9. Sustrato > 5%: Hábitats Dominantes = 20 surber proporcional al área de cada sustrato. Sustrato < 5%: Hábitats Marginales = No se muestrean Lista de macroinvertebrados con sus densidades por metro cuadrado Muestreo cuantitativo AQEM Surber sampler malla de 250 m o de 500 m
11. Sustrato > 5%: Hábitats Dominantes x 4 + 4 = Bote 2 Sustrato < 5%: Hábitats Marginales x 4 = Bote 1 A. Lista de Macroinvertebrados de Hábitats Marginales (Bote 1) B. Lista de Macroinvertebrados de Hábitats Dominantes (Bote 2) C. Lista Global de Macroinvertebrados (Bote 1+2) Muestreo cuantitativo CERA Surber sampler malla de 250 m o de 500 m
18. En amarillo taxa encontrados por Jacobsen (2008) entre 3300-4200 en ríos de páramo de Ecuador
19. RESULTADOS Índice Biológico Proyecto CERA ABI Muy bueno >98 Bueno 71-97 Moderado 43-70 Malo 16-42 Pésimo <15
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23. Escala de cuenca: altitud, orden de río Escala de tramo o microhabitat Poblaciones: Ecología trófica de Hyalella sp. Travertinos Briófitas 4425 m s.n.m 2550 m s.n.m ESCALAS DE ESTUDIO Escala de gradiente latitudinal 6ºS 15ºS
25. Comparación de riqueza de taxa de macroinvertebrados (familias y géneros) La comunidad de macroinvertebrados bentónicos altoandinos RESULTADOS RIO CAÑETE
26. Westernmost Mediterranean Basin (WMB) … the regional scale in this study High mountains MEDITERRAN REGIONAL SCALE Low mountains and hills Table lands Plains
27. Complex geological features might contribute to generate a “biodiversity hotspot” in this area. TERTIARY QUATERNARY Holocene Pleistocene Pliocene Miocene Paleocene CENOZOIC Eocene Oligocene 66.4My 57.8My 36.6My 23.7My 5.3My 1.6My 0.01My present Alpine Orogeny Processes occurring in Westernmost Mediterranean Basin… 85My 75My PAST GEOLOGICAL EVENTS: Mediterranean region
28. Southern movement of the Betic-Riffian plate TERTIARY QUATERNARY Holocene Pleistocene Pliocene Paleocene CENOZOIC Eocene Oligocene present Miocene 66.4My 57.8My 36.6My 23.7My 5.3My 1.6My 0.01My Processes occurring in Westernmost Mediterranean Basin… PAST GEOLOGICAL EVENTS: Mediterranean region
30. Mediterranean climate formation Beginning of the glaciations (Donau) TERTIARY QUATERNARY Holocene Pleistocene Pliocene Paleocene CENOZOIC Eocene Oligocene present Miocene 66.4My 57.8My 36.6My 23.7My 5.3My 1.6My 0.01My Processes occurring in Westernmost Mediterranean Basin… PAST GEOLOGICAL EVENTS: Mediterranean region
31. Glaciations cause habitat displacement that cause organism displacement or population contractions (during glaciations) and expansions (during interglaciations). TERTIARY QUATERNARY Holocene Pleistocene Pliocene Paleocene CENOZOIC Eocene Oligocene present Miocene 66.4My 57.8My 36.6My 23.7My 5.3My 1.6My 0.01My Processes occurring in Westernmost Mediterranean Basin… PAST GEOLOGICAL EVENTS: Mediterranean region
32. TERTIARY QUATERNARY Holocene Pleistocene Pliocene Paleocene CENOZOIC Eocene Oligocene present Miocene 66.4My 57.8My 36.6My 23.7My 5.3My 1.6My 0.01My Processes occurring in Westernmost Mediterranean Basin… Prebetic Rif Ranges Betic Ranges Subbetic FLYCHS EXTERNAL ZONE INTERNAL ZONE (Betic s.s.) EXTERNAL ZONE INTERNAL ZONE Iberic Massif IBERIC TRANSITIONAL BETIC RIF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AT REGION SCALE
