Este documento describe los diferentes tipos de responsabilidad profesional, incluyendo la responsabilidad penal, civil, administrativa y disciplinaria. La responsabilidad penal se refiere a delitos como peculado o cohecho. La responsabilidad civil surge por daños causados a terceros. La responsabilidad administrativa se aplica a funcionarios públicos por decisiones que causan perjuicios. Finalmente, la responsabilidad disciplinaria abarca actos que perturban el desempeño laboral pero no son delitos.
According to the international eco-tourism society (TIES), eco-tourism is ‘Responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment and improves the well-being of local people’. Nature based element, Education or learning component and Requirement of sustainability are the criteria of eco-tourism.
In Sri Lanka, tourism is majorly based on beaches, archaeological sites and on large mammals like Panthera pardus kotiya and Elephas maximus maximus. Diverting tourism of Sri Lanka towards wilderness in the inside the country is an essential requirement in present. The concept of Eco-tourism based activities in the Sinharaja forest reserve was initiated by the USAID and the tourism cluster (TTC) in the early 2000. Rainforest Eco Lodge is the final outcome of this concept.
The eco lodge established in the middle of Enasalwatte tea estate which is located in the south eastern border of UNESCO world heritage Sinharaja Forest Reserve. The construction of the eco lodge was started in 2009 after a series of protests opposing the project. However the constructions were finished in late 2011 and the eco lodge started its operations in 2012.
The rainforest eco lodge is an accommodation and eco-tour provider. It mainly targets on the tourists from Europe. When comparing the eco lodge against the six principles of eco-tourism the drawbacks and the strengths of the project can be found out.
Minimization of the impact on the environment when constructing the eco lodge is in a high standard. Used shipping containers, used railway sleepers and bamboo walling were used as the materials. Renewable energy sources such as solar power is using in the site. Storm water is stored and used for the sewage systems.
Community development is also done by the eco lodge management. But the conservation activities are not sufficient as it is located in an environmentally sensitive area.
Visitors are satisfied with the service providing by the staff. Nature walks, trekking and bird watching activities are conducted by the professional naturalists in house.
Increased focus on the conservation, increasing the hygienic and safety measures by preventing mosquitos and mice naturally from the site and improving the educational facilities can be recommended.
The government should monitor the eco-tourism service providers and their activities in order to provide sustainable and ‘Eco-friendly’ eco-tourism services for the visitors.
Apatite is a group of phosphate minerals, usually referring to hydroxylapatite, fluorapatite and chlorapatite, named for high concentrations of OH−, F− and Cl− ions, respectively, in the crystal. A very rare strontium-rich member Apatite-(SrOH) also exists, with the Calcium partially replaced by Strontium. There is also a rare member of Apatite which has the phosphate radical (PO4) partially replaced by a carbonate radical (CO3). It is known as Carbonate-Apatite.
Sedimentary deposits have provided about 80- 90 percent of world production in the last ten years. Igneous deposits and metamorphic rock phosphates are also available. China, The USA, Morocco and Western Sahara produce rock phosphates from sedimentary origins while Russia, South Africa, Brazil produce igneous originated rock phosphates. Sri Lanka has an igneous rock phosphate mine located in Eppawala, In the Anuradhapura district of north central province of the country.
The Rock Phosphate Deposit covers an area of approximately 324 ha of land and Nearly 60 million Metric Tons of phosphates have been determined to exist. Lanka Phosphates Limited has the sole authority to mine phosphates in Eppawala.
Rocks are covered in red-brown earth and occasional vegetation is mined by open cast mining processes and the extracted rocks are crushed. In this stage rocks and crystals are separated. Crushed crystals produce High Graded Eppawala Rock Phosphates (HERP) and Eppawala Rock Phosphate (ERP) is produced by crushed rocks.
