Enviar búsqueda
Cargar
Evaluación de resultados anormales en enzimas hepaticas en pacientes asintomaticos
•
2 recomendaciones
•
903 vistas
LAB IDEA
Seguir
Salud y medicina
Denunciar
Compartir
Denunciar
Compartir
1 de 6
Descargar ahora
Descargar para leer sin conexión
Recomendados
Breakthroughs in the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia: curable disea...
Breakthroughs in the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia: curable disea...
spa718
Effusions Explored
Effusions Explored
gueste19bfb0
Mycophenolate mofetil or intravenous cyclophosphamide
Mycophenolate mofetil or intravenous cyclophosphamide
Nahid Sherbini
DrDreicer AdvancedProstateCancer(Royal)
DrDreicer AdvancedProstateCancer(Royal)
PCRI_2012conf
ATT induced liver injury
ATT induced liver injury
ikramdr01
Gn master class
Gn master class
FarragBahbah
Long term survival outcomes of Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia.
Long term survival outcomes of Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia.
spa718
All-trans retinoic acid related complications in a patient with acute promy...
All-trans retinoic acid related complications in a patient with acute promy...
Choying Chen
Recomendados
Breakthroughs in the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia: curable disea...
Breakthroughs in the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia: curable disea...
spa718
Effusions Explored
Effusions Explored
gueste19bfb0
Mycophenolate mofetil or intravenous cyclophosphamide
Mycophenolate mofetil or intravenous cyclophosphamide
Nahid Sherbini
DrDreicer AdvancedProstateCancer(Royal)
DrDreicer AdvancedProstateCancer(Royal)
PCRI_2012conf
ATT induced liver injury
ATT induced liver injury
ikramdr01
Gn master class
Gn master class
FarragBahbah
Long term survival outcomes of Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia.
Long term survival outcomes of Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia.
spa718
All-trans retinoic acid related complications in a patient with acute promy...
All-trans retinoic acid related complications in a patient with acute promy...
Choying Chen
Micofenolato neutropenia
Micofenolato neutropenia
Priscila Lemos
Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia
Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia
spa718
Puoti Claudio. FAD HT 2012. Come interpretare alterazioni lievi di laboratori...
Puoti Claudio. FAD HT 2012. Come interpretare alterazioni lievi di laboratori...
Gianfranco Tammaro
Auto immune hepatitis (Case + Theory)
Auto immune hepatitis (Case + Theory)
MohammaD TanweeR
造影剤腎症
造影剤腎症
Katsushige Takagishi
Differentiation Therapy in Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia
Differentiation Therapy in Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia
Yaashviny Nair
IMATINIB RESISTANT CML
IMATINIB RESISTANT CML
spa718
Acute promyelocytic leukemia
Acute promyelocytic leukemia
Ranjita Pallavi
Vte予防 講義
Vte予防 講義
Katsushige Takagishi
LEUCEMIAS
LEUCEMIAS
CONNYPREZA
Journal Presentation , After the party’s over
Journal Presentation , After the party’s over
আহমেদ শাহেদ
Att induced hepatitis.pptx new
Att induced hepatitis.pptx new
Bhargav Kiran
Anti tuberculosis drug - induced hepatitis – A Case Study
Anti tuberculosis drug - induced hepatitis – A Case Study
velspharmd
A. Shamseddine - Prostate and renal cancer - State of the art and update on s...
A. Shamseddine - Prostate and renal cancer - State of the art and update on s...
European School of Oncology
ECCLU 2011 - B. Tombal - Side-effects of anti-androgen therapy
ECCLU 2011 - B. Tombal - Side-effects of anti-androgen therapy
European School of Oncology
Immunotherapy 101
Immunotherapy 101
derosaMSKCC
Optimal integration of new treatments for castration resistant prostate cancer
Optimal integration of new treatments for castration resistant prostate cancer
Apollo Hospitals
G. Ceresoli - Prostate and renal cancer - State of the art and update on syst...
G. Ceresoli - Prostate and renal cancer - State of the art and update on syst...
European School of Oncology
Gastcollege Social Media @ events voor Hogeschool Utrecht
Gastcollege Social Media @ events voor Hogeschool Utrecht
Lab701 Social Media Factory (strategie | webcare | content | campagnes | social CRM)
TintowsHP
TintowsHP
jcongote
THE TRION TOWER
THE TRION TOWER
marlon lopez
Presentación PIPEnet
Presentación PIPEnet
barrabes
Más contenido relacionado
La actualidad más candente
Micofenolato neutropenia
Micofenolato neutropenia
Priscila Lemos
Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia
Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia
spa718
Puoti Claudio. FAD HT 2012. Come interpretare alterazioni lievi di laboratori...
Puoti Claudio. FAD HT 2012. Come interpretare alterazioni lievi di laboratori...
Gianfranco Tammaro
Auto immune hepatitis (Case + Theory)
Auto immune hepatitis (Case + Theory)
MohammaD TanweeR
造影剤腎症
造影剤腎症
Katsushige Takagishi
Differentiation Therapy in Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia
Differentiation Therapy in Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia
Yaashviny Nair
IMATINIB RESISTANT CML
IMATINIB RESISTANT CML
spa718
Acute promyelocytic leukemia
Acute promyelocytic leukemia
Ranjita Pallavi
Vte予防 講義
Vte予防 講義
Katsushige Takagishi
LEUCEMIAS
LEUCEMIAS
CONNYPREZA
Journal Presentation , After the party’s over
Journal Presentation , After the party’s over
আহমেদ শাহেদ
Att induced hepatitis.pptx new
Att induced hepatitis.pptx new
Bhargav Kiran
Anti tuberculosis drug - induced hepatitis – A Case Study
Anti tuberculosis drug - induced hepatitis – A Case Study
velspharmd
A. Shamseddine - Prostate and renal cancer - State of the art and update on s...
A. Shamseddine - Prostate and renal cancer - State of the art and update on s...
European School of Oncology
ECCLU 2011 - B. Tombal - Side-effects of anti-androgen therapy
ECCLU 2011 - B. Tombal - Side-effects of anti-androgen therapy
European School of Oncology
Immunotherapy 101
Immunotherapy 101
derosaMSKCC
Optimal integration of new treatments for castration resistant prostate cancer
Optimal integration of new treatments for castration resistant prostate cancer
Apollo Hospitals
G. Ceresoli - Prostate and renal cancer - State of the art and update on syst...
G. Ceresoli - Prostate and renal cancer - State of the art and update on syst...
European School of Oncology
La actualidad más candente
(18)
Micofenolato neutropenia
Micofenolato neutropenia
Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia
Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia
Puoti Claudio. FAD HT 2012. Come interpretare alterazioni lievi di laboratori...
Puoti Claudio. FAD HT 2012. Come interpretare alterazioni lievi di laboratori...
