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Metodos de Diseño
Este documento presenta varios métodos y técnicas de diseño de permacultura. Define el diseño como un proceso cultural para crear sistemas que funcionen de manera beneficiosa. Explica conceptos como análisis de zonas, sectores, sucesión y evolución para diseñar sistemas que imiten a la naturaleza y requieran poco trabajo. Resalta la importancia de observar el sitio, planificar la evolución del diseño en etapas y establecer sistemas críticos como agua y refugio desde el
Metodos de Diseño
- 1. Métodos y Técnicasde Diseño
- 2. Definir Diseño. DefinirDiseño de Permacultura. Definir Diseño Funcional. Comprender los principios de Auto-Regulación. Conocer un amplio rango de métodos de diseño. Saber lo que es: Análisis de Zonas & Sectores. Objetivos de Aprendizaje
- 3. Una conversación.... ¿Quées diseño?
- 4. Practical Conversations. Knowledge spocially constructed. Culturally transformative. World-shaping. Creates strategic conviction. A Cultural Process
- 5. Design is theway we co-create the world. A creation story in which everyone participates. Everyone is a designer. We do it every day. Where do you drive to? A Cultural Process
- 6. Diseño es laBisagra Cultura Paisaje Naturaleza Diseño Patron
- 7. Todo diseño escompuesto por: Conceptos, materiales, técnicas & estrategias Tal como en nuestros cuerpos, las partes funcionan como una totalidad, con un propósito unificado. Tratamos de integrar los componentes para lograr una totalidad El enfoque no esta en los componentes, Si no que en como se relacionan Como funcionan juntos Elementos en un Diseño Total
- 8. Elements Structure Function Elementos: las piezas del puzzle. Forma de Estructura: como encajan esas piezas. Función: que hace cada pieza & las interacciones entre cada una Componentes de un Sistema Natural
- 9. EL DISEÑO “Un Ensamblaje Beneficioso de componentes en sus relaciones propias”
- 10. Un sistema parareunir componentes conceptuales, materiales y estratégicos en un patrón que funciona para beneficiar la vida en todas sus formas Definir Diseño de Permacultura
- 11. Funciones Múltiples: Cada componente de un diseño debe funcionar en varias formas. Elementos Múltiples: Cada función esencial debe ser apoyada por varios componentes. Definir Diseño Funcional
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- 13. ¿Como decidimos dondeponer las cosas? Haz una lista de características para encontrar conexiones beneficiosas entre ellas. Las respuestas dan ubicación relativa . Principio de Auto-Regulación: El propósito de diseño auto-regulatorio – ubicar elementos para que cumplan las necesidades , & acepte los productos de otros . Análisis
- 14. Gallina: Productos &Comportamientos
- 15. Hay que conectarla gallina con otros componentes. Criterios: ubicación permite que la gallina funcione naturalmente en una forma que beneficia la totalidad. Ubícalo en el Lugar Correcto
- 16. Un invento humano.En la naturaleza no existen los desechos. Una sobre-abundancia. e.g. Agua... O Plata. Un Rendimiento que no es usado por otro sistema. Resultado es caos o desorden. Necesitamos trabajar... Polución
- 17. Un ingresode energía que no es cumplida por el sistema. E.g. limpiar el gallinero y mover el guano al compostaje... Después movemos el compostaje al jardín = TRABAJO ¿Que ocurriría en la naturaleza? Ambos son resultados innecesarios de un sistema incompleto. Trabajo
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- 19. Una forma analíticaNo relacionada con el mismo sitio Trae ideas, ¿Pero son factibles? El método trabaja sin experiencia en terreno Es una debilidad y una fuerza Análisis no requiere conocimiento anterior E incluso menos investigaciones en terreno Análisis
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- 21. Comienza en elsitio! No hay nada mejor que la observación … es la herramienta básica de residentes de muchos años. Un buen diseñador busca aprender de la naturaleza, Como diseñar según el ejemplo natural. Deducir de la Naturaleza
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- 24. Como observar: Como niño: Porque será que... En forma Temática: agua, vegetación, climas. Instrumental: medir. Experiencial: usar los sentidos como un instrumento. Muchas estrategias emergen de observaciones simples. Deducir de la Naturaleza
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- 26. Estructura: Imitar proteccionescontra el viento naturales, Microclimas. Proceso: es lo mas importante para sistemas auto-generativos. Se usa en diseño para reducir trabajo & energías que ingresan. Estamos rodeados de lecciones. Paisaje: presenta oportunidades. Encuentra un uso para los nichos. Pueden ser creados. Observaciones en Diseño