33. GENETIC DIVERGENCES AMONG POPULATIONS (Genetic structure) GENETIC HOMOGENEITY (Genetic unstructure) Gene flow Genetic barriers Population genetic structure depends on (Bohonak & Jenkins, 2003): - Dispersal capabilities of the target organism - Landscape dispersal barriers and biogeography - Ecological constrictions, Natural Selection Implications on population genetics GENETIC STRUCTURE: background SPECIATION
34. METHODOLOGY: Sampling sites 142 Reference sites scattered in 4 regions Hesperic (H): 57 sites Transition (T): 17 sites Betic (B): 49 sites Rif (R): 19 sites From 20 to 1860 m.a.s.l. 30 different basins
35. Multihabitat kick sampling with a 250-300 m net Looking for caddisflies during 15 minutes in all available habitats. Sorting and identifying caddisfles in the lab sp?? METHODOLOGY: Community level
36. Historical fingerprint at community level in headwaters … but at species level, and in midstream reaches? Chimarra marginata (L.) Paleartic species Midstream-lowland species 0 200 Km K ö p p e n M e d i t e r r a n e a n c l i m a t e b o u n d a r y T B R I Ú Ú Ú Ú Ú Ú Ú Ú Ú METHODOLOGY: Population level DNA ISOLATION (Phenol/Chloroform extraction) mtDNA AMPLIFICATION ( cox 1 gene from mtDNA) SEQUENCE ALIGNMENT (Staden Package, Bioedit) HAPLOTYPE ANALYSES
37. Chimarra marginata: 36 indvs., 23 haplotypes Nested cladogram with haplotype connections Inference key: Allopatry Isolation by distance RESULTS: Population level
38. Time to the Most Recent Common Ancestor (TMRCA) 0.9-1.5% per My for arthropods (Queck et al., 2004) 0.81-1.35My 0.6-1.05My 1.51-2.52My RESULTS: Population level
39. Regions differed in total and sampled surface Randomly selection of 3 sites per basin and region (complete basins) Number of basins per region: I:8, T:1, B:4, R:2 16 21 13 7 RESULTS: Community level
40. Ecological isolation CORRESPONDENCE ANALYSIS Geological isolation Historical fingerprint RESULTS: Community level Bonada, N., Múrria, C., Zamora-Muñoz, C., El Alami, M., Poquet, J. M., Puntí, T., Moreno, J. L., Bennas, N., Alba-Tercedor, J., Ribera, C. & Prat, N. 2009. Using community and population approaches to understand how contemporary and historical factors have shaped species distribution in river ecosystems. Global Ecology and Biogeography 18: 202-213.
41. Headwaters Midstreams Lowlands gene flow among populations Longitudinal zonation effects on population structure ... Landscape barriers + + - - Gene flow Headwaters Midstreams Lowlands INTRODUCTION
43. 22 river basins with at least three sites per basin to 61 sites. 17 Hydropsyche species Cox 1 sequences for 230 individuals (592 bp) Haplotype analyses and population structure tests were carried out MYC model was run to delimit genetic cluster and detect incipient speciation We assessed species distribution range, species richness and genetic structure of congeneric Hydropsyche inhabiting different river sections and different basins METHODOLOGY: sampling sites and genetic analysis
44. RESULTS: MYC analysis MYC model yielded an estimate of 19 species, in two cases morphological and sequenced-based species show discrepancies: H. instabilis and H. incognita (headwater species).