The solubility of Eppawala rock phosphate is low. Ground Eppawala rock phosphate is used only for perennials such as Tea, Coconut and Rubber and spice crops. It is not recommended to short term crops due to the low solubility. The requirement of soluble phosphates at the initial stages of plant growth is high. Therefore more effective phosphate fertilizers (Triple Super Phosphate [TSP] and Single Super Phosphate [SSP]) are imported to Sri Lanka in order to fulfill the requirements. Around US$ 20 million worth foreign exchange is used for the imports. Phosphate fertilizer application for agriculture in Sri Lanka is one of the lowest in Asia. Therefore Value addition to Eppawala rock phosphate will save foreign exchange. When consider about the potential industries based on Eppawala rock phosphate manufacturing of SSP and Pharmaceuticals, Biomaterials (Artificial limbs, teeth) Analytical reagents, Animal feeds, Phosphoric Acid, Detergents, Emulsifiers can be indicated.
Exploitation of rock phosphate causes severe impacts on the environment and sustainable management of rock phosphate can be recommended.
Medicinal plants as a non timber forest product(NTFP) of Sri lankaPabasara Gunawardane
Sri Lanka is a tropical country which is enriched with biodiversity. Forest products are a major sector in Sri Lanka's non-timber forest products (NTFP).
All rights reserved: Bhagya karunatillake
Environmental threats and Land Reclamation on underground mining of Gem,graph...Pabasara Gunawardane
Removal of valuable minerals from the earth by taking both people and equipment into depths from the earth’s surface is called underground mining.Unsupported openings, Supported openings and Caving methods are the three methods of underground mining. Main methods in Underground mining are drift mining, slope mining, shaft mining, borehole process and hard rock mining.Contamination of rivers, lakes and ground water, alteration of surface and ground water flow, erosion and instability, loss of soil, material contamination, improper sanitation, increased dust, loss of faunal and floral habitats, over use of timber resources and destruction of forests and savannah are the general environmental threats of mining.
Gem mining methods range from digging deep mines and adrift to shallow open mining and river bed mining. In Sri Lanka traditional gem mining is mainly found in Balangoda, Ratnapura, Opanayake, Deniyaya, Rakwana, Elahera and Matale areas. Legislation to minimise environmental damage caused by gem mining is included within the 1971 Act drawn up by the NGJA, reinforced by the Mines and Minerals Act of 1992. Damage to vegetation cover, plantations and paddy fields, damage to land and geomorphology, man-made structures, to streams and river banks, sedimentation and water pollution, damage to fauna, alteration of surface and ground water flow and adverse environmental health conditions are some threats of gem mining.
Graphite and gold mining also have a severe impact on the environment. Especially the impacts are affecting on soil and water.
Backfilling of mined sites, seeding with grasses, tree planting at backfilled sites with native species, shaping and contouring of spoil piles and replacement of top soil are some mitigatory measures to the land reclamation after the mining of gold, gem and graphite.
An Evaluation of EIA report of Norochcholai Coal Power Plant Sri LankaPabasara Gunawardane
The Lakvijaya power station or the Norochcholai power plant is the first coal fired power plant in Sri Lanka which is located in Narakkalli, Norochcholai in Puttalam district. It was proposed to establish in 1993 and was suspended the construction due to protests by the villagers and environmentalists. The environmental impact assessment (EIA) was conducted regarding the project in 1998 and the constructions began in 2006. The phase one with a capacity of 300MW was commissioned in 2010.
Ceylon Electricity Board (CEB) was the project proponent and Coast Conservation Department was the project approving agency for the project along with the central environment authority. The EIA Report (EIAR) mainly focused on the power station land, the transmission line land, marine resources and sea water quality, ground water resources and quality, cooling water effluents, solid & liquid wastes, air quality & noise and socio-economic aspects of the area.
The effects from fly ash and bottom ash, emission of SO2, NO2 & other gases, impact from discharging of warm water to the ocean, effects on livelihood of residents were the major predicted impacts of the project. Necessary mitigation measures were also suggested by the EIAR.
But, as the power plant operates, several other impacts which were not mentioned in the EIAR were also identified.