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- 29. Bosque Alimenticio de10 Años
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- 38. Educación tradicional dediseño. Caro y consume mucho tiempo. Puede conducir a ubicaciones inevitables en terreno. Hace que cualquier diseño sea mas fácil y mas visual. Pero omite detalles, y nunca revela proceso dinámico. El mapa indica buenas opciones. Que se pueden chequear en terreno . Sobreponer Mapas & Información
- 39. GEOSPHERE –región de suelo HYDROS – cuencas BIOS – ecoregión AGRIS – región cultivada TECNOS – región economica ATMOS – región climatica NOOSFERA – ecología social REGIONES PARA SUSTENTABILIDAD
- 40. Principalmente conocimiento local,y poco de conocimiento de expertos Principalmente conocimiento de expertos y un poco de conocimiento local
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- 42. Otro método analíticoValor por análisis de flujos de energía, y Creatividad libre de prejuicios. Las verdaderas soluciones se esconden, libres de conocimiento y valores. Agrupación al Azar
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- 44. Para diseñar áreasde trabajo como la cocina. Mapa de flujo. Se pueden marcar diseños en el suelo y caminar. Involucra a un trabajador con experiencia, investiga diseños previos. Diagramas de Flujos
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- 47. Energía primaria conservandoel patrón para el sitio. Combinar para crear una red de ubicaciones . Ubicación de componentes relativo a: Energías en el lugar – zonas de uso, Energías fluyen a través del lugar – sectores de intervención. Principio de Ubicación: si empezamos bien lo demás seguirá. Análisis de Zonas & Sectores
- 48. Una serie decírculos concéntricos Básico para conservación de energía y recursos, Desde uso intensivo human a areas silvestres . Ningún sitio real acepta el modelo. Siempre modificado por topografía, acceso, etc. Análisis de Zona
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- 50. Ubicación de elementosdecidido por visitas. Limón 112 veces. Manzana 15 veces. Y por ende tenemos zonas de frecuencia. Mientras mas visitas mas cerca. Los elementos se ubican a si mismo. La regla dorada: desarrolla lo mas cerca primero, después expande. Análisis de Zona
- 51. Zona 0 CasaZona 1 Jardín Zona 2 Aves & Cerdos Zona 3 Huerto & Cabras Zona 4 Ganado & Bosque Zona 5 Corredores de Vida Silvestre
- 52. Las energías silvestresvienen de afuera. Especifico al sitio, direcciones del compás. Regulamos estos factores para sacarles ventaja. Algunos factores los invitamos, algunos excluimos. Cubrir, deflectar, colectar. Zona 0 los puntos de energía a través . Análisis de Sectores
- 53. Análisis de SectorSectores de Sol Verano Invierno Sectores de Viento Por Temporada: frió, calido, húmedo Ejes de Vista Flujo de Escarcha Acceso Flujo de Vertiente
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- 57. Ningún sitio estotalmente plano. La red de ubicaciones modificada nuevamente por paisajes reales. Declive: determinar flujos de gravedad para oportunidades de uso – flujo de agua. Aspecto: orientación de declive – el sol mirando hacia aislamiento, sombrada. Declive, Aspecto, Angulo de Sol
- 58. Angulo de Sol: arco del sol. Sombra de verano, sol de invierno: aleros y altura de alfeizares. Prioridades : Encuentra el Aspecto Ubica el almacenamiento de agua. Trata de poner una represa alta Toma en cuenta la gravedad. Toma en cuenta el movimiento de aire Toma en cuenta el acceso. Declive, Aspecto, Angulo de Sol
- 59. Declive, Aspecto, Angulode Sol
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- 64. Pensamiento Estratégico ...planeandopara el futuro . Sucesión y Evolución
- 65. Bosque maduro sereestablece Pioneros: preparan el sitio E.g. pastos, yerbas, etc Fijar nitrógeno Dan refugio
- 66. Los sistemas seestablecen en paisajes perturbados. Pioneros son los primeros en llegar. Estabilizan flujo de agua, dan refugio, mulch, mejoran el suelo para cosechas de largo plazo. Planificación para sucesión da rendimientos de corto, mediano y largo plazo. A diferencia de la naturaleza podemos poner los elementos de sucesión en una plantación. Sucesión & Evolución
- 67. Evolución en unSistema Diseñado A. Establish: An area fenced & complex of species planted & protected. Ponds established. Small livestock added some annuals harvested. B. System evolves: to semi hardy stage. Geese, fish & shellfish introduced & some aquatic plants. C. Un sistema evolucionado: da leña, forraje, productos animales & acuáticos. Ganado mas grande se puede agregar cada temporada. Sistema crea su propio mulch & fertilizante. Sistema maduro requiere administración y no TRABAJO, con una variedad de cosechas (incluyendo información).
