1. FUENTE:
Clasificación y Toxicología de PLAGUICIDAS.
Editorial Universidad Nacional del Comahue
Elaboró: Ing. Agr. H. Ulises Gentile
ingenierogentilehu@yahoo.com.ar
PLAGUICIDAS
RESISTENCIA A INSECTICIDAS.
2. El fenómeno de la RESISTENCIA ha sido definido por la
Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) como la
capacidad de ciertos individuos de una especie de
tolerar dosis de un tóxico que serían letales para la
mayoría de la población de la misma especie.
RESISTENCIA CRUZADA es por otra parte es la
resistencia de un grupo de organismos a dos o más
tóxicos por un mismo mecanismo de defensa.
RESISTENCIA. DEFINICIÓN.
3. Este fenómeno se manifiesta cuando diferentes insecticidas
comparten los mismos sitios de acción, por ejemplo DDT
con piretroides ó carbamatos con organofosforados.
También ocurre cuando diferentes insecticidas son
detoxificados por el mismo mecanismo, de modo que el
desarrollo de resistencia a uno de ellos le confiere
automáticamente resistencia al otro grupo de insecticidas,
aún cuando nunca hayan sido utilizados.
RESISTENCIA MÚLTIPLE es cuando una población es
resistente a diferentes clases de insecticidas a través de
múltiples mecanismos.
RESISTENCIA. DEFINICIÓN.
4. Existe una clasificación elaborada por Brown en
1990. Dichos mecanismos de resistencia pueden
describirse brevemente como:
1. Penetración Reducida.
2. Sensibilidad reducida del sitio de acción.
3. Detoxificación aumentada.
4. Mecanismos comportamentales.
MECANISMO DE RESISTENCIA.
5. 1. Penetración Reducida: la composición del exoesqueleto
se encuentra modificada interfiriendo con el ingreso del
insecticida.
2. Sensibilidad reducida del sitio de acción: el sitio de
acción del insecticida se encuentra ligeramente
modificado reduciendo la sensibilidad al biocida.
3. Detoxificación Aumentada: el tóxico es en gran parte
metabolizado y eliminado disminuyendo notablemente
la cantidad del mismo en el sitio de acción.
4. Mecanismos comportamentales: el insecto evita el
contacto con el insecticida.
MECANISMO DE RESISTENCIA.
6. La mayoría de las moléculas con actividad biocida
tiene su blanco de acción en el interior del
organismo de los insectos, y por esta razón la
sustancia debe ingresar al mismo para causar su
efecto. En el caso de los insecticidas la principal vía
de ingreso es a través de la cutícula, compuesta por
altos porcentajes de sustancia lipofílicas.
Los XENOBIÓTICOS atraviesan la membrana exterior
por absorción gracias a las características lipofílicas
de los mismos.
RESISTENCIA POR PENETRACIÓN O
ABSORCIÓN REDUCIDA.
7. La velocidad de absorción depende de las
características moleculares del insecticida y de las
propiedades del tegumento de los insectos, las
cuales varían considerablemente entre los estadios
de vida y de una especie a otra.
La resistencia por penetración se debe a
modificaciones en la cutícula de los insectos lo cual
resulta en menores cantidades de tóxico ingresando
al organismo, y por lo tanto, efectos menores a los
esperados.
RESISTENCIA POR PENETRACIÓN O
ABSORCIÓN REDUCIDA.
8. Este mecanismo de defensa retrasa pero no previene,
que una cantidad suficiente de tóxico finalmente
pueda ingresar y matar al insecto.
De hecho la penetración reducida del insecticida
como único mecanismo, confiere solo bajos niveles
de resistencia.
Sin embargo combinado con otros mecanismos
(detoxificación) incremente notablemente la
resistencia dado que permite degradarlo antes de
alcanzar el blanco de acción.
RESISTENCIA POR PENETRACIÓN O
ABSORCIÓN REDUCIDA.
9. La sensibilidad reducida del sitio de acción es el
resultado de modificaciones a nivel genético,
traducidas en cambios moleculares, que afectan
la interacción con el insecticida. Por esto aunque
cantidades importantes del tóxico ingresen al
organismo éstos no pueden ejercer su acción
tóxica, pudiendo ser degradados por la batería
de enzimas detoxificantes.
RESISTENCIA POR SENSIBILIDAD REDUCIDA DEL
SITIO DE ACCIÓN.
