light is an electromagnetic phenomenon.
The document explains Newton's First Law of Motion, which states that an object at rest stays at rest and an object in motion stays in motion with the same speed and direction unless acted upon by an unbalanced force. It provides examples of this law, such as objects sliding across surfaces coming to a rest due to the unbalanced force of friction. The document also discusses how forces like friction and air resistance can cause moving objects to slow down over time according to this first law of motion.
There are two types of elementary particles: fermions and bosons. Fermions obey the Pauli exclusion principle and have half-integer spin, while bosons do not obey PEP and have integer or zero spin. Fermions are further divided into leptons, which do not feel the strong force, and quarks, which do feel the strong force. Quarks combine to form composite particles called hadrons, which are divided into baryons containing three quarks and mesons containing two quarks. The four fundamental forces are electromagnetic, strong, weak, and gravity, and are mediated by gauge bosons.
This document summarizes key concepts from a chapter on rotational dynamics:
- It discusses rotational motion versus translational motion and defines torque as the cause of angular acceleration.
- Rigid objects in equilibrium are analyzed using the concepts of torque and center of gravity.
- Newton's second law is extended to rotational motion, defining moment of inertia and relating torque to angular acceleration.
- Several example problems demonstrate calculating torque, center of gravity, and rotational motion and equilibrium for various objects.
This document discusses waves and sound. It defines different types of waves like transverse, longitudinal, and periodic waves. It describes the characteristics of waves including amplitude, wavelength, period, and frequency. It discusses how the speed of waves on a string depends on the tension and linear mass density of the string. It also describes the nature and speed of sound waves in different media. It introduces concepts like the Doppler effect and applications of sound in medicine like ultrasound imaging and lithotripsy.
Classical mechanics vs quantum mechanicsZahid Mehmood
Classical mechanics can explain motion based on Newton's laws of forces and particles. However, experiments at the atomic scale produced results inconsistent with classical theory. Max Planck explained blackbody radiation by quantizing electromagnetic radiation. Later, experiments showed matter also exhibits wave-particle duality, requiring new theories like quantum mechanics.
This document contains notes from Physics 111 Lecture 5. It begins with an agenda that includes discussing dynamics, recapping free body diagrams, and reviewing Newton's laws. It then covers various physics tools like ropes, springs, and pulleys. Examples are provided for calculating acceleration given forces. The document ends with problems involving an accelerometer and inclined plane. Key concepts covered include mass vs weight, Newton's laws, gravity, tension, Hooke's law, and using free body diagrams to solve physics problems.
Gauge field theory describes fundamental interactions through the principle of local gauge invariance. Quantum mechanics respects the gauge invariance of electromagnetic fields by requiring a simultaneous change in phase of the wavefunction under gauge transformations of potentials. Insisting on local gauge freedom in quantum mechanics forces the introduction of gauge fields that interact with particles. Yang-Mills theory extends this concept to field theories by demanding local gauge invariance of the Lagrangian density. This dictates that gauge fields belong to the Lie algebra of the symmetry group and interact with matter fields through covariant derivatives. The Lagrangian includes terms for gauge fields constructed from an invariant field strength tensor.
Maxwell's equations and their derivations.Praveen Vaidya
Being the partial differential equations along with the Lorentz law the Maxwell's equation laid the foundation for classical electromagnetism, classical optics, and electric circuits. The equations provide a mathematical model for electric, optical, and radio technologies, such as power generation, electric motors, wireless communication, lenses, radar etc. Maxwell's equations describe how electric and magnetic fields are generated by charges, currents, and changes of the fields.[note 1] One important consequence of the equations is that they demonstrate how fluctuating electric and magnetic fields propagate at a constant speed (c) in the vacuum, the "speed of light". Known as electromagnetic radiation, these waves may occur at various wavelengths to produce a spectrum from radio waves to γ-rays. The equations are named after the physicist and mathematician James Clerk Maxwell, who between 1861 and 1862 published an early form of the equations that included the Lorentz force law. He also first used the equations to propose that light is an electromagnetic phenomenon.
