3. Introducción
• descarga brusca, anormal
• hipersincronica de un
agregado neuronal del
cerebro
Crisis
Epiléptica
• trastorno caracterizado
por crisis epilepticas de
Epilepsia repeticion.
4. Clasificacion
GENERALIZADAS
FOCALES
(PARCIALES)
Estatus Epilepticus
Gretchen M. Brophy • Rodney Bel; Guidelines for
the Evaluation and Management of Status, April
2012
12. Status Epilepticus
Actividad convulsica continua mayor de
30 min
Convulsiones recurrentes sin retorno del
estado de conciencia entre ellas
Gretchen M. Brophy • Rodney Bel; Guidelines for
the Evaluation and Management of Status, April
2012
13.
14. Es Realmente Episodio
Convulsivo?
Movimientos Tonico-clonicos
Incontinencia De Esfínteres
Estigmas Linguales
Estado Post Ictal
17. V
I
T
A
M
I
N
S
Vasculares, Stroke, Sangrado, Malformaciones
Infecciones, encefalitis, meningitis
18. V
I
T
A
M
I
N
S
Vasculares, Stroke, Sangrado, Malformaciones
Infecciones, encefalitis, meningitis
Trauma, Toxicidad
Autoinmune; Vasculitis
19. V
I
T
A
M
I
N
S
Vasculares, Stroke, Sangrado, Malformaciones
Infecciones, encefalitis, meningitis
Trauma, Toxicidad
Autoinmune; Vasculitis
Metabólico (Na, Ca, Mg, O2, Glucosa)
20. V
I
T
A
M
I
N
S
Vasculares, Stroke, Sangrado, Malformaciones
Infecciones, encefalitis, meningitis
Trauma, Toxicidad
Autoinmune; Vasculitis
Metabólico (Na, Ca, Mg, O2, Glucosa)
Metabólico (Na, Ca, O2, Glucosa)
Idiopáticas
Neoplasias
Psiquiátricas
21.
22.
23.
24. Gretchen M. Brophy • Rodney Bel; Guidelines for
the Evaluation and Management of Status, April
2012
25. Agustín Julián Jiménez, Manual de Protocolos y
Actuación
en URGENCIAS, Hospital Virgen de la Salud de
Toledo (CHT) Tercera Edición (2010)
26.
27.
28. PLAN INICIAL
1o garantizar via aerea. Evitar broncoaspiracion.
– Monitorizar constantes vitales (TA, Ta, FC, FR,
Sat O2, BMTest).
– Obtener via venosa (para muestra de
bioquimica con niveles de calcio incluidos,
hemograma, niveles toxicologicos y de
farmacos).
– Gasometria arterial basal.
– Administrar 100 mg iv de tiamina, despues 50
ml de suero glucosado al 50%
30. Para Tratar La Crisis
Utilizar uno de los siguientes farmacos:
– Fenitoina: dosis inicial de 18 mg/kg
(aprox. 1.000 mg), a un ritmo de 50 mg/min
i.v y una carga maxima de 20 mg/kg.
– Valproato sodico: bolo inicial de 15 mg/kg
en 5 minutos, y seguir con perfusion
continua de 1 mg/kg/h (maximo 25
mg/kg/dia).
– Levetiracetam: 1.000 mg en 200 cc de
suero salino a pasar en 30 minutos iv.
(Dosis habitual 500-1.500 mg/12 horas iv).
Gretchen M. Brophy • Rodney Bel; Guidelines for
the Evaluation and Management of Status, April
2012
31. Si No Cede
FENOBARBITAL
20 mg/kg IV con dosis adicionales
5–10 mg/kg
Anestesia General
Midazolam, Propofol
Gretchen M. Brophy • Rodney Bel; Guidelines for
the Evaluation and Management of Status, April
2012
32. Gretchen M. Brophy • Rodney Bel; Guidelines for
the Evaluation and Management of Status, April
2012
33. Bibliografia
Gretchen M. Brophy • Rodney Bel; Guidelines for
the Evaluation and Management of Status, April
2012
34. Gretchen M. Brophy • Rodney Bel; Guidelines for
the Evaluation and Management of Status, April
2012
35. Gretchen M. Brophy • Rodney Bel; Guidelines for
the Evaluation and Management of Status, April
2012
36.
37. Gretchen M. Brophy • Rodney Bel; Guidelines for
the Evaluation and Management of Status, April
2012
Notas del editor
movimiento involuntario a consecuencia de una
descarga eléctrica hipersincrónica procedente del sistema nervioso
central (SNC). El 2-3 % de la población tiene en algún
momento de su vida una crisis convulsiva y no se le considera
paciente epiléptico.
Deben distinguirse los terminos crisis epileptica y epilepsia. Se define crisis epiléptica
como el resultado clinico de una descarga brusca, anormal por su intensidad e
hipersincronia, de un agregado neuronal del cerebro; mientras que la epilepsia es
un trastorno caracterizado por crisis epilepticas de repeticion.
The most common generalized seizure type; typically seen in genetic
epilepsy syndromes and in seizures arising from metabolic abnormalities
(e.g., hyponatremia, alcohol withdrawal, medications, CNS infections).