Frequent proper monitoring of emissions and impacts, conducting researches and studies on the power station and the related environment, using fly ash as a raw material for other industries and encouragement of alternative energy sources other than coal power can be proposed as recommendations.
Angiosperms are the flowering plants also known as Magnoliophyta. The botanical term "Angiosperm" meaning ‘bottle or vessel’ is derived from the ancient Greek. These are the most diverse group of land plants. Angiosperms are seed-producing plants and the distinguished features of angiosperms over gymnosperms are angiosperms bear flowers, endosperm within the seeds and the production of fruits that contain the seed. According to the botanists the flowering plants diversified and widespread 120 million years ago. The classification of the flowering plants also has a long history.
In the past, classification systems were typically produced by an individual botanist or by a small group resulting large number of systems. Different systems and their updates were generally favored in different countries. Bentham and Hooker’s system was popular in the Britain and the Engler’s system was famous in the Europe etc. These systems were introduced before the availability of genetic evidences and angiosperms were classified using their morphology and biochemistry. After the 1980’s genetic evidences were available and phylogenetic methods came into the classification procedures.
In the late 1990s, an informal group of researchers from major institutions worldwide came together and they established the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG). The objective was to provide a widely accepted and more stable point of reference for angiosperm classification. APG I was published in 1998 as their first attempt in Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. The initial 1998 paper by the APG made angiosperms the first large group of organisms to be systematically re-classified primarily on the basis of genetic characteristics. The group emphasized the need for a classification system for angiosperms at the level of families, orders and above. The existed systems are rejected is because they are not phylogenetically classified. The outline of a phylogenetic tree of all flowering plants became established and several well supported major clades involving many families of flowering plants were identified. The new knowledge of phylogeny revealed relationships in conflict with the then widely used modern classifications.
The principles of APG system are retaining the Linnean system of orders and families, Use of monophyletic groups (Consist of all descendants of a common ancestor), taking a broad approach to defining the limits of groups such as orders and families and use of term ‘clades’ above or parallel to the level of orders and families. A major outcome of the classification is the disappearance of the traditional division of the flowering plants into two groups, which are monocots and dicots.
Even though there are several controversies about APG the botanists worldwide are influenced by the concept and are currently practice the system.
busca los fundamentos de la responsabilidad en el derecho civil los tipos en el ambito del derecho y toda sus clasificaciones tanto resposabilidad mora y responsabilidad jurídica
TIPOS DE RESPONSABILIDAD ADMINISTRATIVA. Se muestran los diversos tipos de responsabilidad en la que pueden incurrir los agentes públicos en el ejercicio de la función pública (AUTOR JOSÉ MARÍA PACORI CARI)
1. RESPONSABILIDAD ETICA DEL
PROFESIONAL
REPÚBLICA BOLIVARIANA DE VENEZUELA
MINISTERIO DEL PODER POPULAR PARA LA EDUCACIÓN
INSTITUTO UNIVERSITARIO POLITECNICO SANTIAGO MARIÑO
MÉRIDA EDO. MÉRIDA
Luis Daniel Maldonado Barrios
C.I:23.556.035
Escuela:#47.
2. Una persona que es responsable cuando está obligada a responder de sus propios actos.
Aunque algunos autores mantienen que la libertad es definida por la responsabilidad, la
gran mayoría de estos están de acuerdo en que el fundamento de la responsabilidad es la
libertad de la voluntad.
Una vez admitida la libertad que fundamenta la responsabilidad, se plantea todavía varias
cuestiones importantes: ante todo, se trata de saber si la responsabilidad afecta solamente
a algunos actos de la persona o bien si afecta a todos.
En segundo lugar se plantea el problema de los grados de responsabilidad y finalmente se
plantea el problema de la entidad o entidades ante la cual es responsable (debe de ser de
carácter personal).
El sentimiento de responsabilidad es un sentimiento personal que compromete a cada
persona y le hace comprender que no puede simplemente abandonarse a sus
conveniencias individuales.