The document discusses thermal equilibrium, which is achieved when two substances at different temperatures are kept together and heat continues to transfer between them until their temperatures are equalized. It provides an example of a thermometer placed on a person's forehead registering an increasing temperature over 5 minutes as it reaches equilibrium with the person's body. It then asks students to use their knowledge of thermal equilibrium to calculate how much ice is needed to cool a drink to a certain temperature.
9.4 - Orbital Motion & Kepler's third lawsimonandisa
Kepler's 3rd law describes the relationship between the orbital period of a planet and the semi-major axis of its orbit. The square of the orbital period is directly proportional to the cube of the semi-major axis. This relationship can be derived from the fact that centripetal force due to gravity must equal the gravitational force for an object to maintain a stable orbit. Graphs of the kinetic energy, potential energy, and total energy of an orbiting object help illustrate this relationship.
The uncertainty principle states that the exact position and momentum of an object cannot be known simultaneously. The more precisely one property is measured, the less precisely the other can be known. Specifically, the uncertainty in position multiplied by the uncertainty in momentum is greater than or equal to Planck's constant divided by 4π. This principle applies not just to particles but also to other paired quantities like energy and time.
The document describes a practical session on DFT+U calculations. It discusses calculations on FeO using GGA and GGA+U to find insulating and metallic states. It also covers calculating the Hubbard U parameter for NiO using linear response and extrapolating to larger supercells. Finally, it proposes an exercise to perform GGA, GGA+U calculations on Cu2O, calculate the U parameter, and investigate changes to the density of states.
Este documento resume las principales ideas de la teoría especial y general de la relatividad de Albert Einstein. La teoría especial establece que la velocidad de la luz es constante y que el tiempo y la longitud varían según el observador. La teoría general explica que la gravedad es el resultado de la curvatura del espacio-tiempo causada por la masa y energía de los objetos.
Isaac Newton discovered three laws of motion that explain how forces affect the motion of objects:
1. Newton's First Law states that an object at rest stays at rest and an object in motion stays in motion with the same speed and in the same direction unless acted upon by an unbalanced force.
2. Newton's Second Law states that the acceleration of an object as produced by a net force is directly proportional to the magnitude of the net force, in the same direction as the net force, and inversely proportional to the object's mass.
3. Newton's Third Law states that for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction: the forces of two objects on each other are equal in magnitude
The document outlines sections from a physics class on work and energy:
Section 1 defines work in physics as the magnitude of the force multiplied by the displacement in the same direction. It discusses examples of tasks that are and are not considered work.
Section 2 discusses work as a scalar quantity that can be positive or negative depending on the angle between the force and displacement.
Section 3 is titled "Conservation of Energy" but no content is provided.
Section 4 is titled "Power" but again no content is provided on this topic.
1. Physics is the study of the natural world and its fundamental principles. It includes mechanics, heat, light, sound, electricity, magnetism, and topics in modern physics like relativity and quantum mechanics.
2. There are four fundamental forces in nature - gravitational, electromagnetic, strong nuclear, and weak nuclear forces. The strengths and ranges of these forces vary greatly.
3. In physics, phenomena are studied at both the macroscopic and microscopic scales. New areas like mesoscopic physics also examine interactions between tens to hundreds of atoms.
This document is the 2019 catalogue from Pragati Prakashan publishers presenting their latest physics publications. It includes 3 paragraphs introducing the catalogue and noting revisions made to align books with latest syllabi. The bulk of the document is an indexed list of physics books for various educational levels and locations. It provides brief descriptions and author information for each book. The catalogue aims to aid readers in selecting from their collection of physics reference materials, textbooks, and other relevant titles.
Sir Isaac Newton was an English scientist and mathematician born in 1643 who developed the laws of motion and universal gravitation. He attended Cambridge University where he began developing his ideas about motion, gravity, and forces. Newton formulated his three laws of motion, which revolutionized science. The first law states that an object at rest stays at rest and an object in motion stays in motion unless acted upon by an unbalanced force. The second law relates that acceleration is produced by a force acting on an object's mass. The third law states that for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.
