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8. White Cell Disorders.pptx
This document discusses several non-neoplastic and neoplastic disorders of white blood cells. It describes leukopenia, neutropenia, agranulocytosis, and reactive leukocytosis as non-neoplastic disorders. It then summarizes several types of lymphoid neoplasms including acute lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma, and follicular lymphoma. Key features such as pathogenesis, clinical presentation, and distinguishing characteristics are highlighted for each condition.
7. Hematopoietic & lymph.pptx
The document discusses several types of blood disorders that can cause anemia or other issues. It describes red blood cell disorders like iron deficiency anemia, thalassemia, sickle cell anemia and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency that can lead to hemolytic anemia. It also discusses anemia of chronic disease/inflammation and megaloblastic anemias caused by vitamin B12 or folate deficiencies that result in diminished red blood cell production. Malaria is summarized as a parasitic infection that can cause hemolytic anemia.
6. DISORDERS OF BLOOD VESSEL.pptx
This document summarizes various disorders of blood vessel hyperreactivity and tumors. It describes Raynaud phenomenon which results in vasoconstriction of arteries and arterioles. It also discusses myocardial vessel vasospasm which can lead to Prinzmetal angina or myocardial infarction. Varicose veins, thrombophlebitis, and superior/inferior vena cava syndromes are also outlined. Finally, it provides details on various benign and malignant vascular tumors including hemangiomas, lymphangiomas, and Kaposi sarcoma.
5. Blood Vessels.pptx
This document summarizes the structure and function of blood vessels. It discusses how blood vessels are composed of smooth muscle cells and extracellular matrix lined with endothelial cells. It describes the differences between arteries, veins, capillaries and how their structures relate to their functions. It also discusses vascular diseases like atherosclerosis, aneurysms, hypertension and vasculitis at a high level.
4. CARDIOMYOPATHIES.pptx
Cardiomyopathies are diseases of the heart muscle that can be primary or secondary. The main types are dilated cardiomyopathy, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, and restrictive cardiomyopathy. Dilated cardiomyopathy is characterized by cardiac dilation and contractile dysfunction. Causes include genetic factors, myocarditis, toxins like alcohol, and peripartum cardiomyopathy. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy causes thickening of the heart walls and impaired diastolic filling. It is usually genetic and causes sarcomere protein mutations. Restrictive cardiomyopathy decreases ventricular compliance and impairs filling. Causes include amyloidosis, endomyocardial fibrosis, and Loeffler endomyocarditis. Myocarditis involves infectious or inflammatory processes targeting
3. ARRHYTHMIAS.pptx
This document discusses various types of arrhythmias and heart conditions including their causes, characteristics, and clinical presentations. It covers topics such as:
- Arrhythmias which can be initiated anywhere in the heart's conduction system and may present as tachycardia, bradycardia, or other irregular rhythms.
- Hypertension can lead to hypertensive heart disease over time due to increased pressure on the heart.
- Valvular heart diseases like rheumatic heart disease and degenerative valve diseases can cause stenosis or insufficiency of the heart valves.
- Infective endocarditis is a bacterial infection of the heart valves that forms vegetations and can cause embol
2. ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE.pptx
Ischemic heart disease (IHD) is caused by reduced blood flow to the heart muscle and usually results from plaque buildup in the coronary arteries. This leads to not enough oxygen reaching the heart muscle. The main manifestations of IHD include angina pectoris (chest pain), myocardial infarction (heart attack), and sudden cardiac death. A heart attack occurs when a plaque ruptures and causes a blood clot that completely blocks blood flow, causing heart cell death. Reperfusion through procedures like angioplasty can limit damage but also cause additional injury. Complications from a heart attack include heart failure, arrhythmias, and cardiac rupture.
1. Heart.pptx
This document discusses heart failure, including its causes, symptoms, and effects on the left and right sides of the heart. Heart failure can result from systolic or diastolic dysfunction and weakens the heart's ability to pump blood efficiently. Common symptoms of left heart failure include dyspnea, orthopnea, and paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea. Right heart failure usually results from left heart failure and causes systemic venous congestion. The document also reviews several types of congenital heart defects such as atrial septal defects, ventricular septal defects, and tetralogy of Fallot.
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8. White Cell Disorders.pptx
This document discusses several non-neoplastic and neoplastic disorders of white blood cells. It describes leukopenia, neutropenia, agranulocytosis, and reactive leukocytosis as non-neoplastic disorders. It then summarizes several types of lymphoid neoplasms including acute lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma, and follicular lymphoma. Key features such as pathogenesis, clinical presentation, and distinguishing characteristics are highlighted for each condition.