10. Los organismos cuentan con un grupo variado de
enzimas capaces de metabolizar y eliminar los
compuestos tóxicos.
Cuando el metabolismo se encuentra aumentado,
disminuye la concentración del tóxico necesaria para
causar letalidad en los insectos y puede ser por:
• Mayor eficiencia de las enzimas para detoxificar
tóxicos.
• Mayor número de enzimas de detoxificación.
RESISTENCIA POR MECANISMOS DE
DETOXIFICACIÓN AUMENTADA.
11. Mayor eficiencia de las enzimas para detoxificar
tóxicos: se produce cuando aparecen mutaciones
estructurales en las enzimas que las facultan
para metabolizar más rápidamente al tóxico. Esta
mayor actividad se debe a una mayor afinidad
entre la enzima y el sustrato, lo cual se traduce
en una mayor velocidad de transformación de los
compuestos tóxicos.
RESISTENCIA POR MECANISMOS DE
DETOXIFICACIÓN AUMENTADA.
12. Mayor número de enzimas de detoxificación: el
organismo sintetiza mayor número de enzimas.
Esto puede deberse a una expresión diferenciada
de los genes que codifican para una enzima en
particular. Esto ocurre cuando hay expresión
normal de copias extras del gen de una enzima
detoxificante o secuestrante de tóxicos,
fenómeno que se conoce como amplificación
génica.
RESISTENCIA POR MECANISMOS DE
DETOXIFICACIÓN AUMENTADA.
13. Las enzimas OFM constituyen una importante
súper familia que catalizan múltiples reacciones
oxidativas y son capaces de metabolizar una gran
variedad de sustratos endógenos y exógenos.
La resistencia a insecticidas debido al aumento en
el metabolismo oxidativo conduce a al
detoxificación y eliminación del tóxico antes de
que éste interactúe con su sitio de acción.
RESISTENCIA ASOCIADA A ENZIMAS OXIDASAS DE
FUNCIÓN MIXTA (OFM).
14. Las enzimas glutatión S - trasnsferasas (GSTs)
catalizan la conjugación de compuestos
electrofílicos con glutatión endógeno y
proporcionan una efectiva vía de excreción a
través de un producto más hidrosoluble.
Estas enzimas son relevantes en la detoxificación
de OFs, DDT y alicíclicos clorados.
RESISTENCIA ASOCIADA A ENZIMAS GLUTATIÓN
S-TRANSFERASAS
15. Estas enzimas hidrolizan la función éster presente en
las moléculas de los insecticidas OFs, CMs y
piretroides. Existen dos mecanismos generales de
resistencia con esterasas involucradas.
• Sitio de acción secundarios: lo hace a través de una
rápida unión tóxico-enzima y una lenta liberación del
insecticida hidrolizado disminuyendo la
concentración libre del tóxico.
• Actividad enzimática más eficiente: debido a
mutaciones puntuales en la estructura molecular.
RESISTENCIA ASOCIADA CON ENZIMAS
ESTERASAS.
16. Los insectos poseen la excepcional habilidad de
adaptarse rápidamente al medioambiente y bajo la
influencia de un plaguicida pueden cambiar sus
hábitos alimenticios o de resguardo de modo de
evitar el contacto con el tóxico.
Estímulo Dependiente: por ejemplo el insecto
contacta al tóxico y este es irritante para su cuerpo,
el insecto entonces lo evita.
Estímulo Independiente: es innato al comportamiento
del insecto.
MECANISMOS COMPORTAMENTALES.
17. El proceso de selección natural permite a los
insectos que poseen genes que confieren
resistencia sobrevivir y transferirlos a su
descendencia. Los individuos susceptibles no
sobreviven. Poseer dichos genes constituye una
ventaja evolutiva para esos individuos.
Como puede verse, generación tras generación los
individuos resistentes aumentan su población, y
finalmente el plaguicida resulta inefectivo.
SELECCIÓN NATURAL.
18. GENÉTICOS.
Frecuencia de genes de resistencia.
Dominancia de los genes de resistencia.
Penetración, expresión e interacciones de los genes
de resistencia.
Magnitud de la integración del genoma resistente
con los factores de la capacidad biótica.
Historia de la selección con otros insecticidas.
Factores que Afectan la Evolución de la
Resistencia.
19. BIOLÓGICOS.
Bióticos.
Número de Generaciones por año.
