3. James Hutton (1788) "I consider the Earth to be a super-organism and that its proper study should be by physiology."

4. Vladmir I. Vernadsky (Rusia 1863-1945)

7. "The Gaia hypothesis, when we introduced it in the 1970's supposed that the atmosphere, the oceans, the climate, and the crust of the Earth are regulated at a state comfortable for life because of the behavior of living organisms. Specifically, the Gaia hypothesis said that the temperature, oxidation state, acidity, and certain aspects of the rocks and waters are at any time kept constant, and that this homeostasis is maintained by activity feedback processes operated automatically and unconsciously by the biota. Solar energy sustains comfortable conditions for life. The conditions are only constant in the short term and evolve in synchrony with the changing needs of the biota as it evolves. Life and its environment are so closely coupled that evolution concerns Gaia, not the organisms or the environment taken separately.“ [The Ages of Gaia, p 19]

8. Atmósfera de Marte (equilibrio): 95-96% CO2 (dióxido de carbono) 3-4% de N2 (nitrógeno) Trazas de O2 (oxígeno), Ar (argón), y CH4 (metano) Atmósfera de “Gaia” (desequilibrio vivo) 79% de N2 (nitrógeno) 21% de O2 (oxígeno) Trazas de CO2, Ar (argón), y CH4 (metano)

11. DAISYWORLD

12. Models of the evolution of Daisyworld according to conventional wisdom (A) and to geophysiology (B)

15. The evolution of climate on a three species Daisyworld with dark, gray, and light daisies present.

19. Puede ser comprobada la hipótesis Gaia? 2. GAIA HOMEOSTATICA La biota influencia al medio abiótico y el medio abiótico influencia a la biota de una manera estabilizadora. La hipótesis esta mal definida. Si Gaia estabiliza y desestabiliza, hay algún comportamiento que no sea “gaiano”?

20. Puede ser comprobada la hipótesis Gaia? 3. GAIA GEOFISIOLOGICA La biosfera se comporta como un único organismo que puede exhibir comportamientos homeostáticos e inestables. 4. GAIA OPTIMIZADORA La biota manipula el medio físico hacia un estado tolerable por ella. Ambas hipótesis están mal definidas y pueden ser reinterpretadas para explicar todos los fenómenos imaginables.