7. Hematopoietic & lymph.pptx
The document discusses several types of blood disorders that can cause anemia or other issues. It describes red blood cell disorders like iron deficiency anemia, thalassemia, sickle cell anemia and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency that can lead to hemolytic anemia. It also discusses anemia of chronic disease/inflammation and megaloblastic anemias caused by vitamin B12 or folate deficiencies that result in diminished red blood cell production. Malaria is summarized as a parasitic infection that can cause hemolytic anemia.
6. DISORDERS OF BLOOD VESSEL.pptx
This document summarizes various disorders of blood vessel hyperreactivity and tumors. It describes Raynaud phenomenon which results in vasoconstriction of arteries and arterioles. It also discusses myocardial vessel vasospasm which can lead to Prinzmetal angina or myocardial infarction. Varicose veins, thrombophlebitis, and superior/inferior vena cava syndromes are also outlined. Finally, it provides details on various benign and malignant vascular tumors including hemangiomas, lymphangiomas, and Kaposi sarcoma.
5. Blood Vessels.pptx
This document summarizes the structure and function of blood vessels. It discusses how blood vessels are composed of smooth muscle cells and extracellular matrix lined with endothelial cells. It describes the differences between arteries, veins, capillaries and how their structures relate to their functions. It also discusses vascular diseases like atherosclerosis, aneurysms, hypertension and vasculitis at a high level.
4. CARDIOMYOPATHIES.pptx
Cardiomyopathies are diseases of the heart muscle that can be primary or secondary. The main types are dilated cardiomyopathy, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, and restrictive cardiomyopathy. Dilated cardiomyopathy is characterized by cardiac dilation and contractile dysfunction. Causes include genetic factors, myocarditis, toxins like alcohol, and peripartum cardiomyopathy. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy causes thickening of the heart walls and impaired diastolic filling. It is usually genetic and causes sarcomere protein mutations. Restrictive cardiomyopathy decreases ventricular compliance and impairs filling. Causes include amyloidosis, endomyocardial fibrosis, and Loeffler endomyocarditis. Myocarditis involves infectious or inflammatory processes targeting
3. ARRHYTHMIAS.pptx
This document discusses various types of arrhythmias and heart conditions including their causes, characteristics, and clinical presentations. It covers topics such as:
- Arrhythmias which can be initiated anywhere in the heart's conduction system and may present as tachycardia, bradycardia, or other irregular rhythms.
- Hypertension can lead to hypertensive heart disease over time due to increased pressure on the heart.
- Valvular heart diseases like rheumatic heart disease and degenerative valve diseases can cause stenosis or insufficiency of the heart valves.
- Infective endocarditis is a bacterial infection of the heart valves that forms vegetations and can cause embol
2. ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE.pptx
Ischemic heart disease (IHD) is caused by reduced blood flow to the heart muscle and usually results from plaque buildup in the coronary arteries. This leads to not enough oxygen reaching the heart muscle. The main manifestations of IHD include angina pectoris (chest pain), myocardial infarction (heart attack), and sudden cardiac death. A heart attack occurs when a plaque ruptures and causes a blood clot that completely blocks blood flow, causing heart cell death. Reperfusion through procedures like angioplasty can limit damage but also cause additional injury. Complications from a heart attack include heart failure, arrhythmias, and cardiac rupture.
1. Heart.pptx
This document discusses heart failure, including its causes, symptoms, and effects on the left and right sides of the heart. Heart failure can result from systolic or diastolic dysfunction and weakens the heart's ability to pump blood efficiently. Common symptoms of left heart failure include dyspnea, orthopnea, and paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea. Right heart failure usually results from left heart failure and causes systemic venous congestion. The document also reviews several types of congenital heart defects such as atrial septal defects, ventricular septal defects, and tetralogy of Fallot.
thyroid and parathyroid.pptx
The document discusses the endocrine functions of the thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, and their roles in calcium and bone homeostasis. Specifically, it describes how thyroid hormones are synthesized and regulated, their effects on growth, metabolism and other body systems. It also explains how parathyroid hormone regulates blood calcium levels by acting on bone, kidneys and intestines. The importance of maintaining normal calcium levels and balancing bone formation and resorption is emphasized.
Infections Pharmacology.pptx
This document discusses various drugs used to treat bacterial, viral, fungal and parasitic infections. It describes the mechanisms of antibacterial drugs including inhibiting cell wall synthesis, protein synthesis and DNA/RNA function. Specific drug classes are outlined for each mechanism such as penicillins, cephalosporins and aminoglycosides. The document also discusses antiviral drugs used to treat HIV including different classes that act on reverse transcriptase and protease. Finally, it briefly outlines antifungal, antiparasitic and anthelmintic drugs used to treat various infections.