Auto immune hepatitis (Case + Theory)
Auto immune hepatitis (Case + Theory)
造影剤腎症
造影剤腎症
Differentiation Therapy in Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia
Differentiation Therapy in Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia
IMATINIB RESISTANT CML
IMATINIB RESISTANT CML
Acute promyelocytic leukemia
Acute promyelocytic leukemia
Vte予防 講義
Vte予防 講義
LEUCEMIAS
LEUCEMIAS
Journal Presentation , After the party’s over
Journal Presentation , After the party’s over
Att induced hepatitis.pptx new
Att induced hepatitis.pptx new
Anti tuberculosis drug - induced hepatitis – A Case Study
Anti tuberculosis drug - induced hepatitis – A Case Study
A. Shamseddine - Prostate and renal cancer - State of the art and update on s...
A. Shamseddine - Prostate and renal cancer - State of the art and update on s...
ECCLU 2011 - B. Tombal - Side-effects of anti-androgen therapy
ECCLU 2011 - B. Tombal - Side-effects of anti-androgen therapy
Immunotherapy 101
Immunotherapy 101
Optimal integration of new treatments for castration resistant prostate cancer
Optimal integration of new treatments for castration resistant prostate cancer
G. Ceresoli - Prostate and renal cancer - State of the art and update on syst...
G. Ceresoli - Prostate and renal cancer - State of the art and update on syst...
Destacado
Gastcollege Social Media @ events voor Hogeschool Utrecht
Gastcollege Social Media @ events voor Hogeschool Utrecht
Lab701 Social Media Factory (strategie | webcare | content | campagnes | social CRM)
TintowsHP
TintowsHP
jcongote
THE TRION TOWER
THE TRION TOWER
marlon lopez
Presentación PIPEnet
Presentación PIPEnet
barrabes
What is the Role of Documents During Software Testing?
What is the Role of Documents During Software Testing?
QATestLab
mis fotos
mis fotos
Luis Nalvarte
Android
Android
dwivedibrothers
Makalah kepramukaan
Makalah kepramukaan
Operator Warnet Vast Raha
EMOBELLA PROFILE 2
EMOBELLA PROFILE 2
emobella
Beyond the Five Paragraph Essay
Beyond the Five Paragraph Essay
Brian Wasko
Cystatin C as a marker of Cardio metabolic disorder in obese South Indian ind...
Cystatin C as a marker of Cardio metabolic disorder in obese South Indian ind...
iosrjce
Solucom offices receive a breath of fresh “Air”
Solucom offices receive a breath of fresh “Air”
Wavestone
Habaradas how whole are we
Habaradas how whole are we
Raymund Habaradas
5. Prototipado
5. Prototipado
DCU_MPIUA
4. Requisitos
4. Requisitos
DCU_MPIUA
6. Evaluación
6. Evaluación
DCU_MPIUA
Charla Innovación por Design Thinking.
Charla Innovación por Design Thinking.
Diego Rodriguez Bastias
Tissue culture techniques
Tissue culture techniques
Dr Nayana Sooraj
Destacado
(18)
Gastcollege Social Media @ events voor Hogeschool Utrecht
Gastcollege Social Media @ events voor Hogeschool Utrecht
TintowsHP
TintowsHP
THE TRION TOWER
THE TRION TOWER
Presentación PIPEnet
Presentación PIPEnet
What is the Role of Documents During Software Testing?
What is the Role of Documents During Software Testing?
mis fotos
mis fotos
Android
Android
Makalah kepramukaan
Makalah kepramukaan
EMOBELLA PROFILE 2
EMOBELLA PROFILE 2
Beyond the Five Paragraph Essay
Beyond the Five Paragraph Essay
Cystatin C as a marker of Cardio metabolic disorder in obese South Indian ind...
Cystatin C as a marker of Cardio metabolic disorder in obese South Indian ind...
Solucom offices receive a breath of fresh “Air”
Solucom offices receive a breath of fresh “Air”
Habaradas how whole are we
Habaradas how whole are we
5. Prototipado
5. Prototipado
4. Requisitos
4. Requisitos
6. Evaluación
6. Evaluación
Charla Innovación por Design Thinking.
Charla Innovación por Design Thinking.
Tissue culture techniques
Tissue culture techniques
Similar a Evaluación de resultados anormales en enzimas hepaticas en pacientes asintomaticos
Paracetamol toxicity .pptx
Paracetamol toxicity .pptx
AlyaaMarhoon2
Paracetamol toxicity .pptx
Paracetamol toxicity .pptx
AlyaaMarhoon2
Pruebas hepáticas
Pruebas hepáticas
Juan Londoño Ruíz
2-Approach-to-Elevated-LFT.ppt
2-Approach-to-Elevated-LFT.ppt
ssuserfc13e9
Dr. Arun aggarwal Gastroenterologist : Acute Liver Failure
Dr. Arun aggarwal Gastroenterologist : Acute Liver Failure
Dr. Arun Aggarwal Gastroenterologist
Fulminant hepatic failure (fhf)
Fulminant hepatic failure (fhf)
Reyad Al_Faky
DIAGNOSTIC USES OF ENZYMES.pdf
DIAGNOSTIC USES OF ENZYMES.pdf
LAPULGA7
Enzymes in liver disorders presentation with cases
Enzymes in liver disorders presentation with cases
Sri Devraj Urs medical college, Kolar, Karnataka , India
Acute hepatitis 2
Acute hepatitis 2
maha elsabaawy
Comparative study of serum 5' nucleotidase,alkaline phosphatase ,alt,ast & bi...
Comparative study of serum 5' nucleotidase,alkaline phosphatase ,alt,ast & bi...
GGS Medical College/Baba Farid Univ.of Health Sciences.
Serum Alkaline Phosphatase Activity And Its Iso Enzymes In
Serum Alkaline Phosphatase Activity And Its Iso Enzymes In
Aurelian Udristioiu
Liver function tests
Liver function tests
Saint Vincent Hospital
07 Mato Acute Renal Failure
07 Mato Acute Renal Failure
guest2379201
07 Mato Acute Renal Failure
07 Mato Acute Renal Failure
Dang Thanh Tuan
Medical emergency on paracetamol poisoning
Medical emergency on paracetamol poisoning
Indhu Reddy
Hepatic encephalopathy
Hepatic encephalopathy
Ashraf Okba
Evaluación de-laboratorio-en-pancreatitis-2002
Evaluación de-laboratorio-en-pancreatitis-2002
cesar gaytan
Abnormal liver function tests
Abnormal liver function tests
Ahmed Adel
Dr bhavik c
Dr bhavik c
Atit Ghoda
PRCA post renal transplant-a case and review
PRCA post renal transplant-a case and review
Vishal Golay
Similar a Evaluación de resultados anormales en enzimas hepaticas en pacientes asintomaticos
(20)
Paracetamol toxicity .pptx
Paracetamol toxicity .pptx
Paracetamol toxicity .pptx
Paracetamol toxicity .pptx
Pruebas hepáticas
Pruebas hepáticas
2-Approach-to-Elevated-LFT.ppt
2-Approach-to-Elevated-LFT.ppt
Dr. Arun aggarwal Gastroenterologist : Acute Liver Failure
Dr. Arun aggarwal Gastroenterologist : Acute Liver Failure
Fulminant hepatic failure (fhf)
Fulminant hepatic failure (fhf)
DIAGNOSTIC USES OF ENZYMES.pdf
DIAGNOSTIC USES OF ENZYMES.pdf
Enzymes in liver disorders presentation with cases
Enzymes in liver disorders presentation with cases
Acute hepatitis 2
Acute hepatitis 2
Comparative study of serum 5' nucleotidase,alkaline phosphatase ,alt,ast & bi...
Comparative study of serum 5' nucleotidase,alkaline phosphatase ,alt,ast & bi...