■ Begin with stiffening of the extremities (tonic phase), often associated
with a guttural cry from contraction of the expiratory muscles, followed
by rhythmic clonic jerking of the extremities.
■ Associated urinary incontinence,
Myoclonic
seizures are characterized by frequent but asynchronous, nonrhythmic
multifocal myoclonic jerks. Myoclonic jerks are most commonly seen
with metabolic derangements (especially uremia) and are usually not
Epileptic
The epilepsy type that can most resemble syncope clinically.
Characterized by the abrupt loss of all muscle tone associated with a brief
loss of consciousness. Primarily seen with inherited forms of childhood
epilepsy.
Focal seizures in which no alteration of consciousness is noted.
Evolve from simple partial seizures as the initial focal seizure activity
spreads to involve some but not all of both cerebral hemispheres. In
fact, the stereotypical warning or aura that many patients report is simply
the manifestation of the initial simple partial seizure.
■ As seizure activity spreads, patients develop an impairment of consciousness
and behavioral arrest during which they display stereotypical
behaviors known as automatisms (e.g., lip smacking, chewing,
pulling at clothes).
■ In contrast to simple partial seizures, complex partial seizures are associated
with postictal confusion and lethargy.
In many patients with prolonged complex partial seizures, seizure activity
can ultimately spread to involve the entire cerebral cortex. The
manifestation of the “2° generalization” of the initial focal seizure activity
is usually generalized tonic-clonic activity.
■ Generalized seizures can thus be either 1° (generalized seizure activity
at onset)
■Patients with focal-onset seizures often have transient (minutes to
hours) focal weakness or paralysis following seizure termination. This
weakness usually involves the area of the body first affected by the
seizure, providing an important clue to the focus of seizure onset.
■ A patient with a generalized tonic-clonic seizure who is subsequently
noted to have a postictal left hemiparesis likely had a focal-onset
seizure that began in the right hemisphere and secondarily generalized.
Practically speaking, seizure activity lasting > 5 minutes is unlikely to
remit spontaneously and carries the risk of permanent neuronal injury.
Generally,
ongoing or recurrent seizure activity lasting > 5 minutes is thus considered
a medical emergency and treated as status epilepticus.
Some seizures are provoked,
Such patients are not considered to have epilepsy, because the presumption is that these seizures would not recur in the absence of the provocation.
El paciente luego de un minuto y medio se levanta y se siente bien….sincope
Si el paciente estaba letargico, confundido luego de 20 min del episodio, entonces es convulsion
No cada paciente que convulsiona tiene epilepsia
Stroke y luego convulsion---buscar factores de riesgo, deficit neurologico que nos indiquen un area deficit…una px que empezó con un déficit neurológico y luego una convulsión, podemos pensar en ECV
INFECCIONES- pueden ser anaerobios, estrepto, gram negativo, infeccion mixta? biopsia…si HIV positivo y tenemos en la TAC una lesion en anillo….en historia, convulsiones y fiebre, cambio del estado de conciencia y convulsiona, paciente con fotofobia y aquí
Trauma—Vino carlitos y quedo viendo libidinosamente a una chava, BUM le pega Diana con un bate y convulsiona, deprivacion de benzodiazepinas, cocaina, alcohol
Autoinmune—en la historia buscaremos si el paciente tiene rash, púrpura y convulsiona, estigmas de LES y convulsiona, positiva ANA
Metabolico---Siempre ver los electrolitos, oxigeno, puede el paciente tener hiponatremia con historia de confusion y depresion del estado de conciencia
-Hipocalcemia In adults, hypocalcemia may occur after thyroid or parathyroid surgery or in association with renal failure, hypoparathyroidism, or pancreatitis. Typical prodromic symptoms and signs are mental status changes and tetany In adults, hypocalcemia may occur after thyroid or parathyroid surgery or in association with renal failure, hypoparathyroidism, or pancreatitis. Typical prodromic symptoms and signs are mental status changes and tetany.
Hipomagnesemia Magnesium levels below 0.8 mEq/L may result in irritability, agitation, confusion, myoclonus, tetany, and convulsions
Hipoxemia,
Hipoglicemia,
Hiperglicemia: En el sistema nervioso central la hiperglucemia produce estrés, con liberación de catecolaminas y la consecuente lipólisis y liberación de radicales libres causantes de estrés oxidativo en las neuronas.
1o garantizar via aerea. Evitar broncoaspiracion.
– Monitorizar constantes vitales (TA, Ta, FC, FR, Sat O2, BMTest).
– Obtener via venosa (para muestra de bioquimica con niveles de calcio incluidos,
hemograma, niveles toxicologicos y de farmacos).
– Gasometria arterial basal.
– Administrar 100 mg iv de tiamina, despues 50 ml de suero glucosado al 50%
(siempre administrar tiamina antes del suero).
4mg slowly into a large vein (diazepam 10mg is an
alternative). Repeat IV lorazepam 4mg slowly after 10min if seizures
continue.
0.1 mg/kg IV up to
4 mg per dose, may
repeat in 5–10 min
Fenitoina y fosfenitoina son lo mismo, pero la fosfenitoina no causa hipotension