Respiratory Drugs.pptx
This document discusses several classes of respiratory drugs including antitussives, decongestants, antihistamines, mucolytics and expectorants, bronchodilators, and anti-inflammatory drugs. It describes the mechanisms of action, indications for use, routes of administration, and potential adverse effects of drugs from each class. The classes covered include cough suppressants, nasal decongestants, antihistamines, mucus-thinning and cough-loosening drugs, beta-agonists, xanthines, anticholinergics, glucocorticoids, and cromones.
DM.pptx
This document discusses pancreatic hormones and their role in diabetes mellitus. It describes how the pancreas functions as both an exocrine and endocrine gland, secreting digestive enzymes and hormones like insulin and glucagon. Problems with insulin production cause diabetes mellitus, characterized by high blood glucose. The document outlines the roles of insulin and glucagon in regulating blood glucose levels, compares type 1 and type 2 diabetes, and discusses treatment approaches like insulin therapy, oral medications, diet/exercise, and new therapies.
Introduction to Endocrine.pptx
The document summarizes the major endocrine glands and their hormones. It describes the hypothalamus and pituitary gland which secretes six important peptide hormones. It also discusses the thyroid gland which produces thyroxine and triiodothyronine, regulating cellular metabolism. The parathyroid glands contain four glands which secrete parathyroid hormone regulating calcium levels. The pancreas has endocrine functions secreting insulin and glucagon to regulate blood sugar. The adrenal glands are composed of an outer cortex secreting glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids, and an inner medulla secreting epinephrine and norepinephrine. The gonads are the testes and ovaries which produce sex
CAT Systematic reviews of RCT.pptx
The document discusses key aspects of systematic reviews that should be addressed to minimize bias, including clearly specifying inclusion/exclusion criteria, conducting comprehensive searches to identify most relevant studies, and accounting for quality of reviewed studies. It emphasizes the importance of transparently reporting how trials were selected and quality assessed to strengthen the evidence provided by the systematic review.
CAT effect of intervetion.pptx
This document discusses key criteria for evaluating the quality of evidence from randomized trials:
1) Groups must be comparable, which randomization aims to ensure by distributing participants evenly across groups through chance alone. Randomization can be computer-generated or through processes like coin tossing.
2) Allocation must be concealed so researchers are unaware which group a participant will be in to prevent bias. This is usually done through sealed envelopes or an off-site registry.
3) Follow-up must be complete or near-complete to prevent bias from non-random dropout patterns between groups. Less than 15% total dropout is ideal, with concerns rising above 20% where groups differ substantially.
Adrenocorticosteroids.pptx
This document discusses adrenocorticosteroids and their roles and effects in the body. It focuses on glucocorticoids like cortisol which regulate glucose, stress response, and inflammation. Glucocorticoids work by entering cells and activating receptors that travel to DNA to inhibit inflammatory genes. The document also discusses mineralocorticoids like aldosterone which regulate sodium and fluid balance. Therapeutic uses of glucocorticoids include replacement therapy for adrenal insufficiency and treatment of inflammatory/autoimmune conditions. Side effects include adrenal suppression and Cushing's syndrome.
Male and Female Hormones.pptx
This document discusses the roles and functions of androgens and estrogens in the male and female body. It describes how androgens and estrogens contribute to sexual development and function, their clinical uses, and potential side effects of hormone therapy. The summary also outlines the menstrual cycle and the roles of various hormones like FSH, LH, estrogen, and progesterone in regulating the female reproductive cycle.
Respiratory Drugs.pptx
This document discusses several classes of respiratory drugs including antitussives, decongestants, antihistamines, mucolytics and expectorants, bronchodilators, and anti-inflammatory drugs. It describes the mechanisms of action, indications for use, routes of administration, and potential adverse effects of drugs from each class. The classes covered include cough suppressants, nasal decongestants, antihistamines, mucus-thinning and cough-loosening drugs, beta-agonists, xanthines, anticholinergics, glucocorticoids, and cromones.
Introduction to Endocrine.pptx
The document summarizes the major endocrine glands and their hormones. It describes the hypothalamus and pituitary gland which secretes six important peptide hormones. It also discusses the thyroid gland which produces thyroxine and triiodothyronine, regulating cellular metabolism. The parathyroid glands contain four glands which secrete parathyroid hormone to regulate calcium levels. The pancreas has endocrine functions secreting insulin and glucagon to regulate blood sugar. The adrenal glands are composed of an outer cortex secreting glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids, and an inner medulla secreting epinephrine and norepinephrine. The gonads are the testes and ovaries which se
CAT effect of intervetion.pptx
This document discusses key criteria for evaluating the quality of evidence from randomized trials:
1) Groups must be comparable, which randomization aims to ensure by distributing participants evenly across groups through chance alone. Randomization can be computer-generated or through processes like coin tossing.