Basic Concepts of Entanglement MeasuresRyohei Suzuki
1. Entanglement measures quantify the amount of entanglement in a quantum state. Measures must satisfy properties like monotonicity under local operations and classical communication.
2. Operational measures include distillable entanglement, which is the optimal rate of maximally entangled states that can be distilled, and entanglement cost, which is the number of maximally entangled states needed to create a given state.
3. Computable measures for mixed states include concurrence and negativity. Concurrence provides an explicit formula for entanglement of formation of qubit pairs.
The impulse-momentum theorem states that the net force on an object multiplied by the time it acts is equal to the object's change in momentum. Impulse is the product of force and time, and is a way to measure a change in momentum. A large force over a short time or a small force over a long time can both result in the same impulse, but will produce different amounts of momentum change. Sample problems demonstrate calculating impulse from force and time or force from a known impulse and time.
En esta presentacion encontrara referencias conceptuales acerca de la temática concerniente a la cantidad de momento lineal y el planteamiento de la segunda ley de Newton de acuerdo a este concepto.
Introduction to quantum mechanics and schrodinger equationGaurav Singh Gusain
Classical mechanics describes macroscopic objects while quantum mechanics describes microscopic objects due to limitations of classical theory. Quantum mechanics was introduced after classical mechanics failed to explain experimental observations involving microscopic particles. Some key aspects of quantum mechanics are the photoelectric effect, blackbody radiation, Compton effect, wave-particle duality, the Heisenberg uncertainty principle, and Schrodinger's wave equation. Schrodinger's equation describes the wave function and probability of finding a particle.
SEMICONDUCTORS,BAND THEORY OF SOLIDS,FERMI-DIRAC PROBABILITY,DISTRIBUTION FUN...A K Mishra
This PPT contains valence band,conduction band& forbidden energy gap,Free carrier charge density,intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors,Conductivity in semiconductors
(10) electron spin & angular momentum couplingIbenk Hallen
- Electrons have intrinsic angular momentum called spin. Spin takes values of ±1/2.
- Pauli exclusion principle states that no two electrons in an atom can have the same set of quantum numbers (n, l, ml, ms).
- Atomic orbitals are characterized by principal quantum number n, azimuthal quantum number l, and magnetic quantum number ml.
- Electrons first fill up lowest energy orbitals according to Aufbau principle.
- Spin-orbit coupling arises from the interaction of an electron's magnetic moment with the magnetic field generated by the nucleus. This leads to splitting of energy levels.
By 1932, only electrons, protons, and photons were known elementary particles. The discovery of the neutron by Chadwick in 1932 raised the number to four. Later discoveries found that atoms are made of protons, neutrons, and electrons, and that protons and neutrons consist of even smaller particles called quarks. A variety of other elementary particles like pions, muons, and neutrinos were also discovered. Experiments using particle accelerators helped reveal the subatomic structure of matter and uncovered many new fundamental particles and forces.
The wave-particle duality and the double slit experimentSatyavan65
From the Udemy online course "The weird World of Quantum Physics - A primer on the conceptual foundations of Quantum Physics": https://www.udemy.com/quantum-physics/?couponCode=SLIDESHCOUPON
This document discusses key concepts relating to gravity, motion, and Newton's laws of motion:
- Galileo determined that the rate at which objects fall is not dependent on their mass, and acceleration depends on force and mass.
- All objects accelerate towards Earth at 9.8 m/s^2 due to gravity. Newton's second law relates force, mass, and acceleration.
- Newton's three laws of motion are: 1) an object remains in motion unless acted on by an external force, 2) acceleration depends on net force and mass, and 3) for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.
Werner Heisenberg developed the uncertainty principle, which states that the more precisely the position of a particle is determined, the less precisely its momentum can be known, and vice versa. This stems from the quantum nature of matter, where measuring devices disturb the system being measured. A thought experiment is described where observing an electron's position with a photon impacts the electron's momentum in an unpredictable way. The uncertainty principle is expressed as ΔxΔp≥h/2π, meaning the product of the uncertainties in position and momentum must be greater than or equal to Planck's constant divided by 2π.