Serum Alkaline Phosphatase Activity And Its Iso Enzymes In
Serum Alkaline Phosphatase Activity And Its Iso Enzymes In
Liver function tests
Liver function tests
07 Mato Acute Renal Failure
07 Mato Acute Renal Failure
07 Mato Acute Renal Failure
07 Mato Acute Renal Failure
Medical emergency on paracetamol poisoning
Medical emergency on paracetamol poisoning
Hepatic encephalopathy
Hepatic encephalopathy
Evaluación de-laboratorio-en-pancreatitis-2002
Evaluación de-laboratorio-en-pancreatitis-2002
Abnormal liver function tests
Abnormal liver function tests
Dr bhavik c
Dr bhavik c
PRCA post renal transplant-a case and review
PRCA post renal transplant-a case and review
Más de LAB IDEA
New fundamentals in hemostasis
New fundamentals in hemostasis
LAB IDEA
Hougie 2004-journal of-thrombosis_and_haemostasis
Hougie 2004-journal of-thrombosis_and_haemostasis
LAB IDEA
Sistema de coagulacion
Sistema de coagulacion
LAB IDEA
Clase parasitosis 2017
Clase parasitosis 2017
LAB IDEA
ICTERICIA
ICTERICIA
LAB IDEA
ASCITIS
ASCITIS
LAB IDEA
Enzimas musculo esqueleticas 2017
Enzimas musculo esqueleticas 2017
LAB IDEA
Hígado graso
Hígado graso
LAB IDEA
Historical perspective and future direction of coagulation research
Historical perspective and future direction of coagulation research
LAB IDEA
When should we measure lipoprotein (a)?
When should we measure lipoprotein (a)?
LAB IDEA
Metabolic acidosis nature
Metabolic acidosis nature
LAB IDEA
Alcalosis Metabolica
Alcalosis Metabolica
LAB IDEA
Equilibrio ácido base
Equilibrio ácido base
LAB IDEA
Acidosis metabolica
Acidosis metabolica
LAB IDEA
Daño renal agudo
Daño renal agudo
LAB IDEA
LESION RENAL AGUDA
LESION RENAL AGUDA
LAB IDEA
TRASTORNOS DE LA COAGULACION EN HEPATOPATIAS
TRASTORNOS DE LA COAGULACION EN HEPATOPATIAS
LAB IDEA
HEPATITIS POR VIRUS B
HEPATITIS POR VIRUS B
LAB IDEA
Fasting is not routinely required for determination of a lipid profile
Fasting is not routinely required for determination of a lipid profile
LAB IDEA
PTI
PTI
LAB IDEA
Más de LAB IDEA
(20)
New fundamentals in hemostasis
New fundamentals in hemostasis
Hougie 2004-journal of-thrombosis_and_haemostasis
Hougie 2004-journal of-thrombosis_and_haemostasis
Sistema de coagulacion
Sistema de coagulacion
Clase parasitosis 2017
Clase parasitosis 2017
ICTERICIA
ICTERICIA
ASCITIS
ASCITIS
Enzimas musculo esqueleticas 2017
Enzimas musculo esqueleticas 2017
Hígado graso
Hígado graso
Historical perspective and future direction of coagulation research
Historical perspective and future direction of coagulation research
When should we measure lipoprotein (a)?
When should we measure lipoprotein (a)?
Metabolic acidosis nature
Metabolic acidosis nature
Alcalosis Metabolica
Alcalosis Metabolica
Equilibrio ácido base
Equilibrio ácido base
Acidosis metabolica
Acidosis metabolica
Daño renal agudo
Daño renal agudo
LESION RENAL AGUDA
LESION RENAL AGUDA
TRASTORNOS DE LA COAGULACION EN HEPATOPATIAS
TRASTORNOS DE LA COAGULACION EN HEPATOPATIAS
HEPATITIS POR VIRUS B
HEPATITIS POR VIRUS B
Fasting is not routinely required for determination of a lipid profile
Fasting is not routinely required for determination of a lipid profile
PTI
PTI
Último
Call Girls Ooty Just Call 8250077686 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls Ooty Just Call 8250077686 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Dipal Arora
Call Girls Jabalpur Just Call 8250077686 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls Jabalpur Just Call 8250077686 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Dipal Arora
Best Rate (Hyderabad) Call Girls Jahanuma ⟟ 8250192130 ⟟ High Class Call Girl...
Best Rate (Hyderabad) Call Girls Jahanuma ⟟ 8250192130 ⟟ High Class Call Girl...
astropune
Pondicherry Call Girls Book Now 9630942363 Top Class Pondicherry Escort Servi...
Pondicherry Call Girls Book Now 9630942363 Top Class Pondicherry Escort Servi...
Genuine Call Girls
VIP Call Girls Indore Kirti 💚😋 9256729539 🚀 Indore Escorts
VIP Call Girls Indore Kirti 💚😋 9256729539 🚀 Indore Escorts
aditipandeya
VIP Hyderabad Call Girls Bahadurpally 7877925207 ₹5000 To 25K With AC Room 💚😋
VIP Hyderabad Call Girls Bahadurpally 7877925207 ₹5000 To 25K With AC Room 💚😋
TANUJA PANDEY
♛VVIP Hyderabad Call Girls Chintalkunta🖕7001035870🖕Riya Kappor Top Call Girl ...
♛VVIP Hyderabad Call Girls Chintalkunta🖕7001035870🖕Riya Kappor Top Call Girl ...
astropune
Premium Bangalore Call Girls Jigani Dail 6378878445 Escort Service For Hot Ma...
Premium Bangalore Call Girls Jigani Dail 6378878445 Escort Service For Hot Ma...
tanya dube
Top Quality Call Girl Service Kalyanpur 6378878445 Available Call Girls Any Time
Top Quality Call Girl Service Kalyanpur 6378878445 Available Call Girls Any Time
Call Girls Delhi
Bangalore Call Girls Nelamangala Number 9332606886 Meetin With Bangalore Esc...
Bangalore Call Girls Nelamangala Number 9332606886 Meetin With Bangalore Esc...
narwatsonia7
Top Rated Bangalore Call Girls Mg Road ⟟ 9332606886 ⟟ Call Me For Genuine S...
Top Rated Bangalore Call Girls Mg Road ⟟ 9332606886 ⟟ Call Me For Genuine S...
narwatsonia7
Call Girls Visakhapatnam Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service Ava...
Call Girls Visakhapatnam Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service Ava...
Dipal Arora
Call Girls Dehradun Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls Dehradun Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Dipal Arora
Call Girls Bareilly Just Call 8250077686 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls Bareilly Just Call 8250077686 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Dipal Arora
Call Girls Aurangabad Just Call 8250077686 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls Aurangabad Just Call 8250077686 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Dipal Arora
Night 7k to 12k Navi Mumbai Call Girl Photo 👉 BOOK NOW 9833363713 👈 ♀️ night ...
Night 7k to 12k Navi Mumbai Call Girl Photo 👉 BOOK NOW 9833363713 👈 ♀️ night ...
aartirawatdelhi
Call Girls Varanasi Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls Varanasi Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Dipal Arora
The Most Attractive Hyderabad Call Girls Kothapet 𖠋 6297143586 𖠋 Will You Mis...
The Most Attractive Hyderabad Call Girls Kothapet 𖠋 6297143586 𖠋 Will You Mis...
chandars293
(👑VVIP ISHAAN ) Russian Call Girls Service Navi Mumbai🖕9920874524🖕Independent...