2) Allocation must be concealed so researchers are unaware which group a participant will be in to prevent bias. This is usually done through sealed envelopes or an off-site registry.
3) Follow-up must be complete or near-complete, with less than 15-20% loss to follow-up to avoid bias from non-random dropout patterns between groups. Loss to follow-up threatens validity the more participants are lost.
Introduction to GIT.pptx
The document summarizes the anatomy and functions of the digestive system. It describes the digestive system as having primary digestive organs like the mouth, esophagus, stomach, and intestines where digestion occurs, as well as accessory organs like the teeth, tongue, liver, and pancreas that aid in digestion. It explains that digestion involves ingestion, breakdown, absorption, and excretion of nutrients and waste. The document also details the layers of the gastrointestinal tract wall and the intrinsic and extrinsic nerve supply that regulates digestive functions.
Movements of GIT.pptx
This document discusses mastication (chewing), the process of deglutition (swallowing), and their physiology. It describes the muscles and movements involved in mastication and the three stages of deglutition - oral, pharyngeal, and esophageal. Key points are that mastication breaks down food into a bolus for swallowing, and the pharyngeal and esophageal stages of swallowing are involuntary reflex processes to propel the bolus into the stomach through peristaltic contractions. Disorders like dysphagia, achalasia, and GERD that affect the swallowing process are also outlined.
ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE.pptx
Ischemic heart disease (IHD) is caused by an imbalance between the heart's blood supply and oxygen demand, usually due to atherosclerotic narrowing of the coronary arteries. This leads to myocardial ischemia and can result in angina, myocardial infarction (MI), or heart failure. MI occurs when ischemia is severe or prolonged enough to cause cardiac cell death. It is typically caused by coronary artery thrombosis due to atherosclerotic plaque rupture. MI can damage heart muscle and lead to complications like arrhythmias, heart failure, or cardiac rupture. Reperfusion through procedures like angioplasty aims to limit damage but can paradoxically worsen injury through reperfusion injury mechanisms.
Heart.pptx
This document discusses heart failure, including its causes, symptoms, and effects on the left and right sides of the heart. Heart failure can result from systolic or diastolic dysfunction and weakens the heart's ability to pump blood efficiently. Common symptoms of left heart failure include dyspnea, orthopnea, and paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea. Right heart failure usually results from left heart failure and causes systemic venous congestion. The document also discusses several types of congenital heart defects such as atrial septal defects, ventricular septal defects, and tetralogy of Fallot.
ARRHYTHMIAS.pptx
Arrhythmias can originate from anywhere in the heart's conduction system and manifest as abnormal heart rhythms such as tachycardia, bradycardia, or fibrillation. Common causes include ischemic injury, which can damage the conduction system or alter heart chamber size. Damage to the sinoatrial node can cause other areas like the atrioventricular node to take over pacing, resulting in slower rhythms like bradycardia. Atrial fibrillation occurs when the atria contract irregularly. Heart block ranges from mild prolongation of electrical signals to complete failure of signal transmission. Sudden cardiac death from lethal arrhythmias can be prevented with pacemakers or defibrillators.
The spine
The document discusses the structure and function of the spine and factors that influence posture. It details the 33 vertebrae and their arrangement into curves. Proper posture depends on balance between the spine's passive (bones/ligaments), active (muscles), and neural control systems. Muscle endurance, limb positioning, breathing, and intra-abdominal pressure all impact spinal stability and alignment. Maintaining stability requires anticipatory muscle activation in response to forces.
Peripheral nerve disorders
This document provides an overview of peripheral nerve structure and common sites of injury. It discusses the different types of neurons that make up peripheral nerves, including motor, sensory and sympathetic neurons. Common sites where peripheral nerves can be injured include the intervertebral foramina, brachial plexus and lumbosacral plexus. Mechanisms of nerve injury include compression, laceration, stretch and radiation. The document also outlines guidelines for managing nerve injuries in the acute, recovery and chronic phases.
Artificial respiration
This document discusses artificial respiration and its need, methods, and importance. Artificial respiration is required when breathing stops due to accidents, drowning, poisoning or other conditions. It must begin quickly to prevent brain damage from lack of oxygen. Methods include manual techniques like mouth-to-mouth breathing and back pressure lifting, as well as mechanical devices like iron lungs and ventilators that pump air in and out of the lungs to mimic natural breathing. Both manual and mechanical methods are described in detail.
