3. EL CONTEXTO AGRÍCOLA
MUNDIAL• En general, la producción mundial de alimentos ha aumentado
a mayor velocidad que la población humana.
• Sin embargo, hay marcadas disparidades entre los
continentes:
• Africa, la población crece más rápido que la producción de
alimentos, crecimiento rápido de raíces y tubérculos
• Asía, muchos países han alcanzado el límite de área
cultivable
• Latinoamérica, el aumento de área cultivable se logra a un
alto costo ecológico (deforestación)
4. CONTRIBUCIÓN DE LOS ALIMENTOS
A LAS EMISIONES DE GEI
• Europa
• Reino Unido
• México
31%
19%
?
5. ALIMENTOS Y SU CONTRIBUCIÓN
A LAS EMISIONES DE GEI
Deben considerarse las emisiones en todas las etapas de la
cadena de los alimentos:
• Agricultura
• Manufactura
• Refrigeración
• Transporte
• Empaqiue
• Venta/Comercialización
• Uso en el hogar
• Desechos
Todas se afectan entre si.
6. DIAGRAMA DE UN ANÁLISIS DE CICLO DE VIDA
TÍPICO
Producción de energía, alimentos, químicos,
ingredientes, empaques, agua, etc.
Tratamiento de residuos
sólidos y líquidos
Agricultura
Industria
de
alimentos
Comerciali
zación
Consumo
Emisiones al agua
Emisiones al aire
8. GEI RELACIONADOS A LOS ALIMENTOS
(EJEMPLO DEL REINO UNIDO)
7%
1%
2%
1%
3%
2%
1%
1%
82%
Agricultura
Producción de fertilizantes
Fabricación de alimentos
Empaque
Transporte incl imp.
Relacionado al consumo en el hogar
Venta
Catering
No alimenticio
Notas del editor
Klaas Jan Kramer, Henri C Moll, Sanderine Nonhebel, Harry C Wilting, Greenhouse gas emissions related to Dutch food consumption, Energy Policy 27 (1999) 203-216, Elsevier Publications
Meat and dairy products particularly greenhouse gas intensive – not just CO2 but also methane (CH4) and nitrous oxides (N20)
Feed inputs – embedded in these are fossil fuels from farm machinery, fertilisers etc
EU: Environmental impact of products (EIPRO): Analysis of the life cycle environmental impacts related to the total final consumption of the EU25, European Commission Technical Report EUR 22284 EN , May 2006
FAO ref: Livestock’s Long Shadow –Environmental Issues and Options, FAO, December 2006
From Plough to Plate by Plane: An investigation into trends and drivers in
the airfreight importation of fresh fruit and vegetables into the United Kingdom from 1996 to 2004, Clive Marriott, Msc dissertation, University of Surrey, 2005
Info on employment in SSA: Fair miles"? The concept of "food miles" through a sustainable development lens, International Institute for Environment and Development, 2006. http://www.iied.org/pubs/display.php?o=11064IIED&n=12&l=25&s=SDO
Source: Carlsson-Kanyama A (1998) Climate change and dietary choices - how can emissions of greenhouse gases from food consumption be reduced? Food Policy, vol 23, no.3/4, pp.277-293
Normally European vegetation stores carbon. But when plant growth is stunted due to drought and heat the opposite effect can occur.
But during the 2003 heatwave the carbon dioxide released was equivalent to the amount of carbon stored over the previous four years of normal growth,
Source: Nature 437, 529-533 (22 September 2005)
Hadley Centre says half the temperature increase in the 2003 heatwave can be attributed to climate change -http://www.metoffice.com/research/hadleycentre/pubs/brochures/2005/clim_green/slide29.pdf such events likely to become more frequent – could be normal by 2040s and cool by 2060s http://www.metoffice.com/research/hadleycentre/pubs/brochures/2005/clim_green/slide42.pdf
FAO document on impacts of climate change on food security: 31st Session of the Committee on World Food Security, Special Event on Impact of Climate Change, Pests and Diseases on Food Security and Poverty Reduction, Background Document, FAO23-26 May 2005
http://www.fao.org/clim/docs/CFS/CFS.pdf
Horticulture: existing technologies can deliver 8% reductions in energy use for tomatoes: Annual report and accounts 2003-4, Horticultural Development Council, March 2005
Best storage facilities 78% more efficient than worst
Driver training can improve fuel efficiency by 10-15% (Transport and Logistics Research Unit, Reducing the Environmental Impact of Road Transport Operations: a review of inventions that can be applied by fleet operators, presented at the CANTIQUE Workshop, Rome, 24th, 25th January 2000, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, 2000
Sonesson U, Mattsson B, Nybrant T and Ohlsson T Industrial Processing versus Home Cooking: An Environmental Comparison between Three Ways to Prepare a Meal. Ambio: A Journal of the Human Environment, vol. xxxiv number 4-5 June 2005
Understanding Food Waste: Key findings of our recent research on the nature, scale and causes of household food waste, Waste and Resources Action Programme, March 2007
Nurture and neurosis
Love and power
Time pass and religious significance
Habit and entertainment
For a discussion of ‘lock in’ see
Jackson T. Motivating Sustainable Consumption a review of evidence on consumer behaviour and behavioural change. A report to the Sustainable Development Research Network, Policy Studies Institute,
Or I will if you will: motivating sustainable consumption, Sustaianable Development Commission, 2006 http://www.sd-commission.org.uk/publications.php?id=367
Regulation: minimum energy efficiency standards
Legislation: Caps, quotas - fish
Economic and fiscal: Fuel tax, Emissions Trading Scheme, Climate Change levy
Voluntary: Food Industry Sustainability Strategy, work by retailers
Education: Carbon Trust work, Sust Devt document, the media eg. all the local food stuff in the press.
Social pressure – not a lot
For further reading suggestions see resources pages of the FCRN