(👑VVIP ISHAAN ) Russian Call Girls Service Navi Mumbai🖕9920874524🖕Independent...
Taniya Sharma
Russian Escorts Girls Nehru Place ZINATHI 🔝9711199012 ☪ 24/7 Call Girls Delhi
Russian Escorts Girls Nehru Place ZINATHI 🔝9711199012 ☪ 24/7 Call Girls Delhi
AlinaDevecerski
Último
(20)
Call Girls Ooty Just Call 8250077686 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls Ooty Just Call 8250077686 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls Jabalpur Just Call 8250077686 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls Jabalpur Just Call 8250077686 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Best Rate (Hyderabad) Call Girls Jahanuma ⟟ 8250192130 ⟟ High Class Call Girl...
Best Rate (Hyderabad) Call Girls Jahanuma ⟟ 8250192130 ⟟ High Class Call Girl...
Pondicherry Call Girls Book Now 9630942363 Top Class Pondicherry Escort Servi...
Pondicherry Call Girls Book Now 9630942363 Top Class Pondicherry Escort Servi...
VIP Call Girls Indore Kirti 💚😋 9256729539 🚀 Indore Escorts
VIP Call Girls Indore Kirti 💚😋 9256729539 🚀 Indore Escorts
VIP Hyderabad Call Girls Bahadurpally 7877925207 ₹5000 To 25K With AC Room 💚😋
VIP Hyderabad Call Girls Bahadurpally 7877925207 ₹5000 To 25K With AC Room 💚😋
♛VVIP Hyderabad Call Girls Chintalkunta🖕7001035870🖕Riya Kappor Top Call Girl ...
♛VVIP Hyderabad Call Girls Chintalkunta🖕7001035870🖕Riya Kappor Top Call Girl ...
Premium Bangalore Call Girls Jigani Dail 6378878445 Escort Service For Hot Ma...
Premium Bangalore Call Girls Jigani Dail 6378878445 Escort Service For Hot Ma...
Top Quality Call Girl Service Kalyanpur 6378878445 Available Call Girls Any Time
Top Quality Call Girl Service Kalyanpur 6378878445 Available Call Girls Any Time
Bangalore Call Girls Nelamangala Number 9332606886 Meetin With Bangalore Esc...
Bangalore Call Girls Nelamangala Number 9332606886 Meetin With Bangalore Esc...
Top Rated Bangalore Call Girls Mg Road ⟟ 9332606886 ⟟ Call Me For Genuine S...
Top Rated Bangalore Call Girls Mg Road ⟟ 9332606886 ⟟ Call Me For Genuine S...
Call Girls Visakhapatnam Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service Ava...
Call Girls Visakhapatnam Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service Ava...
Call Girls Dehradun Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls Dehradun Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls Bareilly Just Call 8250077686 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls Bareilly Just Call 8250077686 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls Aurangabad Just Call 8250077686 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls Aurangabad Just Call 8250077686 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Night 7k to 12k Navi Mumbai Call Girl Photo 👉 BOOK NOW 9833363713 👈 ♀️ night ...
Night 7k to 12k Navi Mumbai Call Girl Photo 👉 BOOK NOW 9833363713 👈 ♀️ night ...
Call Girls Varanasi Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls Varanasi Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
The Most Attractive Hyderabad Call Girls Kothapet 𖠋 6297143586 𖠋 Will You Mis...
The Most Attractive Hyderabad Call Girls Kothapet 𖠋 6297143586 𖠋 Will You Mis...
(👑VVIP ISHAAN ) Russian Call Girls Service Navi Mumbai🖕9920874524🖕Independent...
(👑VVIP ISHAAN ) Russian Call Girls Service Navi Mumbai🖕9920874524🖕Independent...
Russian Escorts Girls Nehru Place ZINATHI 🔝9711199012 ☪ 24/7 Call Girls Delhi
Russian Escorts Girls Nehru Place ZINATHI 🔝9711199012 ☪ 24/7 Call Girls Delhi
Evaluación de resultados anormales en enzimas hepaticas en pacientes asintomaticos
1.
The Ne w
E n g l a nd Jo u r n a l o f Me d ic i ne Primary Care recommend adjusting aminotransferase values for sex and body-mass index,2 but these adjustments are rare- ly made. Aspartate aminotransferase is found, in de- creasing order of concentration, in the liver, cardiac E VALUATION OF A BNORMAL muscle, skeletal muscle, kidneys, brain, pancreas, lungs, L IVER -E NZYME R ESULTS IN leukocytes, and erythrocytes. The highest level of A SYMPTOMATIC P ATIENTS alanine aminotransferase is in the liver, and levels of this enzyme are accordingly more specific indicators DANIEL S. PRATT, M.D., AND MARSHALL M. KAPLAN, M.D. of liver injury. Both enzymes are released into the blood in increasing amounts when the liver cell mem- brane is damaged. Necrosis of liver cells is not re- quired for the release of the aminotransferases. In fact, there is poor correlation between the degree of N OW that routine laboratory testing is auto- mated and is frequently part of an annual liver-cell damage and the level of the aminotransfer- checkup, physicians are often faced with the ases.1 If the aminotransferase levels are normal on re- problem of a patient with one abnormal result on testing, no further evaluation is necessary. If the results measurement of serum aminotransferases or alkaline of repeated tests remain abnormal, further evaluation phosphatase but no symptoms. Many batteries of is indicated. screening tests now include measurement of serum The first step in the evaluation is to obtain a com- alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, plete history in an effort to identify the most com- alkaline phosphatase, and g-glutamyltransferase. Al- mon causes of elevated aminotransferase levels: alco- though these enzymes are present in tissues through- hol-related liver injury, chronic hepatitis B and C, out the body, they are most often elevated in pa- autoimmune hepatitis, hepatic steatosis (fatty infiltra- tients with liver disease and may reflect liver injury. tion of the liver), nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, hemo- The first step in the evaluation of a patient with chromatosis, Wilson’s disease, alpha1-antitrypsin de- elevated liver-enzyme levels but no symptoms is to ficiency, and a recently recognized cause, celiac sprue repeat the test to confirm the result. If the result is (Table 1). Table 2 lists the blood tests that can be still abnormal, the physician should evaluate the de- used to identify many of these disorders. It is more gree of the elevation. A minor elevation (less than efficient to order all the blood tests in the first group twice the normal value) may be of no clinical impor- initially, unless the history strongly suggests a defi- tance if the disorders listed in Table 1 have been nite diagnosis, such as alcohol abuse. The cause of ruled out and, in fact, may not even be abnormal. the aminotransferase elevation can usually be identi- The normal range for any laboratory test is the mean fied on assessment of the pattern of the results of liv- value in a group of healthy persons ±2 SD. Thus, er-enzyme tests and additional testing. 5 percent of the results obtained from these normal The cause of an elevated alanine aminotransferase persons fall outside the defined normal range, 2.5 level varies greatly depending on the population stud- percent of which may be above the upper limit of ied. Among 19,877 Air Force trainees who volun- normal. There are also circumstances in which ele- teered to donate blood, 99 (0.5 percent) had elevat- vations in liver-enzyme levels are physiologic; for ex- ed alanine aminotransferase levels.3 A cause for the ample, alkaline phosphatase levels are increased in elevation was found in only 12: 4 had hepatitis B, healthy women during the third trimester of preg- 4 had hepatitis C, 2 had autoimmune hepatitis, 1 had nancy. The evaluation of the patient with an isolated cholelithiasis, and 1 had acute appendicitis. In a group elevation of an aminotransferase differs from that for of 100 consecutive blood donors with elevated ala- a patient with an isolated elevation of alkaline phos- nine aminotransferase levels, 48 percent had changes phatase or g-glutamyltransferase. related to alcohol use, 22 percent had fatty liver, 17 percent had hepatitis C, 4 percent had another iden- AMINOTRANSFERASE LEVELS tified problem, and in the remaining 9 percent, no Aminotransferase levels are sensitive indicators of specific diagnosis was made.4 In another study of liver-cell injury and are helpful in recognizing hepa- 149 asymptomatic patients with elevated alanine ami- tocellular diseases such as hepatitis.1 Both aminotrans- notransferase levels who underwent liver biopsy, 56 ferases are normally present in serum at low levels, usu- percent had fatty liver, 20 percent had non-A, non- ally less than 30 to 40 U per liter. The normal range B hepatitis, 11 percent had changes related to alco- varies widely among laboratories. Some researchers hol use, 3 percent had hepatitis B, 8 percent had other causes, and in 2 percent, no cause was identi- fied.5 A recent study assessed 1124 consecutive pa- tients who were referred for chronic elevations in ami- From New England Medical Center, Box 217, 750 Washington St., Bos- ton, MA 02111, where reprint requests should be addressed to Dr. Pratt. notransferase levels.6 Eighty-one of these patients had ©2000, Massachusetts Medical Society. no definable cause of the elevation and underwent a 1266 · Apr il 2 7 , 2 0 0 0 Downloaded from www.nejm.org by VICTOR ARREDONDO MD on March 27, 2007 . Copyright © 2000 Massachusetts Medical Society. All rights reserved.