FARMACOLOGIA CLASIFICACION DE QUINOLONAS Y FLUOROQUINOLONAS
CLASIFICACION DE QUINOLONAS Y FLUOROQUINOLONAS, TIPOS MEDICAMENTOS, Y GENERACIONES POR MEDICAMENTOS
Hazte socio de la Sociedad Española de Cardiología
La Sociedad Española de Cardiología (SEC) es una organización científica sin ánimo de lucro con la misión de reducir el impacto adverso de las enfermedades cardiovasculares y promover una mejor salud cardiovascular en la ciudadanía.
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thyroid and parathyroid.pptx
The document discusses the endocrine functions of the thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, and their roles in calcium and bone homeostasis. Specifically, it describes how thyroid hormones are synthesized and regulated, their effects on growth, metabolism and other body systems. It also explains how parathyroid hormone regulates blood calcium levels by acting on bone, kidneys and intestines. The importance of maintaining normal calcium levels and balancing bone formation and resorption is emphasized.
Infections Pharmacology.pptx
This document discusses various drugs used to treat bacterial, viral, fungal and parasitic infections. It describes the mechanisms of antibacterial drugs including inhibiting cell wall synthesis, protein synthesis and DNA/RNA function. Specific drug classes are outlined for each mechanism such as penicillins, cephalosporins and aminoglycosides. The document also discusses antiviral drugs used to treat HIV including different classes that act on reverse transcriptase and protease. Finally, it briefly outlines antifungal, antiparasitic and anthelmintic drugs used to treat various infections.
Respiratory Drugs.pptx
This document discusses several classes of respiratory drugs including antitussives, decongestants, antihistamines, mucolytics and expectorants, bronchodilators, and anti-inflammatory drugs. It describes the mechanisms of action, indications for use, routes of administration, and potential adverse effects of drugs from each class. The classes covered include cough suppressants, nasal decongestants, antihistamines, mucus-thinning and cough-loosening drugs, beta-agonists, xanthines, anticholinergics, glucocorticoids, and cromones.
DM.pptx
This document discusses pancreatic hormones and their role in diabetes mellitus. It describes how the pancreas functions as both an exocrine and endocrine gland, secreting digestive enzymes and hormones like insulin and glucagon. Problems with insulin production cause diabetes mellitus, characterized by high blood glucose. The document outlines the roles of insulin and glucagon in regulating blood glucose levels, compares type 1 and type 2 diabetes, and discusses treatment approaches like insulin therapy, oral medications, diet/exercise, and new therapies.
Introduction to Endocrine.pptx
The document summarizes the major endocrine glands and their hormones. It describes the hypothalamus and pituitary gland which secretes six important peptide hormones. It also discusses the thyroid gland which produces thyroxine and triiodothyronine, regulating cellular metabolism. The parathyroid glands contain four glands which secrete parathyroid hormone regulating calcium levels. The pancreas has endocrine functions secreting insulin and glucagon to regulate blood sugar. The adrenal glands are composed of an outer cortex secreting glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids, and an inner medulla secreting epinephrine and norepinephrine. The gonads are the testes and ovaries which produce sex
CAT Systematic reviews of RCT.pptx
The document discusses key aspects of systematic reviews that should be addressed to minimize bias, including clearly specifying inclusion/exclusion criteria, conducting comprehensive searches to identify most relevant studies, and accounting for quality of reviewed studies. It emphasizes the importance of transparently reporting how trials were selected and quality assessed to strengthen the evidence provided by the systematic review.
CAT effect of intervetion.pptx
This document discusses key criteria for evaluating the quality of evidence from randomized trials:
1) Groups must be comparable, which randomization aims to ensure by distributing participants evenly across groups through chance alone. Randomization can be computer-generated or through processes like coin tossing.
2) Allocation must be concealed so researchers are unaware which group a participant will be in to prevent bias. This is usually done through sealed envelopes or an off-site registry.
3) Follow-up must be complete or near-complete to prevent bias from non-random dropout patterns between groups. Less than 15% total dropout is ideal, with concerns rising above 20% where groups differ substantially.
Adrenocorticosteroids.pptx
This document discusses adrenocorticosteroids and their roles and effects in the body. It focuses on glucocorticoids like cortisol which regulate glucose, stress response, and inflammation. Glucocorticoids work by entering cells and activating receptors that travel to DNA to inhibit inflammatory genes. The document also discusses mineralocorticoids like aldosterone which regulate sodium and fluid balance. Therapeutic uses of glucocorticoids include replacement therapy for adrenal insufficiency and treatment of inflammatory/autoimmune conditions. Side effects include adrenal suppression and Cushing's syndrome.