Descendencia por año.
Monogamia, poligamia, partenogénesis.
Comportamentales.
Aislamiento, movilidad, migración.
Monofagia, polifagia.
Supervivencia fortuita (presencia de refugios).
Factores que Afectan la Evolución de la
Resistencia.
20. OPERACIONALES.
Por el Químico.
Naturaleza química del insecticida.
Relación con otros insecticidas utilizados anteriormente.
Poder residual. Formulación.
Por la Aplicación.
Umbral de aplicación.
Estadio de la especie.
Modo de aplicación.
Selección en espacios limitados.
Alternancia en la selección.
Factores que Afectan la Evolución de la
Resistencia.
21. Preservar los genes susceptibles, para ello aplicar dosis de modo
tal que sobrevivan los fenotipos susceptibles.
Productos Químicos: se recomienda alternar los principios
activos en función del sitio de acción de los mismos.
Uso de Enemigos Naturales: los predadores y parasitoides son
importantes para mantener las poblaciones de plaga por debajo
del umbral de daño económico.
Monitoreo de la Resistencia: evaluar periódicamente la
respuesta de las poblaciones de insectos a los plaguicidas en
uso.
MEDIDAS MITIGANTES DEL DESARROLLO
DE RESISTENCIA A PLAGUICIDAS.
Recolored picture background with transparent overlay(Intermediate)To reproduce the background effects on this slide, do the following:On the Home tab, in the Slides group, click Layout, and then click Blank. Right-click the slide and then click FormatBackground.In the Format Background dialog box, click Fill in the left pane. In the Fill pane, select Picture or texture fill, and then under Insert from, click File. In the Insert Picture dialog box, select a picture, and then click Insert.Also in the Format Background dialog box, click Picture in the left pane. In the Picture pane, click the button next to Recolor, and then under Dark Variations, click Accent color 3 Dark (fourth option from the left). On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shapes, and then under Rectangles, click Rectangle (first option from the left). On the slide, drag to draw a rectangle. Select the rectangle. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Size group, do the following:In the Shape Height box, enter 7.5”.In the Shape Width box, enter 10”.On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, point to Align, and then do the following:Click Align to Slide.Click Align Center.Click Align Middle.On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click the arrow next to Shape Outline, and then click No Outline.On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click the arrow next to Shape Fill, point to Gradient, and then click More Gradients. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Fill in the left pane. In the Fill pane, select Gradient fill, and then do the following:In the Type list, select Linear.Click the button next to Direction, and then click Linear Down (first row, second option from the left).Under Gradient stops, click Add or Remove until two stops appear in the drop-down list.Also under Gradient stops, customize the gradient stops that you added as follows:Select Stop 1 from the list, and then do the following:In the Stop position box, enter 0%.Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click Black, Text 1, Lighter 5% (sixth row, second option from the left).Select Stop 2 from the list, and then do the following: In the Stop position box, enter 100%.Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click Black, Text 1, Lighter 5%(sixth row, second option from the left).In the Transparency box, enter 100%.
Recolored picture background with transparent overlay(Intermediate)To reproduce the background effects on this slide, do the following:On the Home tab, in the Slides group, click Layout, and then click Blank. Right-click the slide and then click FormatBackground.In the Format Background dialog box, click Fill in the left pane. In the Fill pane, select Picture or texture fill, and then under Insert from, click File. In the Insert Picture dialog box, select a picture, and then click Insert.Also in the Format Background dialog box, click Picture in the left pane. In the Picture pane, click the button next to Recolor, and then under Dark Variations, click Accent color 3 Dark (fourth option from the left). On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shapes, and then under Rectangles, click Rectangle (first option from the left). On the slide, drag to draw a rectangle. Select the rectangle. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Size group, do the following:In the Shape Height box, enter 7.5”.In the Shape Width box, enter 10”.On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, point to Align, and then do the following:Click Align to Slide.Click Align Center.Click Align Middle.On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click the arrow next to Shape Outline, and then click No Outline.On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click the arrow next to Shape Fill, point to Gradient, and then click More Gradients. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Fill in the left pane. In the Fill pane, select Gradient fill, and then do the following:In the Type list, select Linear.Click the button next to Direction, and then click Linear Down (first row, second option from the left).Under Gradient stops, click Add or Remove until two stops appear in the drop-down list.Also under Gradient stops, customize the gradient stops that you added as follows:Select Stop 1 from the list, and then do the following:In the Stop position box, enter 0%.Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click Black, Text 1, Lighter 5% (sixth row, second option from the left).Select Stop 2 from the list, and then do the following: In the Stop position box, enter 100%.Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click Black, Text 1, Lighter 5%(sixth row, second option from the left).In the Transparency box, enter 100%.