2.
PRIMA RY C
A R E CAUSES OF ELEVATED TABLE 1. CAUSES OF CHRONICALLY ELEVATED AMINOTRANSFERASE LEVELS AMINOTRANSFERASE LEVELS. Alcohol Abuse Hepatic causes Alcohol abuse The diagnosis of alcohol abuse can be difficult be- Medication cause many patients conceal information about their Chronic hepatitis B and C alcohol use. The diagnosis is supported by the find- Steatosis and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis Autoimmune hepatitis ing of a ratio of aspartate aminotransferase to alanine Hemochromatosis aminotransferase of at least 2:1. In a study of hun- Wilson’s disease (in patients «40 years old) dreds of patients who had histologically confirmed Alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency liver disorders, more than 90 percent of the patients Nonhepatic causes who had an aspartate aminotransferase:alanine ami- Celiac sprue Inherited disorders of muscle metabolism notransferase ratio of at least 2:1 had alcoholic liver Acquired muscle diseases disease.7 The percentage increased to more than 96 Strenuous exercise percent when the ratio was greater than 3:1. The in- creased ratio reflects primarily the low serum activity of alanine aminotransferase in patients with alcohol- ic liver disease. This decrease is due to an alcohol- related deficiency of pyridoxal 5-phosphate.8 Measurement of g-glutamyltransferase may also be TABLE 2. LABORATORY TESTS THAT MAY IDENTIFY THE CAUSE helpful in diagnosing alcohol abuse. A g-glutamyl- OF ELEVATED AMINOTRANSFERASE LEVELS IN A PATIENT transferase level that is twice the normal level in pa- WITH NO SYMPTOMS. tients with an aspartate aminotransferase:alanine ami- notransferase ratio of at least 2:1 strongly suggests TEST DIAGNOSIS the diagnosis of alcohol abuse. However, the lack of specificity of the g-glutamyltransferase level precludes Initial tests its use as a single test to diagnose alcohol abuse. Test for hepatitis C antibody in Presence of hepatitis C antibody indi- serum cates chronic hepatitis C The degree of elevation of aminotransferase levels Test for hepatitis B surface anti- Presence of hepatitis B surface antigen may also be helpful in identifying alcohol abuse. It gen, surface antibody, and and core antibody indicates chronic is rare for the aspartate aminotransferase level to be core antibody in serum hepatitis B Measurement of serum iron and Iron overload suggests hemochroma- more than eight times the normal value in patients total iron-binding capacity tosis with alcohol abuse, and it is even less common for Measurement of serum cerulo- Decreased ceruloplasmin levels suggest the alanine aminotransferase level to be more than plasmin Wilson’s disease (if patient is «40 years old) five times the normal value in such patients.7 In fact, Serum protein electrophoresis Increase in polyclonal immunoglobu- the alanine aminotransferase level may be normal, even lins suggests autoimmune hepatitis Serum protein electrophoresis Marked decrease in a-globulin bands in patients with severe alcoholic liver disease. suggests alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency Medication Additional tests* Reverse-transcriptase polymer- Presence of viral RNA indicates chronic A careful history-taking and meticulous review of ase chain reaction for hepati- hepatitis C tis C virus RNA laboratory data are critical for identifying a medica- Alpha1-antitrypsin phenotyping Presence of the ZZ phenotype indicates tion as the cause of elevated aminotransferase levels. alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency A drug effect is a possibility if the increase in liver- Tests for antiendomysial and an- Presence of antibodies indicates celiac tigliadin antibodies in serum sprue enzyme levels was associated with the initiation of a Measurement of creatine kinase Elevated enzyme levels indicate dis- medication. Almost any medication can cause an el- and aldolase orders of striated muscle evation in liver-enzyme levels. Common ones include *If the results of the initial set of tests are normal, these additional tests nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, antibiotics, an- may pinpoint the cause. tiepileptic drugs, inhibitors of hydroxymethylglutar- yl–coenzyme A reductase, and antituberculosis drugs (Table 3). In addition to medications, herbal prepa- rations and illicit drugs or substances may cause el- evations in liver-enzyme levels (Table 3). liver biopsy. Of these 81 patients, 41 had steatosis, The easiest way to determine whether a medica- 26 had steatohepatitis, 4 had fibrosis, 2 had cirrho- tion is responsible for the elevation is to stop treat- sis, and 8 had normal histologic findings. The pa- ment and see whether the test results return to nor- tients with histologic evidence of fibrosis and cirrho- mal. If the identified medication is essential to the sis also had evidence of fatty metamorphosis. None patient’s well-being and no suitable substitute is avail- of the biopsies yielded a specific diagnosis except those able, the physician needs to make a risk–benefit analy- showing steatosis and steatohepatitis. sis to determine whether the drug should be contin- Vol ume 342 Numb e r 17 · 1267 Downloaded from www.nejm.org by VICTOR ARREDONDO MD on March 27, 2007 . Copyright © 2000 Massachusetts Medical Society. All rights reserved.
3.