Male and Female Hormones.pptx
This document discusses the roles and functions of androgens and estrogens in the male and female body. It describes how androgens and estrogens contribute to sexual development and function, their clinical uses, and potential side effects of hormone therapy. The summary also outlines the menstrual cycle and the roles of various hormones like FSH, LH, estrogen, and progesterone in regulating the female reproductive cycle.
Respiratory Drugs.pptx
This document discusses several classes of respiratory drugs including antitussives, decongestants, antihistamines, mucolytics and expectorants, bronchodilators, and anti-inflammatory drugs. It describes the mechanisms of action, indications for use, routes of administration, and potential adverse effects of drugs from each class. The classes covered include cough suppressants, nasal decongestants, antihistamines, mucus-thinning and cough-loosening drugs, beta-agonists, xanthines, anticholinergics, glucocorticoids, and cromones.
Introduction to Endocrine.pptx
The document summarizes the major endocrine glands and their hormones. It describes the hypothalamus and pituitary gland which secretes six important peptide hormones. It also discusses the thyroid gland which produces thyroxine and triiodothyronine, regulating cellular metabolism. The parathyroid glands contain four glands which secrete parathyroid hormone to regulate calcium levels. The pancreas has endocrine functions secreting insulin and glucagon to regulate blood sugar. The adrenal glands are composed of an outer cortex secreting glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids, and an inner medulla secreting epinephrine and norepinephrine. The gonads are the testes and ovaries which se
CAT effect of intervetion.pptx
This document discusses key criteria for evaluating the quality of evidence from randomized trials:
1) Groups must be comparable, which randomization aims to ensure by distributing participants evenly across groups through chance alone. Randomization can be computer-generated or through processes like coin tossing.
2) Allocation must be concealed so researchers are unaware which group a participant will be in to prevent bias. This is usually done through sealed envelopes or an off-site registry.
3) Follow-up must be complete or near-complete, with less than 15-20% loss to follow-up to avoid bias from non-random dropout patterns between groups. Loss to follow-up threatens validity the more participants are lost.
Introduction to GIT.pptx
The document summarizes the anatomy and functions of the digestive system. It describes the digestive system as having primary digestive organs like the mouth, esophagus, stomach, and intestines where digestion occurs, as well as accessory organs like the teeth, tongue, liver, and pancreas that aid in digestion. It explains that digestion involves ingestion, breakdown, absorption, and excretion of nutrients and waste. The document also details the layers of the gastrointestinal tract wall and the intrinsic and extrinsic nerve supply that regulates digestive functions.
Movements of GIT.pptx
This document discusses mastication (chewing), the process of deglutition (swallowing), and their physiology. It describes the muscles and movements involved in mastication and the three stages of deglutition - oral, pharyngeal, and esophageal. Key points are that mastication breaks down food into a bolus for swallowing, and the pharyngeal and esophageal stages of swallowing are involuntary reflex processes to propel the bolus into the stomach through peristaltic contractions. Disorders like dysphagia, achalasia, and GERD that affect the swallowing process are also outlined.
ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE.pptx
Ischemic heart disease (IHD) is caused by an imbalance between the heart's blood supply and oxygen demand, usually due to atherosclerotic narrowing of the coronary arteries. This leads to myocardial ischemia and can result in angina, myocardial infarction (MI), or heart failure. MI occurs when ischemia is severe or prolonged enough to cause cardiac cell death. It is typically caused by coronary artery thrombosis due to atherosclerotic plaque rupture. MI can damage heart muscle and lead to complications like arrhythmias, heart failure, or cardiac rupture. Reperfusion through procedures like angioplasty aims to limit damage but can paradoxically worsen injury through reperfusion injury mechanisms.
Heart.pptx
This document discusses heart failure, including its causes, symptoms, and effects on the left and right sides of the heart. Heart failure can result from systolic or diastolic dysfunction and weakens the heart's ability to pump blood efficiently. Common symptoms of left heart failure include dyspnea, orthopnea, and paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea. Right heart failure usually results from left heart failure and causes systemic venous congestion. The document also discusses several types of congenital heart defects such as atrial septal defects, ventricular septal defects, and tetralogy of Fallot.