- 68. Contemplación Máxima CagadasMínimas Establecer & Mantener un Sistema
- 69. Todo diseño esun ensamblaje de componentes...primero los ubica y saca los costos! Recolectar semillas, rebuscar, cortar plantitas etc. Mirar al sitio para recursos (greda, rocas, malezas, insectos). Labor, aptitud, tiempo y recursos intercambiables – haz intercambio. Desvíos impulsivos son caros; planifica totalmente el sitio y desarrollo. Planning Critical
- 70. As we drawplans, take evolution in stages. Easily achieved. Completed one at a time. Decide priorities and place critical systems; needs early Access, water, shelter, nursery, energy Success measured on how design accepted and implemented. We can design ruinous systems. Recommend what you have found possible. Sucesión & Evolución
- 71. La prioridad sonlas Zonas 1 & 2 – ahorra mas gastos. Diseñar completamente en papel. Establece prioridades basados en la realidad. Poner sistemas críticos primeros. Desarrollar el núcleo completamente, expande los éxitos. Locate and trade for components. Sucesión & Evolución
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Notas del editor
- #15 2. Outputs (Products and Behaviours ) of the Chicken Primary products are, for instance: eggs, feathers, feather dust, manure, various exhaled or excreted gases, sound, and heat. Derived products are many. From eggs we can make a variety of foods, and derive albumen. From feathers we can make dusters, insulation, bedding, rope, and special manures. Manure is used directly in the garden or combined with leaf and stem materials (carbon) to supply compost heat. Composted anaerobically, it supplies methane for a house. Heat and gases both have a use in enclosed glasshouses, and so on. Our list of derived products is limited only by lack of specific information and by local needs for the products. Behaviours: chickens walk, fly, perch, scratch, preen, mate, hatch eggs, care for young, form flocks of 20-30 individuals, and forage. They also process food to form primary products and to maintain growth and body weight.
- #19 1. A TYPICAL SMALL FARM Villages and farms may contain all the components for self-governance but unless these components are placed in harmonious relationships to each other time energy and resources are wasted. } In this figure unplanned and segregated systems all demand inputs - WORK 2. A RE-DESIGNED SMALL FARM Many elements supply the energy inputs for others and the needs of others. In short, the average farm does not enjoy the multiple benefits of correct relative location, or needful access of one system or component to another. This is why most farms are; rightly regarded as places of hard WORK. and are energy-inefficient. Without inventing anything new, we can redesign the existing components to make it possible for each to serve others. Just by moving the same components into a beneficial design assembly, we can ensure that the chicken, glasshouse or orchard is working for us, not us working for it. If we place essential components carefully, in relation to each other, not only is our maintenance work minimised, but the need to import energies is greatly reduced, and we might expect a modest surplus for sale, trade, or export.
- #22 Observation requires practice.