The Ne w
E n g l a nd Jo u r n a l o f Me d ic i ne tors for infection is sufficient to make the diagnosis, TABLE 3. MEDICATIONS, HERBS, AND DRUGS OR but the diagnosis is usually confirmed by measure- SUBSTANCES OF ABUSE REPORTED TO CAUSE ELEVATIONS IN LIVER-ENZYME LEVELS. ment of serum levels of hepatitis C virus RNA with use of the reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain re- Medications action. This approach is currently the gold standard Antibiotics for detecting hepatitis C infection.10 A positive test Synthetic penicillins Ciprofloxacin should prompt consideration of a liver biopsy to as- Nitrofurantoin sess the severity of damage. Patients with chronic Ketoconazole and fluconazole hepatitis C and evidence of fibrosis are usually treated. Isoniazid Antiepileptic drugs Initial tests for hepatitis B infection include sero- Phenytoin logic tests for hepatitis B surface antigen, hepatitis B Carbamazepine surface antibody, and hepatitis B core antibody. A pos- Inhibitors of hydroxymethylglutaryl–coenzyme A reductase Simvastatin itive test for hepatitis B surface antibody and core Pravastatin antibody indicates the presence of immunity to hep- Lovastatin Atorvastatin atitis B, and another cause for the elevated amino- Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs transferase levels should be sought. A positive test for Sulfonylureas for hyperglycemia hepatitis B surface antigen and core antibody indicates Glipizide the presence of infection. Tests to determine wheth- Herbs and homeopathic treatments er there is viral replication, including serologic tests Chaparral Chinese herbs for hepatitis B e antigen, hepatitis B e antibody, and Ji bu huan hepatitis B virus DNA, should be undertaken. In pa- Ephedra (mahuang) tients with positive tests for hepatitis B virus DNA Gentian Germander and hepatitis B e antigen, liver biopsy and treatment Alchemilla (lady’s mantle) should be considered. Senna Shark cartilage Autoimmune Hepatitis Scutellaria (skullcap) Drugs and substances of abuse Autoimmune hepatitis occurs primarily in young- Anabolic steroids to-middle-aged women.11 The ratio of female pa- Cocaine tients to male patients is 4:1.12 The diagnosis is based 5-Methoxy-3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, “ecstasy”) on the presence of elevated aminotransferase levels, Phencyclidine (“angel dust”) the absence of other causes of chronic hepatitis, and Glues and solvents serologic and pathological features suggestive of the Glues containing toluene Trichloroethylene, chloroform disease.12 A useful screening test is serum protein elec- trophoresis. More than 80 percent of patients with autoimmune hepatitis have hypergammaglobuline- mia.13 However, a finding of more than twice the normal level of polyclonal immunoglobulins is most ued despite the elevation in aminotransferase levels. suggestive of the diagnosis. Additional tests that are Often, consultation with a hepatologist is necessary. commonly ordered include serologic tests for anti- Occasionally, a liver biopsy is necessary to determine nuclear antibodies, antibodies against smooth mus- the nature and severity of liver injury. cle, and liver–kidney microsomal antibodies. The first two tests have reported sensitivities of 28 percent Chronic Hepatitis and 40 percent, respectively.13 The third test is rarely Chronic hepatitis C is very common in the United positive among patients in the United States, Austral- States. Approximately 3.9 million Americans are pos- ia, and Japan.12 We do not recommend the routine itive for antibodies against hepatitis C, and an estimat- use of these three tests for the diagnosis of autoim- ed 2.7 million people are considered to be chronical- mune hepatitis. A liver biopsy is essential to confirm ly infected on the basis of the presence of hepatitis the diagnosis. C virus RNA in serum.9 The risk of chronic infec- tion is highest in patients with a history of parenteral Hepatic Steatosis and Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis exposure to the virus (e.g., because of blood trans- The only clinical evidence of hepatic steatosis and fusions, intravenous drug use, or work-related duties), a condition that may be associated with it, nonalco- cocaine use, tattoos, body piercing, and high-risk sex- holic steatohepatitis, may be mild elevations in ami- ual behavior. notransferase levels. The levels are usually less than The initial test for hepatitis C infection is serolog- four times the normal value.14,15 In contrast to pa- ic testing for the hepatitis C antibody. The testing tients with alcohol-related liver disease, patients with has a sensitivity of 92 to 97 percent, depending on nonalcoholic steatohepatitis usually have an aspartate the assay.10 A positive test in a patient with risk fac- aminotransferase:alanine aminotransferase ratio that 1268 · Apr il 2 7 , 2 0 0 0 Downloaded from www.nejm.org by VICTOR ARREDONDO MD on March 27, 2007 . Copyright © 2000 Massachusetts Medical Society. All rights reserved.
4.
PRIMA RY C
A R E is less than 1:1.15,16 Fatty infiltration of the liver can tial screening test for Wilson’s disease is measurement be identified by ultrasonography or computed to- of serum ceruloplasmin (Table 2). The levels will be mography. Ultrasonography should be part of the reduced in approximately 85 percent of affected pa- evaluation of patients with chronically elevated ami- tients. Patients should also be examined by an oph- notransferase levels. The diagnosis of nonalcoholic thalmologist for Kayser–Fleischer rings. steatohepatitis requires a liver biopsy. In addition to If the ceruloplasmin level is normal and Kayser– fatty infiltration, the histologic findings in patients Fleischer rings are absent, but the physician still sus- with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis include pericentral pects that Wilson’s disease may be present, the next fibrosis, inflammation, liver-cell necrosis, and hyaline test is a 24-hour urine collection for a quantitative cytoplasmic inclusions in hepatocytes that are iden- assessment of copper excretion. Excretion of more tical to Mallory’s bodies, which are characteristic of than 100 µg of copper per day is suggestive of Wil- alcoholic liver disease.14 son’s disease. The diagnosis is usually confirmed by The two conditions have different natural histories: liver biopsy to measure hepatic copper levels. Patients steatosis appears to have a benign course, whereas with Wilson’s disease have hepatic copper levels of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis can progress to cirrhosis.17 more than 250 µg per gram of liver, dry weight. Al- Liver failure as a result of nonalcoholic steatohepati- though the gene responsible for Wilson’s disease has tis is uncommon. Weight loss is the cornerstone of been identified, the number of disease-specific mu- treatment in patients who are obese.18 Other treat- tations is so great that molecular diagnosis is not yet ments for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis that are being feasible. studied include vitamin E and ursodiol. Vitamin E was associated with decreases in alanine aminotrans- Alpha1-Antitrypsin Deficiency ferase and aspartate aminotransferase levels and in Alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency is an uncommon cause histologic abnormalities in two pilot studies.19,20 Ur- of chronic liver disease in adults. Decreased levels of sodiol decreased alanine aminotransferase and aspar- alpha1-antitrypsin can be detected either by direct tate aminotransferase levels but not the histologic ab- measurement of serum levels or by the lack of a peak normalities in another pilot study.21 in a-globulin bands on serum protein electrophoresis. In affected patients, however, serum levels of alpha1- Hemochromatosis antitrypsin may be increased in response to inflam- Hereditary hemochromatosis is a common genet- mation, causing a false negative result. The diagnosis ic disorder.22 Cost-effective screening starts with the is best established by phenotype determination. measurement of serum iron and total iron-binding capacity (Table 2). A transferrin-saturation value (ob- Nonhepatic Causes tained by dividing the serum iron level by the total In a recent study, occult celiac sprue was the cause iron-binding capacity) of more than 45 percent is of chronically elevated aminotransferase levels in 13 suggestive of hemochromatosis.22 Measurement of se- of 140 asymptomatic patients who were referred for rum ferritin provides less specific information, because this reason to a liver clinic.23 The diagnosis was made it is an acute-phase reactant. by measuring serum levels of antigliadin and antien- If screening tests suggest the presence of iron over- domysial antibodies. None of these patients had pri- load, a liver biopsy should be performed to assess mary biliary cirrhosis, a liver disease that is occasion- hepatic iron levels and the severity of liver damage. ally found in patients with celiac sprue. On the basis A hepatic iron index (the hepatic iron level in micro- of this study, we recommend testing for occult celiac moles per gram of dry weight divided by the pa- sprue if other, more common causes of elevated ami- tient’s age) of more than 1.9 is consistent with the notransferase levels have been ruled out (Table 2). presence of homozygous hereditary hemochromato- Elevated serum aminotransferase levels, especially sis.22 Genetic testing is now available to identify the aspartate aminotransferase levels, may be caused by mutation in the hemochromatosis (HFE ) gene that disorders that affect organs or tissues other than the causes the majority of cases. A liver biopsy is not liver, with the most common being striated muscle. necessary for patients with hereditary hemochroma- Conditions or activities that can cause such elevations tosis who are younger than 40 years of age and who include subclinical inborn errors of muscle metabo- have normal liver function. lism; acquired muscle disorders, such as polymyosi- tis; and strenuous exercise, such as long-distance run- Wilson’s Disease ning. If striated muscle is the source of increased Wilson’s disease, a genetic disorder of biliary cop- aminotransferase levels, serum levels of creatine ki- per excretion, may cause elevated aminotransferase nase and aldolase will be elevated to the same degree levels in patients with no other symptoms of the dis- or to an even higher degree. Creatine kinase or aldo- ease. The clinical onset is usually between the ages lase levels should be measured if other, more common of 5 and 25 years, but the diagnosis should be con- hepatic conditions have been ruled out (Table 2). sidered in patients up to the age of 40 years. The ini- If, despite comprehensive testing as outlined in Ta- Vol ume 342 Numb e r 17 · 1269 Downloaded from www.nejm.org by VICTOR ARREDONDO MD on March 27, 2007 . Copyright © 2000 Massachusetts Medical Society. All rights reserved.