Para mí, según las investigaciones que he recopilado de diversas fuentes he llegado a la
conclusión del concepto de responsabilidad, el sentimiento de responsabilidad nace y se
desarrolla a través de los años. Este sentido nos enseña la importancia de las cosas, a
valorarlas y cuidarlas.
3. Clases de responsabilidades:
Responsabilidad penal:
La impone el Estado, y consiste en una pena que busca castigar al delincuente e intentar
su reinserción para evitar que vuelva a delinquir. Este tipo de responsabilidad se
presenta cuando el funcionario ha realizado una conducta que se tiene tipificada como
delito en el Código Penal; entre ellas podemos mencionar: el peculado, el cohecho, el
prevaricato; o cuando exista por parte del servidor público un interés ilícito en la
celebración de contratos, para provecho propio o de un tercero, en cualquier clase de
contrato u operación en que deba intervenir por razón de su cargo o de sus funciones; o
Cuando trámite cualquier actuación contractual sin el cumplimiento de los requisitos
legales o esenciales como la celebración o la liquidación del contrato, para obtener un
provecho ilícito para sí mismo, para el contratista o para un tercero
4. Responsabilidad Civil :
En esta se clasifica la responsabilidad de la persona (particular o funcionario público)
frente al estado y frente al particular por los perjuicios causados con su actuación en
desarrollo y cumplimiento de la actividad función a su cargo. Respecto a la
responsabilidad de los particulares y los funcionarios o servidores públicos, La
Constitución Nacional en su artículo 6, establece que la responsabilidad de los
particulares, solamente será por infringir la ley, y que la responsabilidad de los
funcionarios públicos, será por las mismas causas (infringir la ley) y por omisión o
extralimitación en el ejercicio de sus funciones.
5. Responsabilidad administrativa:
Responsabilidad que surge de la comisión de una contravención administrativa propia
de quien ejerce cargos directivos en una organización publica o privada.
Existe la responsabilidad administrativa por todo perjuicio o daño causado a terceros
por la acción u omisión de un acto administrativo. .
La responsabilidad administrativa es propia de quienes ejercen cargos directivos, de
quienes tomas las decisiones que luego causan los perjuicios, y son las consecuencias
jurídicas de sus actos las que configuran la responsabilidad administrativa la que bien
puede tener implicaciones penales o civiles.
En definitiva, el concepto de Responsabilidad en Derecho Administrativo es que el
Estado a través de sus dignatarios, autoridades, funcionarios o servidores públicos y
terceros, se haga cargo de los efectos jurídicos que emanaron de sus actos u omisiones
culposas o intencionales. Para librar su responsabilidad, tales sujetos deberá justificar su
acto, es decir, que éste debe ser motivado.
6. Responsabilidad disciplinaria:
A este tipo de responsabilidad, pertenecen aquellos actos o hechos de un funcionario o
empleado, que sin tipificarse como un delito, son hechos y actos que perturban el
normal, cabal y adecuado cumplimiento de las funciones asignadas a la persona. La
acción u omisión de las funciones de una persona, que de una u otra manera
perjudique el correcto desempeño de un determinado ente, conlleva una
responsabilidad y una sanción disciplinaria, sanción que será gradual según la gravedad
o levedad de la falta, y de las consecuencias de esta. Desde el punto de vista estatal, en
Colombia el marco jurídico del control disciplinario actualmente está confinado por la
ley 734 de 2002, el cual recae sobre los servidores públicos o los particulares que
cumplan funciones públicas o labores de interventora en los contratos estatales. Por lo
tanto, de acuerdo a las circunstancias de tiempo, modo en que se haya celebrado y
ejecutado un acto administrativo, al servidor público se le aplicara lo establecido en los
artículos 42 , 43 y 44 y subsiguientes de la ley 734 de 2002, de acuerdo a la
responsabilidad desligada por sus actuaciones en la ejecución del contrato. En el sector
privado, cada empresa podrá incluir en su lo reglamento interno, los actos y hechos
sancionables, lo mismo que las sanciones, y los procedimientos a seguir para su
aplicación.