45. PHYLOGENETIC RELATEDNESS: - DNA sequences of cox 1, 614 bp; wg, 44 bp; ef1a, 484 bp; 28S, 703 bp of 38 individuals of 17 known congeneric Hydropsyche . - Phylogenetic relation among 17 species: BI / ML / MP METHODOLOGY
52. ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AT BASIN SCALE Headwaters Midstream Lowlands Species composition change along longitudinal zonation Dibujos originales: M. Rieradevall
57. Incremento de la altitud Taxa indicadores de la variabilidad altitudinal (Análisis IndVal) SECCION 1: RESULTADOS Nº Taxa Sig. TIPO 1 14 * TIPO 2 10 * TIPO 3 9 * TIPO 4 75 n.s
58. Río Cañete Solo algunos patrones de distribución altitudinal se dejaron reconocer a nivel de género Nivel especie necesario Patrones distribución altitudinal Heterelmis Austrelmis Austrolimnius
61. Escala local de tramo: HABITAT Travertinos Briófitas 4425 m s.n.m 2550 m s.n.m ESCALAS DE ESTUDIO
62. Piburja stream Estación SECA: aumento de riqueza, abundancia y diversidad Promedio S HÚMEDA SECA época 25,00 20,00 15,00 10,00 5,00 0,00 Barras de error: +/- 1 SE refugios rápidos Microhabitat HÚMEDA SECA época 2,50 2,00 1,50 1,00 0,50 0,00 Promedio H’ Index
63. Piburja stream Densidad Macroinvertebrados (como log x+1): Densidad prom. Heterelmis Mayor densidad en la época seca : 30 taxa (77% ) Mayor densidad en la época húmeda : 2 taxa (5 % ) época época húmeda seca 3,00 2,00 1,00 0,00 Barras de Error: +/- 1 SE 6,00 húmeda seca 5,00 4,00 3,00 2,00 1,00 0,00 Densidad prom. Baetodes refugios rápidos Microhabitat
64. Estacionalidad de la deriva Riqueza y diversidad Fisher’s α ** correlacionados con el caudal Composición distinta entre épocas Piburja stream
75. Abundancia relativa de los taxa en los sectores de muestreo (Análisis SIMPER) Similitud promedio: 60,3% Similitud promedio 72,9% CAMBIOS A NIVEL DE TRAMO Río Cañete
76. Riqueza de taxa en los hábitats muestreados en ambos sectores Test de Kruskal-Wallis: Papacocha: H=13,42; p = 0.0369 (*) Pachachaca: H= 1,13; p = 0,57 (n.s) Test de Kruskal Wallis : Papacocha: H= 14,37; p= 0,0257 (*) Pachachaca: H= 1,68; p= 0,43 (n.s) Densidad de taxa en los hábitats muestreados en ambos sectores CAMBIOS SEGÚN SUSTRATO Río Cañete
77. Abundancias relativas de ordenes de macroinvertebrados Papacocha Pachachaca Pachachaca CAMBIOS SEGÚN SUSTRATO Río Cañete
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79. Sectores N-MDS CAMBIOS SEGÚN SUSTRATO Y TRAMO Río Cañete Similitud entre hábitats y sectores de muestreo Papacocha Pachachaca
80. Escala local de tramo Poblaciones: Ecología trófica 4425 m s.n.m 2550 m s.n.m ESCALAS DE ESTUDIO
82. Trituradores Recolectores Filtradores Raspadores Predadores Distribución de las categorías tróficas de macroinvertebrados según hábitats Estructura trófica- Río Cañete
83. Río Cañete ¿ Es consistente la estructura trófica de la comunidad con la oferta de recursos? Andesiops (Baetidae) Recolector Hyalella (Hyalellidae, Amphipoda) Triturador Antecedentes Taxas dominantes Oferta de recursos del sistema SÍ ¿? ¿ Realmente Hyalella se comporta en los ríos altoandinos como triturador ?.... ¿CONOCEMOS QUE COMEN LOS MACROS EN RÍOS ANDINOS?
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87. F(1,25) = 48,53; p < 0,0001 F(1,8) = 25,5354373; p = 0,0010 Consumo de Hyalella sp en Polylepis sp y Eucalyptus globulus Ecología tròfica: El caso de Hyalella
88. CPOM FPOM CaCO 3 Contenido intestinal de Hyalella sp. en diferentes hábitats Quitina Ecología tròfica: El caso de Hyalella
If two populations, lets say between basins, are connected by gene flow, they are expected to be homogeneous or GENETIC UNSTRUCTURED. On the other hand, if these populations are separated by some genetic barriers, they can present some genetic divergence and be STRUCTURED. Of course, one model or the other, will depend on the dispersal ability of our target organism and on the landscape barriers.
For example, species in headwater reaches are more likely to have lower gene flow than those from midstreams or lowland reaches, because landscape barriers are expected to be higher,.... whereas in lowland reaches, wide valleys may facilitate gene flow between distant populations.
For example, species in headwater reaches are more likely to have lower gene flow than those from midstreams or lowland reaches, because landscape barriers are expected to be higher,.... whereas in lowland reaches, wide valleys may facilitate gene flow between distant populations.