Artículo legal sobre los derechos de terceros en las fotografías. Podemos realizar una fotografía y publicarla sin consentimiento de la persona cuya imagen se muestra? ¿está protegida por la Ley de Propiedad Intelectual?
Los derechos de autor en la utilización de contenidos en internetFiorella .
El documento trata sobre los derechos de autor en el uso de contenidos en Internet. Explica que los derechos de autor incluyen derechos morales y patrimoniales. Los derechos morales son irrenunciables y protegen la integridad y reputación de la obra y su autor. Los derechos patrimoniales protegen los derechos de reproducción, distribución, comunicación pública y transformación de la obra, y pueden ser cedidos. El documento analiza cada tipo de derecho en detalle.
The document discusses thermal equilibrium, which is achieved when two substances at different temperatures are kept together and heat continues to transfer between them until their temperatures are equalized. It provides an example of a thermometer placed on a person's forehead registering an increasing temperature over 5 minutes as it reaches equilibrium with the person's body. It then asks students to use their knowledge of thermal equilibrium to calculate how much ice is needed to cool a drink to a certain temperature.
9.4 - Orbital Motion & Kepler's third lawsimonandisa
Kepler's 3rd law describes the relationship between the orbital period of a planet and the semi-major axis of its orbit. The square of the orbital period is directly proportional to the cube of the semi-major axis. This relationship can be derived from the fact that centripetal force due to gravity must equal the gravitational force for an object to maintain a stable orbit. Graphs of the kinetic energy, potential energy, and total energy of an orbiting object help illustrate this relationship.
The uncertainty principle states that the exact position and momentum of an object cannot be known simultaneously. The more precisely one property is measured, the less precisely the other can be known. Specifically, the uncertainty in position multiplied by the uncertainty in momentum is greater than or equal to Planck's constant divided by 4π. This principle applies not just to particles but also to other paired quantities like energy and time.
The document describes a practical session on DFT+U calculations. It discusses calculations on FeO using GGA and GGA+U to find insulating and metallic states. It also covers calculating the Hubbard U parameter for NiO using linear response and extrapolating to larger supercells. Finally, it proposes an exercise to perform GGA, GGA+U calculations on Cu2O, calculate the U parameter, and investigate changes to the density of states.
Este documento resume las principales ideas de la teoría especial y general de la relatividad de Albert Einstein. La teoría especial establece que la velocidad de la luz es constante y que el tiempo y la longitud varían según el observador. La teoría general explica que la gravedad es el resultado de la curvatura del espacio-tiempo causada por la masa y energía de los objetos.
Isaac Newton discovered three laws of motion that explain how forces affect the motion of objects:
1. Newton's First Law states that an object at rest stays at rest and an object in motion stays in motion with the same speed and in the same direction unless acted upon by an unbalanced force.
2. Newton's Second Law states that the acceleration of an object as produced by a net force is directly proportional to the magnitude of the net force, in the same direction as the net force, and inversely proportional to the object's mass.
3. Newton's Third Law states that for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction: the forces of two objects on each other are equal in magnitude
The document outlines sections from a physics class on work and energy:
Section 1 defines work in physics as the magnitude of the force multiplied by the displacement in the same direction. It discusses examples of tasks that are and are not considered work.
Section 2 discusses work as a scalar quantity that can be positive or negative depending on the angle between the force and displacement.
Section 3 is titled "Conservation of Energy" but no content is provided.
Section 4 is titled "Power" but again no content is provided on this topic.
1. Physics is the study of the natural world and its fundamental principles. It includes mechanics, heat, light, sound, electricity, magnetism, and topics in modern physics like relativity and quantum mechanics.
2. There are four fundamental forces in nature - gravitational, electromagnetic, strong nuclear, and weak nuclear forces. The strengths and ranges of these forces vary greatly.
3. In physics, phenomena are studied at both the macroscopic and microscopic scales. New areas like mesoscopic physics also examine interactions between tens to hundreds of atoms.