ARRHYTHMIAS.pptx
Arrhythmias can originate from anywhere in the heart's conduction system and manifest as abnormal heart rhythms such as tachycardia, bradycardia, or fibrillation. Common causes include ischemic injury, which can damage the conduction system or alter heart chamber size. Damage to the sinoatrial node can cause other areas like the atrioventricular node to take over pacing, resulting in slower rhythms like bradycardia. Atrial fibrillation occurs when the atria contract irregularly. Heart block ranges from mild prolongation of electrical signals to complete failure of signal transmission. Sudden cardiac death from lethal arrhythmias can be prevented with pacemakers or defibrillators.
The spine
The document discusses the structure and function of the spine and factors that influence posture. It details the 33 vertebrae and their arrangement into curves. Proper posture depends on balance between the spine's passive (bones/ligaments), active (muscles), and neural control systems. Muscle endurance, limb positioning, breathing, and intra-abdominal pressure all impact spinal stability and alignment. Maintaining stability requires anticipatory muscle activation in response to forces.
Peripheral nerve disorders
This document provides an overview of peripheral nerve structure and common sites of injury. It discusses the different types of neurons that make up peripheral nerves, including motor, sensory and sympathetic neurons. Common sites where peripheral nerves can be injured include the intervertebral foramina, brachial plexus and lumbosacral plexus. Mechanisms of nerve injury include compression, laceration, stretch and radiation. The document also outlines guidelines for managing nerve injuries in the acute, recovery and chronic phases.
Artificial respiration
This document discusses artificial respiration and its need, methods, and importance. Artificial respiration is required when breathing stops due to accidents, drowning, poisoning or other conditions. It must begin quickly to prevent brain damage from lack of oxygen. Methods include manual techniques like mouth-to-mouth breathing and back pressure lifting, as well as mechanical devices like iron lungs and ventilators that pump air in and out of the lungs to mimic natural breathing. Both manual and mechanical methods are described in detail.
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FARMACOLOGIA CLASIFICACION DE QUINOLONAS Y FLUOROQUINOLONAS
CLASIFICACION DE QUINOLONAS Y FLUOROQUINOLONAS, TIPOS MEDICAMENTOS, Y GENERACIONES POR MEDICAMENTOS
Hazte socio de la Sociedad Española de Cardiología
La Sociedad Española de Cardiología (SEC) es una organización científica sin ánimo de lucro con la misión de reducir el impacto adverso de las enfermedades cardiovasculares y promover una mejor salud cardiovascular en la ciudadanía.
Terapia cinematográfica (6) Películas para entender los trastornos del neurod...
Terapia cinematográfica (6) Películas para entender los trastornos del neurod...JavierGonzalezdeDios
Los trastornos del neurodesarrollo comprenden un grupo heterogéneo de trastornos crónicos que se manifiestan en períodos tempranos de la niñez y que, en conjunto, comparten una alteración en la adquisición de habilidades cognitivas, motoras, del lenguaje y/o sociales que impactan significativamente en el funcionamiento personal, social y académico. Tienen su origen en la primera infancia o durante el proceso de desarrollo y comprende a heterogéneos procesos englobados bajo esta etiqueta.
El Manual diagnóstico y estadístico de los trastornos mentales en su quinta edición (DSM-V) incluye dentro los trastornos del neurodesarrollo los siguientes siete grupos: Discapacidad intelectual, Trastornos de la comunicación, Trastorno del espectro del autismo (TEA), Trastorno de atención con hiperactividad (TDAH), Trastornos específico del aprendizaje, Trastornos motores y Trastornos de tics. Es importante tener en cuenta que en una misma persona puede manifestarse más de un trastorno del neurodesarrollo. Y, dentro de todos los trastornos del neurodesarrollo, el autismo adquiere una especial importancia, por lo que será considerado en el próximo capítulo de la serie “Terapia cinematográfica” de forma particular.
Y esta gran diversidad también la ha reflejado en la gran pantalla y en las historias “de cine” que el séptimo arte nos ha regalado. Y hoy proponemos un recordatorio de la amplia variedad y complejidad de los trastornos del neurodesarrollo en la infancia a través de 7 películas argumentales. Estas películas son, por orden cronológico de estreno:
- El milagro de Ana Sullivan (The Miracle Worker, Arthur Penn, 1962) 6, para valorar el milagro de la palabra, el milagro del lenguaje y de los sentidos.
- Forrest Gump (Robert Zemeckis, 1994) 7, para comprender el valor de la lucha por encontrar cuál es la meta de cada uno, una mezcla de destino y sueños propios.
- Estrellas en la Tierra (Taare Zameen Par, Aamir Khan, 2007) 8, para confirmar que cada niño y niña es especial, incluso con sus potenciales deficiencias psíquicas, físicas y/o sensoriales.