Recolored picture background with transparent overlay(Intermediate)To reproduce the background effects on this slide, do the following:On the Home tab, in the Slides group, click Layout, and then click Blank. Right-click the slide and then click FormatBackground.In the Format Background dialog box, click Fill in the left pane. In the Fill pane, select Picture or texture fill, and then under Insert from, click File. In the Insert Picture dialog box, select a picture, and then click Insert.Also in the Format Background dialog box, click Picture in the left pane. In the Picture pane, click the button next to Recolor, and then under Dark Variations, click Accent color 3 Dark (fourth option from the left). On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shapes, and then under Rectangles, click Rectangle (first option from the left). On the slide, drag to draw a rectangle. Select the rectangle. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Size group, do the following:In the Shape Height box, enter 7.5”.In the Shape Width box, enter 10”.On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, point to Align, and then do the following:Click Align to Slide.Click Align Center.Click Align Middle.On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click the arrow next to Shape Outline, and then click No Outline.On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click the arrow next to Shape Fill, point to Gradient, and then click More Gradients. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Fill in the left pane. In the Fill pane, select Gradient fill, and then do the following:In the Type list, select Linear.Click the button next to Direction, and then click Linear Down (first row, second option from the left).Under Gradient stops, click Add or Remove until two stops appear in the drop-down list.Also under Gradient stops, customize the gradient stops that you added as follows:Select Stop 1 from the list, and then do the following:In the Stop position box, enter 0%.Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click Black, Text 1, Lighter 5% (sixth row, second option from the left).Select Stop 2 from the list, and then do the following: In the Stop position box, enter 100%.Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click Black, Text 1, Lighter 5%(sixth row, second option from the left).In the Transparency box, enter 100%.
Recolored picture background with transparent overlay(Intermediate)To reproduce the background effects on this slide, do the following:On the Home tab, in the Slides group, click Layout, and then click Blank. Right-click the slide and then click FormatBackground.In the Format Background dialog box, click Fill in the left pane. In the Fill pane, select Picture or texture fill, and then under Insert from, click File. In the Insert Picture dialog box, select a picture, and then click Insert.Also in the Format Background dialog box, click Picture in the left pane. In the Picture pane, click the button next to Recolor, and then under Dark Variations, click Accent color 3 Dark (fourth option from the left). On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shapes, and then under Rectangles, click Rectangle (first option from the left). On the slide, drag to draw a rectangle. Select the rectangle. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Size group, do the following:In the Shape Height box, enter 7.5”.In the Shape Width box, enter 10”.On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, point to Align, and then do the following:Click Align to Slide.Click Align Center.Click Align Middle.On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click the arrow next to Shape Outline, and then click No Outline.On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click the arrow next to Shape Fill, point to Gradient, and then click More Gradients. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Fill in the left pane. In the Fill pane, select Gradient fill, and then do the following:In the Type list, select Linear.Click the button next to Direction, and then click Linear Down (first row, second option from the left).Under Gradient stops, click Add or Remove until two stops appear in the drop-down list.Also under Gradient stops, customize the gradient stops that you added as follows:Select Stop 1 from the list, and then do the following:In the Stop position box, enter 0%.Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click Black, Text 1, Lighter 5% (sixth row, second option from the left).Select Stop 2 from the list, and then do the following: In the Stop position box, enter 100%.Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click Black, Text 1, Lighter 5%(sixth row, second option from the left).In the Transparency box, enter 100%.