This document is the 2019 catalogue from Pragati Prakashan publishers presenting their latest physics publications. It includes 3 paragraphs introducing the catalogue and noting revisions made to align books with latest syllabi. The bulk of the document is an indexed list of physics books for various educational levels and locations. It provides brief descriptions and author information for each book. The catalogue aims to aid readers in selecting from their collection of physics reference materials, textbooks, and other relevant titles.
Sir Isaac Newton was an English scientist and mathematician born in 1643 who developed the laws of motion and universal gravitation. He attended Cambridge University where he began developing his ideas about motion, gravity, and forces. Newton formulated his three laws of motion, which revolutionized science. The first law states that an object at rest stays at rest and an object in motion stays in motion unless acted upon by an unbalanced force. The second law relates that acceleration is produced by a force acting on an object's mass. The third law states that for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.
Basic Concepts of Entanglement MeasuresRyohei Suzuki
1. Entanglement measures quantify the amount of entanglement in a quantum state. Measures must satisfy properties like monotonicity under local operations and classical communication.
2. Operational measures include distillable entanglement, which is the optimal rate of maximally entangled states that can be distilled, and entanglement cost, which is the number of maximally entangled states needed to create a given state.
3. Computable measures for mixed states include concurrence and negativity. Concurrence provides an explicit formula for entanglement of formation of qubit pairs.
The impulse-momentum theorem states that the net force on an object multiplied by the time it acts is equal to the object's change in momentum. Impulse is the product of force and time, and is a way to measure a change in momentum. A large force over a short time or a small force over a long time can both result in the same impulse, but will produce different amounts of momentum change. Sample problems demonstrate calculating impulse from force and time or force from a known impulse and time.
En esta presentacion encontrara referencias conceptuales acerca de la temática concerniente a la cantidad de momento lineal y el planteamiento de la segunda ley de Newton de acuerdo a este concepto.
Introduction to quantum mechanics and schrodinger equationGaurav Singh Gusain
Classical mechanics describes macroscopic objects while quantum mechanics describes microscopic objects due to limitations of classical theory. Quantum mechanics was introduced after classical mechanics failed to explain experimental observations involving microscopic particles. Some key aspects of quantum mechanics are the photoelectric effect, blackbody radiation, Compton effect, wave-particle duality, the Heisenberg uncertainty principle, and Schrodinger's wave equation. Schrodinger's equation describes the wave function and probability of finding a particle.
SEMICONDUCTORS,BAND THEORY OF SOLIDS,FERMI-DIRAC PROBABILITY,DISTRIBUTION FUN...A K Mishra
This PPT contains valence band,conduction band& forbidden energy gap,Free carrier charge density,intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors,Conductivity in semiconductors
(10) electron spin & angular momentum couplingIbenk Hallen
- Electrons have intrinsic angular momentum called spin. Spin takes values of ±1/2.
- Pauli exclusion principle states that no two electrons in an atom can have the same set of quantum numbers (n, l, ml, ms).
- Atomic orbitals are characterized by principal quantum number n, azimuthal quantum number l, and magnetic quantum number ml.
- Electrons first fill up lowest energy orbitals according to Aufbau principle.
- Spin-orbit coupling arises from the interaction of an electron's magnetic moment with the magnetic field generated by the nucleus. This leads to splitting of energy levels.
By 1932, only electrons, protons, and photons were known elementary particles. The discovery of the neutron by Chadwick in 1932 raised the number to four. Later discoveries found that atoms are made of protons, neutrons, and electrons, and that protons and neutrons consist of even smaller particles called quarks. A variety of other elementary particles like pions, muons, and neutrinos were also discovered. Experiments using particle accelerators helped reveal the subatomic structure of matter and uncovered many new fundamental particles and forces.
The wave-particle duality and the double slit experimentSatyavan65
From the Udemy online course "The weird World of Quantum Physics - A primer on the conceptual foundations of Quantum Physics": https://www.udemy.com/quantum-physics/?couponCode=SLIDESHCOUPON
This document discusses key concepts relating to gravity, motion, and Newton's laws of motion:
- Galileo determined that the rate at which objects fall is not dependent on their mass, and acceleration depends on force and mass.