5.
The Ne w
E n g l a nd Jo u r n a l o f Me d ic i ne ble 2, the cause of the elevation in aminotransferase sitive and specific way of doing this, neither method levels remains unidentified, then a percutaneous liver is widely available.1 If gel electrophoresis is not avail- biopsy may be indicated. If the alanine aminotrans- able, measurement of either serum 5'-nucleotidase ferase and aspartate aminotransferase levels are less or g-glutamyltransferase should be performed. Lev- than twice the normal value and no chronic liver con- els of these enzymes are usually elevated in parallel dition has been identified, we recommend observa- with the elevation in the alkaline phosphatase level tion alone. Supporting this position are the results in patients with liver disorders, but they are not in- of two recent studies. The first study suggested that creased in patients with bone disorders. The finding close clinical follow-up is the most cost-effective strat- of an elevated serum alkaline phosphatase level but a egy for asymptomatic patients with negative tests for normal 5'-nucleotidase or g-glutamyltransferase lev- viral, metabolic, and autoimmune markers of liver dis- el should prompt an evaluation for bone diseases. Tests ease and chronically elevated aminotransferase lev- involving heat and urea denaturation of serum alka- els.24 The second study examined 36 patients with line phosphatase are still used by many laboratories a chronic elevation (at least 50 percent above nor- but are neither sensitive nor specific. mal) of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotrans- If the excess alkaline phosphatase is determined to ferase, or alkaline phosphatase levels.25 Patients with be of liver origin and persists over time, the patient strong evidence of a particular liver disease were ex- should be evaluated for chronic cholestatic or infil- cluded. All patients underwent liver biopsy. The re- trative liver diseases. Cholestatic diseases or condi- sults of liver biopsy led to a change in the diagnosis tions include partial obstruction of bile ducts, pri- in only five patients and to a change in treatment in mary biliary cirrhosis, primary sclerosing cholangitis, two patients. adult bile ductopenia, and cholestasis induced by the If the alanine aminotransferase and aspartate ami- use of drugs such as anabolic steroids. Infiltrative notransferase levels are persistently more than twice diseases include sarcoidosis, other types of granulo- the normal value, we recommend a biopsy. Although matous diseases, and less often, unsuspected metas- the results of the biopsy are unlikely to lead to a di- tasis of cancer to the liver. The appropriate initial tests agnosis or to changes in management, they often are ultrasonography of the right upper quadrant to provide reassurance to the patient and the physician assess the hepatic parenchyma and bile ducts and se- that no serious disorder is present. rologic tests for antimitochondrial antibodies. The presence of antimitochondrial antibodies is highly CAUSES OF ELEVATED ALKALINE suggestive of the presence of primary biliary cirrho- PHOSPHATASE LEVELS sis. A finding of biliary dilatation suggests the pres- Elevations in serum alkaline phosphatase levels orig- ence of obstruction of the biliary tree. This finding is inate predominantly from two sources, liver and bone.1 unlikely in the absence of hyperbilirubinemia. Should Women in the third trimester of pregnancy have el- biliary dilatation or choledocholithiasis be present, evated serum alkaline phosphatase levels because of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography is an influx of placental alkaline phosphatase into their necessary to identify the cause of obstruction and blood. In persons with blood type O or B, serum can also be used to remove a stone or place a stent alkaline phosphatase levels may increase after the in- if required. Patients with serum antimitochondrial an- gestion of a fatty meal, because of an influx of intes- tibodies should undergo liver biopsy to confirm the tinal alkaline phosphatase. There are also reports of diagnosis of primary biliary cirrhosis. a benign familial elevation in serum alkaline phos- If the serologic test for antimitochondrial anti- phatase levels because of increased levels of intestinal bodies is negative and ultrasonography reveals no ab- alkaline phosphatase. Alkaline phosphatase levels also normality, but the alkaline phosphatase level remains vary with age. Rapidly growing adolescents can have more than 50 percent above the normal level, we sug- serum alkaline phosphatase levels that are twice those gest a liver biopsy and either endoscopic retrograde of healthy adults as a result of the leakage of bone cholangiopancreatography or magnetic resonance cho- alkaline phosphatase into blood. Also, serum alka- langiopancreatography. If the increase in the alkaline line phosphatase levels normally increase gradually phosphatase level is less than this, the results of all between the ages of 40 and 65 years, particularly in the other liver-enzyme tests are normal, and the pa- women. The normal alkaline phosphatase level in an tient has no symptoms, we suggest observation alone. otherwise healthy 65-year-old woman is more than This position is supported by the results of a recent 50 percent higher than the level in a healthy 30- study.25 year-old woman.26 The first step in the evaluation of an elevated al- CAUSES OF ELEVATED kaline phosphatase level in a patient with no other g-GLUTAMYLTRANSFERASE LEVELS symptoms is to identify the source of the elevation. g-Glutamyltransferase is found in hepatocytes and Although electrophoretic separation on either poly- biliary epithelial cells. Measurement of serum g-glu- acrylamide gel or Sepharose columns is the most sen- tamyltransferase provides a very sensitive indicator of 1270 · Ap r il 2 7 , 2 0 0 0 Downloaded from www.nejm.org by VICTOR ARREDONDO MD on March 27, 2007 . Copyright © 2000 Massachusetts Medical Society. All rights reserved.
6.