- #27 (1) Structure; imitate the structure e.g. imitate natural windbreak, microclimate. (2) process; most important. Processes energized by nature. Every design continuous so we try to create useful self-generating systems e.g. walnuts rolling, asparagus, birds spreading. Many lessons around us. Pig and chicken tractor evolution. Strategies derived from observing natural systems, used consciously in design to reduce work hence inputs, (3) landscape; gullies, ridges, shady or exposed sunny present opportunities, find a use for (storage, dehydration, energy, niche), can be created. As we create microclimate richness increases. Every clump invites new species, we can plan these evolutions or plant to take advantage of. (4) philosophy; by good design, observing system evolution, we gain time. In contemplation refine and gain insight into good procedures.
- #28 ABC: Zonas of direct sunlight. D: Zona of transmitted or reflected light. E: root Zona
- #39 Traditional design education laboring over maps and overlays on overlays. Expensive and time consuming. Can lead to inevitable ground placements. Omits details, never reveals dynamic processes. Some things cannot be mapped. Mapping and overlay makes any design easier and more visual. Map indicates good options which can be checked on the ground. A danger in being inflexible to remoteness and new information, can incur unforeseen work and expense.
- #43 Forces us to consider unusual options. Simple diagram allows us to connect components conceptually for further development. See what we have found; energy saving, unique assemblies, yield etc. Can try unusual combinations and links to explore possible functions.
- #45 Traditional design education laboring over maps and overlays on overlays. Expensive and time consuming. Can lead to inevitable ground placements. Omits details, never reveals dynamic processes. Some things cannot be mapped. Mapping and overlay makes any design easier and more visual. Map indicates good options which can be checked on the ground. A danger in being inflexible to remoteness and new information, can incur unforeseen work and expense.
- #49 Traditional design education laboring over maps and overlays on overlays. Expensive and time consuming. Can lead to inevitable ground placements. Omits details, never reveals dynamic processes. Some things cannot be mapped. Mapping and overlay makes any design easier and more visual. Map indicates good options which can be checked on the ground. A danger in being inflexible to remoteness and new information, can incur unforeseen work and expense.
- #51 Examples: you need a fresh lemon 60-100 times a year, but the tree needs you only 6-12 times a year, a total of 66 to 112 times. For an apple tree, where gathering is less, the total may be 15 times visited. Thus, the components or species space themselves in Zonas according to the number of visits we make to them annually.
- #52 If this pattern only is carefully applied to a site great benefits result The more visits needed, the closer the objects need to be. The golden rule: to develop the nearest area first, get it under control, and then expand the perimeter. A single perimeter will then enclose all your needs. Too often, the novice selects a garden away from the house, and neither reaps the plants efficiently, nor cares for them well enough. Any soil, with effort and the compost from the recycling of wastes, will grow a good garden, Stay close to the home. JUDGING ZONAL PLACEMENT Place a component in relation to other components or functions, and for more efficient use of space or nutrient. Look for products that serve special needs not otherwise locally available. The amount of management we must always provide in a cultivated ecosystem is characterised by conscious placement, establishment, guidance, and control energies, akin to the adjustments we normally make to our environment as we traverse it on our daily tasks.
- #54 SECTOR ANALYSIS. PLACEMENT IN SECTORS Next in a permaculture design, we consider the wild energies, the "elements" of sun, light, wind, rain, wildfire, and water flow. These all come from outside our system and pass through it: a flow of energies generated elsewhere. For these, we plan a "sector“ diagram based on the real site.
- #57 Sun Position
- #58 Slope analysis and site planning in relation to aspect largely decide the placement of access, water supply, forests, and cropland
- #59 Slope analysis and site planning in relation to aspect largely decide the placement of access, water supply, forests, and cropland
- #60 BROAD HUMID LANDSCAPE PROFILE. Slope analysis and site planning in relation to aspect largely decide the placement of access, water supply, forests, and cropland. Here we apply such analysis to a cool, humid region. A broad landscape profile, typical of many humid tropical to cool climates, which we can use as a model to demonstrate some of the principles of landscape analysis. On the high plateaus (A) or upper erosion surface, snow is stored, and trees and shrubs prevent quick water run-off. The headwaters of streams seek to make sense of a sometimes indefinite slope pattern, giving way to the steep upper slopes (B), rarely (or catastrophically) of use to agriculture, but un- fortunately often cleared of protecting forest and subject to erosion because of this. The lower slopes (C) are potentially very productive mixed agricultural areas, and well suited to the structures of people and their domestic animals and implements. Below this are the gently- descending foothills and plains (D) where cheap water storage is available as large shallow dams, and where extensive cropping can take place.
