Este documento presenta información sobre los hongos, incluyendo su estructura, características, reproducción y clasificación. Explica que los hongos tienen células eucariotas y pueden ser unicelulares o multicelulares. Se clasifican en cinco filos principales: quitridiomicetos, zigomicetos, ascomicetos, basidiomicetos y deuteromicetos. Describe las estructuras como las hifas, micelio y esporas, y los ciclos de vida sexuales y asexuales de los diferentes grupos de

1. Un gran poder, lleva una gran responsabilidad Tio Ben, Spiderman

2. Franchesca Muñiz Ramos Horas ofc M 2:00-4:00, W 10:00-11:00 , J 3:00-4:30 [email_address]

6. Evolución de hongos

8. Hifa Fig. 26-1 (a-b), p. 557 Hyphae 25 µm

9. Hifa septada cenocítico

10. Micelio Fig. 26-2, p. 557 Spore Hypha Mycelium

12. Fig. 26-4, p. 559 Large numbers of haploid (n) spores are produced by mitosis. Spore germinates and forms mycelium by mitosis. Asexual reproduction 1 Spores germinate and form mycelia by mitosis. Mycelia Mycelia of two different mating types fuse at their tips, and plasmogamy (fusion of cytoplasm) occurs. 2 6 Spores are released. Spores Sexual reproduction Haploid stage (n) Dikaryotic stage (n + n) 5 Meiosis results in four genetically different haploid ( n ) nuclei. Spores develop around nuclei. Diploid stage (2n) 3 Zygote nucleus (2n) Dikaryotic (n + n) mycelium develops. Dikaryotic mycelium 4 Karyogamy (fusion of nuclei) occurs, forming a diploid (2 n ) zygote nucleus. 7 8 Meiosis Karyogamy Plasmogamy

15. Germinación de una espora

22. Fig. 26-7a, p. 562 Chytrids Zygomycetes Glomeromycetes Ascomycetes Basidiomycetes Common flagellate ancestor

25. Fig. 26-9a, p. 564 Chytrids Zygomycetes Glomeromycetes Ascomycetes Basidiomycetes Common flagellate ancestor

31. Fig. 26-9b, p. 564

32. Fig. 26-13a, p. 567 Chytrids Zygomycetes Glomeromycetes Ascomycetes Basidiomycetes Common flagellate ancestor

37. Fig. 26-13b, p. 567 Conidia In asexual reproduction, hyphae produce haploid conidia that can develop into new mycelia. Germinating conidium ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION (by conidia) Conidiophore Haploid (n) 9 When released, ascospores germinate and form new haploid mycelia. (+) mating type Haploid mycelia of opposite mating types both produce coenocytic sexual hyphae. 1 (–) mating type 2 Plasmogamy occurs as hyphae of the two mating types fuse and nuclei are exchanged. 8 Each nucleus becomes incorporated into an ascospore. Nuclei migrate Plasmogamy SEXUAL REPRODUCTION Dikaryotic hyphae form and produce asci. 3 HAPLOID ( n ) STAGE Mature ascus has eight haploid ascospores 7 Mitosis produces eight haploid nuclei. DIKARYOTIC STAGE (n + n) Second meiotic division DIPLOID (2n) STAGE First meiotic division Nuclei fuse Developing ascus with n + n nuclei Hyphae form an ascocarp. 4 Zygote Meiosis 6 Meiosis occurs, forming four haploid nuclei. Karyogamy Ascocarp 5 Karyogamy occurs in each ascus. Two haploid nuclei fuse, forming a diploid zygote nucleus. Mycelium 10

38. Filo Basidiomicota Cyathus sp. Ganoderma sp. Geastrum sp. Mycena sp.

41. Estructura de los basidiomicetos Agallas Pileo Pie o Estipa

43. Fig. 26-17b, p. 571 1 Plasmogamy of primary mycelia occurs with the fusion of two (n) hyphae of different mating types. Basidiospores germinate and form primary mycelia. 6 Basidiospores released Basidiospores forming Plasmogamy 2 Fast-growing secondary mycelium is produced, composed of dikaryotic (n + n) hyphae. HAPLOID (n) STAGE Second meiotic division DIKARYOTIC STAGE (n + n) First meiotic division DIPLOID (2n) STAGE 3 Basidiocarps periodically develop from secondary mycelium. 5 Meoisis occurs, producing four haploid nuclei that become basidiospores. Meiosis Zygote nucleus Karyogamy Gills Basidiocarp 4 Basidia form along gills of basidiocarps. In each basidium karyogamy occurs, producing a zygote nucleus. Secondary mycelium

44. Animation: Club Fungus Life Cycle CLICK TO PLAY

57. Aspergillus conidiophore Peziza sp. Erysiphe graminis Hydnum sp. Corpinus sp. Penicillium conidia