PR IMA RY
C A R E the presence or absence of hepatobiliary disease, but Relationship between pyridoxal 5'-phosphate deficiency and aminotransfer- ase levels in alcoholic hepatitis. Gastroenterology 1984;86:632-6. the usefulness of this test is limited by its lack of 9. Alter MJ, Kruszon-Moran D, Nainan OV, et al. The prevalence of hep- specificity. Elevated levels of g-glutamyltransferase atitis C virus infection in the United States, 1988 through 1994. N Engl J have been reported in a wide variety of clinical con- Med 1999;341:556-62. 10. Schiff ER, de Medina M, Kahn RS. New perspectives in the diagnosis ditions, including pancreatic disease, myocardial in- of hepatitis C. Semin Liver Dis 1999;19:Suppl 1:3-15. farction, renal failure, chronic obstructive pulmo- 11. Krawitt EL. Autoimmune hepatitis. N Engl J Med 1996;334:897-903. 12. Manns MP. Autoimmune hepatitis. In: Schiff ER, Sorrell MF, Mad- nary disease, diabetes, and alcoholism.27 High serum drey WC, eds. Schiff ’s diseases of the liver. 8th ed. Vol. 2. Philadelphia: g-glutamyltransferase levels are also found in patients Lippincott–Raven, 1999:919-35. who are taking medications such as phenytoin and 13. Czaja AJ. Natural history, clinical features, and treatment of autoim- mune hepatitis. Semin Liver Dis 1984;4:1-12. barbiturates.28 14. Diehl AM, Goodman Z, Ishak KG. Alcohollike liver disease in nonal- Some have advocated the use of serum g-glutamyl- coholics: a clinical and histologic comparison with alcohol-induced liver in- transferase measurements to identify patients with un- jury. Gastroenterology 1988;95:1056-62. 15. Bacon BR, Farahvash MJ, Janney CG, Neuschwander-Tetri BA. Non- reported alcohol use. The reported sensitivity of an alcoholic steatohepatitis: an expanded clinical entity. Gastroenterology elevated g-glutamyltransferase level for detecting al- 1994;107:1103-9. 16. Sorbi D, Boynton J, Lindor KD. The ratio of aspartate aminotransfer- cohol ingestion has ranged from 52 to 94 percent.29,30 ase to alanine aminotransferase: potential value in differentiating nonalco- Its lack of specificity makes the use of this test for holic steatohepatitis from alcoholic liver disease. Am J Gastroenterol 1999; this purpose questionable. In our opinion, measure- 94:1018-22. 17. Matteoni CA, Younossi ZM, Gramlich T, Boparai N, Liu YC, Mc- ment of serum g-glutamyltransferase is best used as Cullough AJ. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a spectrum of clinical and a way of evaluating the meaning of elevations in oth- pathological severity. Gastroenterology 1999;116:1413-9. er serum enzyme levels. For instance, it can be used 18. Eriksson S, Eriksson KF, Bondesson L. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in obesity: a reversible condition. Acta Med Scand 1986;220:83-8. to confirm the hepatic origin of elevated alkaline phos- 19. Hasegawa T, Yoneda M, Nakamura K, et al. Diagnostic significance of phatase levels or to support the diagnosis of alcohol measurement of serum transforming growth factor b1 (TGF-b1) level and effect of a-tocopherol in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis abuse in a patient with an elevated aspartate amino- (NASH). Gastroenterology 1997;112:Suppl 1:A1278. abstract. transferase level and an aspartate aminotransferase:ala- 20. Lavine JE. Treatment of obesity-induced steatohepatitis with vitamin nine aminotransferase ratio of at least 2:1. E. Gastroenterology 1998;114:A1284. abstract. 21. Laurin J, Lindor KD, Crippin JS, et al. Ursodeoxycholic acid or clofi- brate in the treatment of non-alcohol-induced steatohepatitis: a pilot study. REFERENCES Hepatology 1996;23:1464-7. 22. Powell LW, George DK, McDonnell SM, Kowdley KV. Diagnosis of 1. Pratt DS, Kaplan MM. Laboratory tests. In: Schiff ER, Sorrell MF, hemochromatosis. Ann Intern Med 1998;129:925-31. Maddrey WC, eds. Schiff ’s diseases of the liver. 8th ed. Vol. 1. Philadelphia: 23. Bardella MT, Vecchi M, Conte D, et al. Chronic unexplained hyper- Lippincott–Raven, 1999:205-44. transaminasemia may be caused by occult celiac disease. Hepatology 1999; 2. Piton A, Poynard T, Imbert-Bismut F, et al. Factors associated with se- 29:654-7. rum alanine transaminase activity in healthy subjects: consequences for the 24. Das A, Post AB. Should liver biopsy be done in asymptomatic patients definition of normal values, for selection of blood donors, and for patients with chronically elevated transaminases: a cost-utility analysis. Gastroenter- with chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology 1998;27:1213-9. ology 1998;114:A9. abstract. 3. Kundrotas LW, Clement DJ. Serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) el- 25. Sorbi D, McGill DB, Thistle JL, Henry JJ, Therneau TM, Lindor KD. evation in asymptomatic US Air Force basic trainee blood donors. Dig Dis An assessment of the role of liver biopsies in asymptomatic patients with Sci 1993;38:2145-50. chronic liver test abnormalities. Hepatology 1999;30:Suppl:477A. abstract. 4. Katkov WN, Friedman LS, Cody H, et al. Elevated serum alanine ami- 26. Wolf PL. Clinical significance of an increased or decreased serum al- notransferase levels in blood donors: the contribution of hepatitis C virus. kaline phosphatase level. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1978;102:497-501. Ann Intern Med 1991;115:882-4. 27. Goldberg DM, Martin JV. Role of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase ac- 5. Hultcrantz R , Glaumann H, Lindberg G, Nilsson LH. Liver investiga- tivity in the diagnosis of hepatobiliary disease. Digestion 1975;12:232-46. tion in 149 asymptomatic patients with moderately elevated activities of se- 28. Rosalki SB, Tarlow D, Rau D. Plasma gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase rum aminotransferases. Scand J Gastroenterol 1986;21:109-13. elevation in patients receiving enzyme-inducing drugs. Lancet 1971;2:376- 6. Daniel S, Ben-Menachem T, Vasudevan G, Ma CK, Blumenkehl M. 7. Prospective evaluation of unexplained chronic liver transaminase abnormal- 29. Moussavian SN, Becker RC, Piepmeyer JL, Mezey E, Bozian RC. Se- ities in asymptomatic and symptomatic patients. Am J Gastroenterol 1999; rum gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase and chronic alcoholism: influence of 94:3010-4. alcohol ingestion and liver disease. Dig Dis Sci 1985;30:211-4. 7. Cohen JA, Kaplan MM. The SGOT/SGPT ratio — an indicator of al- 30. Orrego H, Blake JE, Israel Y. Relationship between gamma-glutamyl coholic liver disease. Dig Dis Sci 1979;24:835-8. transpeptidase and mean urinary alcohol levels in alcoholics while drinking 8. Diehl AM, Potter J, Boitnott J, Van Duyn MA, Herlong HF, Mezey E. and after alcohol withdrawal. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1985;9:10-3. Vol ume 342 Numb e r 17 · 1271 Downloaded from www.nejm.org by VICTOR ARREDONDO MD on March 27, 2007 . Copyright © 2000 Massachusetts Medical Society. All rights reserved.
Descargar ahora