- All objects accelerate towards Earth at 9.8 m/s^2 due to gravity. Newton's second law relates force, mass, and acceleration.
- Newton's three laws of motion are: 1) an object remains in motion unless acted on by an external force, 2) acceleration depends on net force and mass, and 3) for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.
Werner Heisenberg developed the uncertainty principle, which states that the more precisely the position of a particle is determined, the less precisely its momentum can be known, and vice versa. This stems from the quantum nature of matter, where measuring devices disturb the system being measured. A thought experiment is described where observing an electron's position with a photon impacts the electron's momentum in an unpredictable way. The uncertainty principle is expressed as ΔxΔp≥h/2π, meaning the product of the uncertainties in position and momentum must be greater than or equal to Planck's constant divided by 2π.
Artículo legal sobre los derechos de terceros en las fotografías. Podemos realizar una fotografía y publicarla sin consentimiento de la persona cuya imagen se muestra? ¿está protegida por la Ley de Propiedad Intelectual?
Los derechos de autor en la utilización de contenidos en internetFiorella .
El documento trata sobre los derechos de autor en el uso de contenidos en Internet. Explica que los derechos de autor incluyen derechos morales y patrimoniales. Los derechos morales son irrenunciables y protegen la integridad y reputación de la obra y su autor. Los derechos patrimoniales protegen los derechos de reproducción, distribución, comunicación pública y transformación de la obra, y pueden ser cedidos. El documento analiza cada tipo de derecho en detalle.
El documento explica los derechos de autor y cómo se aplican a las fotografías. Solo el autor o aquellos a quienes el autor haya cedido sus derechos pueden reclamar el copyright de una obra. Las fotografías están protegidas por derechos de autor desde el momento de su creación hasta 50 años después de la muerte del autor. Para utilizar una fotografía de Internet se necesita permiso del dueño de los derechos de autor, a menos que el copyright haya expirado.
Este documento explica la distinción entre obras fotográficas y simples fotografías en la Ley de Propiedad Intelectual española. Las obras fotográficas gozan de mayores derechos de autor como los derechos morales e indefinidos, mientras que las simples fotografías solo tienen derechos de reproducción, distribución y comunicación pública durante 25 años. También describe los límites de los derechos de autor y los problemas relacionados con el uso de fotografías en redes sociales.
El documento habla sobre el derecho moral del autor. Brevemente:
1) El derecho moral protege la personalidad del creador sobre su obra y le da control sobre su divulgación, reconocimiento de autoría, y respeto a la integridad de la obra.
2) Incluye el derecho a divulgar la obra, usar seudónimos, y oponerse a modificaciones que dañen su reputación.
3) Estos derechos son perpetuos e inalienables para el autor incluso después de ceder los derechos patrimoniales.
El documento habla sobre los derechos de autor y cómo protegen las obras literarias y artísticas creadas por un autor. Explica que los derechos de autor protegen al autor sobre la paternidad y uso económico de su obra y duran toda la vida del autor más 50 años después de su muerte. También cubre cómo se controlan los derechos de autor en el entorno digital y las limitaciones a esos derechos como el uso legítimo de una obra con fines educativos o de información.
Este documento explica los conceptos básicos de derechos de autor, incluyendo qué es un autor, obra y derecho de autor. Define los derechos morales y patrimoniales, y describe las facultades que otorgan como el derecho a la paternidad, reproducción e integridad. Resalta que el derecho de autor protege todas las obras literarias y artísticas originales de su autor sin importar su mérito o valor.
Este documento resume los principales aspectos del derecho a la imagen en España. Explica que la imagen es un derecho de la personalidad distinto del derecho al honor y a la intimidad. Detalla los límites legales de la captación y publicación de imágenes, incluyendo personas públicas, fallecidas y menores. También cubre la penalización por infracciones y la posibilidad de solicitar una indemnización por daños morales.
Contenido del derecho de autor en internetauladech
El documento discute los derechos morales del autor sobre su obra según la ley de derechos de autor. Explica que estos derechos incluyen la divulgación, la atribución de autoría, la integridad de la obra y el derecho a oponerse a modificaciones no autorizadas. También analiza cómo estas protecciones pueden verse afectadas en el entorno digital y cómo deben balancearse con usos permitidos como la educación a distancia.