- El primero de la clase (Front of the Class, Peter Werner, 2008) 9, para demostrar el valor de la superación y como, a pesar de nuestras dificultades, somos merecedores de oportunidades.
- Cromosoma 5 (María Ripoll, 2013) 10, para entender la soledad del corredor de fondo ante los trastornos del neurodesarrollo.
- Gabrielle (Louise Archambault, 2013) 11, para intentar normalizar las relaciones afectivas y amorosas entre dos personas con enfermedades mentales y discapacidad.
- Línea de meta (Paola García Costas, 2014) 12, para interiorizar que la carrera de la vida es especialmente difícil para algunos.
Siete películas argumentales que el séptimo arte nos presenta con protagonistas afectos con diferentes trastornos del neurodesarrollo durante su infancia, adolescencia y juventud y que nos ayudan a comprender que cada persona es especial, diversa y con capacidades diferenciales que hay que respetar y potenciar.
ABORDAJE TERAPEUTICO DE CICATRIZ QUELOIDE.pdf
CICATRIZ QUELOIDE
REVISION DE TRATAMIENTO ACTUAL, ABORDAJE DESDE EL PUNTO DE VISTA DERMATOLÓGICO
Medicina tradicional Ñomndaa en la Costa Chica de Guerrero
La medicina tradicional
Ñn´anncue Ñomndaa es el saber-conocimiento de mayor trascendencia en la vida de
quienes integran las comunidades amuzgas, vinculadas por cómo la
población se relaciona con el mundo donde vive .Es un elemento integrador de conductas,
saberes y prácticas sociales, simbólicas y
psicológicas en la que se puede apreciar su interrelación para resolver y afrontar los
problemas emocionales, espirituales y de
salud (equilibrio del cuerpo, la mente y el
espíritu).
Desde esta perspectiva de salud/enfermedad
SABEDORAS y SABEDORES
atienden diferentes enfermedades (malestares que están dentro y
fuera del cuerpo), entre ellas: el espanto, el empacho, el antojo o motolin, y el
coraje. La incidencia en la curación de acuerdo a los Ñonmdaa
depende de algunos elementos centrales: A la experiencia del Sabedor y al carácter
territorial.
Pòster "Escara necrótica de aparición súbita en un lactante. Caso clínico".
Pòster "Escara necrótica de aparición súbita en un lactante. Caso clínico".Badalona Serveis Assistencials
Pòster presentat per la pediatra de BSA Sofía Benítez al 70 Congrés de la Sociedad Española de Pediatría, celebrat a Còrdoba del 6 al 8 de juny de 2024. Impacto de los azúcares en el cuerpo humano
En estas diapositivas, podremos ver como los azúcares libres son los que tienen un impacto negativo en nuestra salud, también veremos su composición.
INFECCIONES RESPIRATORIAS AGUDAS EN NIÑOS DEL PERU.pdf
Aqui vemos conceptos relacionados a las infecciones respiratorias.
PRESENTACION DE LA TECNICA SBAR-SAER - ENFERMERIA
Una comunicación inadecuada es reconocida como la causa más común de errores
graves desde el punto de vista clínico y organizativo. Existen algunos obstáculos
fundamentales a la comunicación entre diferentes disciplinas y niveles profesionales.
Ejemplos de ello son la jerarquía, el género, el origen étnico y las diferencias de estilos
de comunicación entre las disciplinas y las personas. En la mayoría de los casos, las
enfermeras y los médicos comunican de maneras muy diferentes, a las enfermeras se
les enseña a informar de manera narrativa, proporcionando todos los detalles
conocidos sobre el paciente, a los médicos se les enseña a comunicarse usando breves
"viñetas" que proporcionan información clave para el oyente.
La transferencia de pacientes entre profesionales sanitarios en urgencias es entendida
como un proceso puramente informativo y dinámico de la situación clínica del
paciente, mediante el cual se traspasa la responsabilidad del cuidado del enfermo a
otro profesional sanitario, dando continuidad a los cuidados recibidos hasta el
momento.
La importancia del traspaso de información del cliente en la recepción y entrega de
turno tiene un impacto directo en la continuidad de la atención, permite orientar el
cuidado de enfermería considerando el estado general del cliente, optimizando los
tiempos y recursos disponibles en relación a las necesidades del cliente.
ASFIXIA Y MANIOBRA DE HEIMLICH - UNIVERSIDAD
En esta presentación encontrarán información detallada sobre cómo realizar correctamente la maniobra de Heimlich y también información sobre lo que es la asfixia.
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INFECCIONES RESPIRATORIAS AGUDAS EN NIÑOS DEL PERU.pdf
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