- #67 In nature systems establish on disturbed landscapes. First arrivals pioneers, hence weeds occupy damaged fields. Stabilize water flow, provide shelter, mulch, improve soil for longer term crop. To enable cultivated systems to evolve towards stable state we can construct a system; mixed tree, shrub and vegetable crop, with livestock foragers. Careful planning for sucession provides short- medium-, and long-term yields. Unlike nature we can place the elements of succession in one planting – pioneers, ground covers, under-story, tree legumes, mulch, windbreak and tree crop at once. Small nursery required, while growing we can fence and ground prep (Figure 3.13).
- #70 Every design is an assembly of components. First we locate and cost them. Where resources are few carefully look at site for resources (clay, rock, weeds, insects). Labor, skill, time, cash and resources interchangeable – can make up for what we lack by exchange. Best seed source is neighbors, nurseries. Collect seed, pots, cuttings from start, forage for second hand things e.g. bricks, wood, iron. Planning is critical. As we draw plans, take evolution in stages (easily achieved, completed one at a time), place components needs early (access, water, shelter, nursery, energy) … we design, assess resources, locate components, decide priorities and place critical systems. Impulsive sidetracks are expensive, fully plan the site and development. Precursor to plant establishment; fencing, soil rehab, erosion control, water, earthworks for access etc. Priority is Zona 1 & 2 to support household – save most expense…develop compact systems, nucleus outwards. (1) design thoroughly on paper, (2) set priorities based on reality, (3) locate and trade for components, (4) develop nuclus completely, (5) expand using successful strategies. Success measured on how design accepted and implemented. We can design ruinous systems, recommend what you have found possible.
- #71 Every design is an assembly of components. First we locate and cost them. Where resources are few carefully look at site for resources (clay, rock, weeds, insects). Labor, skill, time, cash and resources interchangeable – can make up for what we lack by exchange. Best seed source is neighbors, nurseries. Collect seed, pots, cuttings from start, forage for second hand things e.g. bricks, wood, iron. Planning is critical. As we draw plans, take evolution in stages (easily achieved, completed one at a time), place components needs early (access, water, shelter, nursery, energy) … we design, assess resources, locate components, decide priorities and place critical systems. Impulsive sidetracks are expensive, fully plan the site and development. Precursor to plant establishment; fencing, soil rehab, erosion control, water, earthworks for access etc. Priority is Zona 1 & 2 to support household – save most expense…develop compact systems, nucleus outwards. (1) design thoroughly on paper, (2) set priorities based on reality, (3) locate and trade for components, (4) develop nuclus completely, (5) expand using successful strategies. Success measured on how design accepted and implemented. We can design ruinous systems, recommend what you have found possible.
- #72 Every design is an assembly of components. First we locate and cost them. Where resources are few carefully look at site for resources (clay, rock, weeds, insects). Labor, skill, time, cash and resources interchangeable – can make up for what we lack by exchange. Best seed source is neighbors, nurseries. Collect seed, pots, cuttings from start, forage for second hand things e.g. bricks, wood, iron. Planning is critical. As we draw plans, take evolution in stages (easily achieved, completed one at a time), place components needs early (access, water, shelter, nursery, energy)…we design, assess resources, locate components, decide priorities and place critical systems. Impulsive sidetracks are expensive, fully plan the site and development. Precursor to plant establishment; fencing, soil rehab, erosion control, water, earthworks for access etc. Priority is Zona 1 & 2 to support household – save most expense…develop compact systems, nucleus outwards. (1) design thoroughly on paper, (2) set priorities based on reality, (3) locate and trade for components, (4) develop nuclus completely, (5) expand using successful strategies. Success measured on how design accepted and implemented. We can design ruinous systems, recommend what you have found possible.