Este documento habla sobre los conceptos básicos de derechos de autor, incluyendo quién es el autor, qué es el derecho de autor, los derechos morales y patrimoniales, la vigencia del derecho de autor, el dominio público, las excepciones al derecho de autor y las licencias de uso. Explica que el derecho de autor protege obras literarias, musicales, artísticas y otras creaciones originales, otorgando al creador control sobre el uso de su obra.
Similar a Obra fotográfica o mera fotografía y su protección legal (10)
Tipo penal según su estructura Universidad del Atlantico
Obra fotográfica o mera fotografía y su protección legal
1. OBRA FOTOGRÁFICA O MERA FOTOGRAFÍA Y SU PROTECCIÓN LEGAL
OBRA FOTOGRÁFICA O MERA FOTOGRAFÍA Y SU PROTECCIÓN LEGAL (I)
¿Obra fotográfica o mera fotografía?
La Ley de Propiedad intelectual establece un doble sistema de protección de
las fotografías, según nos encontremos ante una obra fotográfica o ante una
mera fotografía.
Para que una fotografía pueda considerarse una obra fotográfica es necesario
que constituyan creaciones originales, artísticas o científicas, propias del autor.
Cabe hablar de una doble exigencia: originalidad y suficiente altura creativa.
Para la jurisprudencia del Tribunal Supremo la concurrencia de estos requisitos
depende de que el autor incorpore o no a la obra el producto de su
inteligencia, un hacer de carácter personalísimo que trasciende de la “mera
reproducción de la imagen de que se trate”, y de que por ello, la obra resulte
ser “hija de la inteligencia, ingenio o inventiva del hombre”.
Debe, por tanto, incorporar una especificidad tal que permita considerarla
como una realidad singular.
No es tan importante que el resultado creativo de la fotografía sea
enteramente nuevo, sino que el esfuerzo realizado en la creación y el hecho
de que la misma incorpore la singular impronta personal del autor.
Tal y como apunta el Considerando 17 de la Directiva 93/98/CEE, (del Consejo,
de 29 de octubre de 1993, de armonización del plazo de protección del
derecho de autor y de determinados derechos afines), la fotografía debe
considerarse original si constituye una creación intelectual del autor que refleja
su personalidad sin que se tome en consideración ningún otro criterio tal como
el mérito o la finalidad, si bien la originalidad, como hemos apuntado en otras,
puede resultar tanto de su captación como de su ejecución.
La Directiva para definir el grado de originalidad se remite al Convenio de
Berna, al declarar que “debe considerarse original si constituye una creación
intelectual del autor que refleja su personalidad, sin que se tome en
consideración ningún otro criterio como mérito o finalidad”. Esta exigencia de
que la fotografía constituya “una creación intelectual del autor que refleje su
personalidad” va más allá de una originalidad subjetiva, exigiendo un grado
de originalidad objetiva en la obra, que suponga “algo más que una mera
representación de la realidad”.
2. El criterio básico de distinción es que la obra fotográfica sea fruto de un cierto
nivel de originalidad y creatividad. En otro caso, estaremos ante meras
fotografías, de carácter fundamentalmente técnico o funcional, cuya
concepción y ejecución no implica al fotógrafo en un esfuerzo intelectual en
el sentido descrito.
Esta distinción no depende de la condición de profesional del fotógrafo, de
modo que las obras de éstos no necesariamente tendrán la consideración de
obras fotográficas, sino que ello dependerá del nivel de originalidad y
creatividad de cada fotografía, de igual manera que las fotografías tomadas
por un “no profesional”, si tienen ese nivel, también pueden merecer esta
consideración de obras fotográficas.
Tampoco es relevante la dificultad, el tiempo invertido en la realización de la
fotografía o el especial esfuerzo personal y económico empleado, ni que lo
haya sido por encargo, ni el destino que deba dársela a la misma.
OBRA FOTOGRÁFICA O MERA FOTOGRAFÍA Y SU PROTECCIÓN LEGAL (II)
Los derechos de propiedad intelectual en las fotografías
La normativa actual de derechos de autor, el Real Decreto Legislativo 1/1996,
de 12 de abril, por el que se aprueba el texto refundido de la Ley de Propiedad
Intelectual, diferencia entre la fotografía original y la mera fotografía,
resultando la protección del derecho de la mera fotografía inferior al de la
obra fotográfica.
Así, y en cuanto a la duración de la protección, mientras que la duración de
los derechos de explotación de la mera fotografía es de 25 años,
computándose a partir del día 1 de enero del año siguiente de la fecha de
realización de la fotografía, la duración de los derechos de explotación de la
fotografía original es de 70 años después de la muerte de su autor,
computándose a partir del día 1 de enero del año siguiente de la muerte del
autor.
Otra diferencia entre la protección legal de la fotografía original y la mera
fotografía es que, como afirma la STS 5-4-11, "mientras la obra fotográfica ex
art. 10.1,h) LPI tiene la protección de "derecho de autor", que comprende
todos los derechos de explotación, además del de participación y otros
derechos, y singularmente los derechos morales del art. 14 LPI, en cambio las
denominadas "meras fotografías", análogo gozan únicamente de los derechos
exclusivos de autorizar su reproducción, distribución y comunicación pública,
en los mismos términos reconocidos a los autores de obras fotográficas, pero
no de los derechos de transformación ni los derechos morales del artículo 14
3. LPI, que incluye extremos tan relevantes como la posibilidad de autorizar o no
su divulgación, y en qué forma, o de exigir la constancia de su condición de
autor
En conclusión, la reproducción, distribución y comunicación pública de meras
fotografías de terceros requerirá autorización del autor (a menos que se hayan
extinguido los derechos), pero como no constituyen obras no se reconocen
derechos morales y se permite la transformación del original.
Derechos de explotación
Los Derechos de explotación son aquéllos que se pueden ceder a un tercero.
Entre los derechos de explotación, están los derechos de reproducción,
comunicación pública, distribución y transformación.
• El derecho de reproducción consiste en la reproducción de la fotografía
por cualquier medio o forma que permita su comunicación u obtención de
copias. Por ejemplo, incluir una fotografía en un libro o reproducirla en
Internet.
• El derecho de comunicación pública es todo acto por el cual una
pluralidad de personas puede tener acceso a la obra sin previa distribución
de ejemplares a cada una de las personas. Por ejemplo, la exhibición de
una fotografía en una exposición fotográfica. El derecho de comunicación
pública prevé expresamente la puesta a disposición del público de la obra
de tal forma que cualquier persona pueda acceder a ella desde el lugar y
momento que elija; esto es Internet.
• El derecho de distribución es la puesta a disposición del público de
original o de las copias de la fotografía, en cualquier soporte tangible,
mediante su venta, alquiler o de cualquier otra forma. Por ejemplo, la
inclusión de una fotografía en un libro.
• El derecho de transformación es la modificación de la fotografía de la
cual se derive otra obra diferente. Por ejemplo, modificar digitalmente una
fotografía y obtener otra distinta. Este derecho sólo se reconoce a los
autores de una obra fotográfica, no de una mera fotografía.
Estos derechos de explotación son independientes, compatibles y
acumulables, es decir, para incluir una fotografía en un libro se requieren los
derechos de reproducción y distribución. En el caso de Internet, el derecho de
reproducción y comunicación pública y, en su caso, el derecho de
distribución.
La exhibición de una fotografía en Internet requiere de los derechos de
explotación de reproducción y comunicación pública de la fotografía. Por
tanto, los términos y condiciones legales de una página web que permite subir,
exhibir una fotografía o bien compartirla con terceros, como por ejemplo una
4. red social (Facebook, Twitter, Pinterest, Instagram, entre otras), solicita a la
persona que sube la fotografía los derechos sobre dicha fotografía.
También debe señalarse que, para subir, exhibir o compartir una fotografía que
contiene la imagen de una persona, se requiere del consentimiento expreso e
inequívoco de la persona fotografiada.