Recolored picture background with transparent overlay(Intermediate)To reproduce the background effects on this slide, do the following:On the Home tab, in the Slides group, click Layout, and then click Blank. Right-click the slide and then click FormatBackground.In the Format Background dialog box, click Fill in the left pane. In the Fill pane, select Picture or texture fill, and then under Insert from, click File. In the Insert Picture dialog box, select a picture, and then click Insert.Also in the Format Background dialog box, click Picture in the left pane. In the Picture pane, click the button next to Recolor, and then under Dark Variations, click Accent color 3 Dark (fourth option from the left). On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shapes, and then under Rectangles, click Rectangle (first option from the left). On the slide, drag to draw a rectangle. Select the rectangle. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Size group, do the following:In the Shape Height box, enter 7.5”.In the Shape Width box, enter 10”.On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, point to Align, and then do the following:Click Align to Slide.Click Align Center.Click Align Middle.On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click the arrow next to Shape Outline, and then click No Outline.On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click the arrow next to Shape Fill, point to Gradient, and then click More Gradients. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Fill in the left pane. In the Fill pane, select Gradient fill, and then do the following:In the Type list, select Linear.Click the button next to Direction, and then click Linear Down (first row, second option from the left).Under Gradient stops, click Add or Remove until two stops appear in the drop-down list.Also under Gradient stops, customize the gradient stops that you added as follows:Select Stop 1 from the list, and then do the following:In the Stop position box, enter 0%.Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click Black, Text 1, Lighter 5% (sixth row, second option from the left).Select Stop 2 from the list, and then do the following: In the Stop position box, enter 100%.Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click Black, Text 1, Lighter 5%(sixth row, second option from the left).In the Transparency box, enter 100%.
Recolored picture background with transparent overlay(Intermediate)To reproduce the background effects on this slide, do the following:On the Home tab, in the Slides group, click Layout, and then click Blank. Right-click the slide and then click FormatBackground.In the Format Background dialog box, click Fill in the left pane. In the Fill pane, select Picture or texture fill, and then under Insert from, click File. In the Insert Picture dialog box, select a picture, and then click Insert.Also in the Format Background dialog box, click Picture in the left pane. In the Picture pane, click the button next to Recolor, and then under Dark Variations, click Accent color 3 Dark (fourth option from the left). On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shapes, and then under Rectangles, click Rectangle (first option from the left). On the slide, drag to draw a rectangle. Select the rectangle. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Size group, do the following:In the Shape Height box, enter 7.5”.In the Shape Width box, enter 10”.On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, point to Align, and then do the following:Click Align to Slide.Click Align Center.Click Align Middle.On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click the arrow next to Shape Outline, and then click No Outline.On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click the arrow next to Shape Fill, point to Gradient, and then click More Gradients. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Fill in the left pane. In the Fill pane, select Gradient fill, and then do the following:In the Type list, select Linear.Click the button next to Direction, and then click Linear Down (first row, second option from the left).Under Gradient stops, click Add or Remove until two stops appear in the drop-down list.Also under Gradient stops, customize the gradient stops that you added as follows:Select Stop 1 from the list, and then do the following:In the Stop position box, enter 0%.Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click Black, Text 1, Lighter 5% (sixth row, second option from the left).Select Stop 2 from the list, and then do the following: In the Stop position box, enter 100%.Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click Black, Text 1, Lighter 5%(sixth row, second option from the left).In the Transparency box, enter 100%.
Recolored picture background with transparent overlay(Intermediate)To reproduce the background effects on this slide, do the following:On the Home tab, in the Slides group, click Layout, and then click Blank. Right-click the slide and then click FormatBackground.In the Format Background dialog box, click Fill in the left pane. In the Fill pane, select Picture or texture fill, and then under Insert from, click File. In the Insert Picture dialog box, select a picture, and then click Insert.Also in the Format Background dialog box, click Picture in the left pane. In the Picture pane, click the button next to Recolor, and then under Dark Variations, click Accent color 3 Dark (fourth option from the left). On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shapes, and then under Rectangles, click Rectangle (first option from the left). On the slide, drag to draw a rectangle. Select the rectangle. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Size group, do the following:In the Shape Height box, enter 7.5”.In the Shape Width box, enter 10”.On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, point to Align, and then do the following:Click Align to Slide.Click Align Center.Click Align Middle.On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click the arrow next to Shape Outline, and then click No Outline.On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click the arrow next to Shape Fill, point to Gradient, and then click More Gradients. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Fill in the left pane. In the Fill pane, select Gradient fill, and then do the following:In the Type list, select Linear.Click the button next to Direction, and then click Linear Down (first row, second option from the left).Under Gradient stops, click Add or Remove until two stops appear in the drop-down list.Also under Gradient stops, customize the gradient stops that you added as follows:Select Stop 1 from the list, and then do the following:In the Stop position box, enter 0%.Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click Black, Text 1, Lighter 5% (sixth row, second option from the left).Select Stop 2 from the list, and then do the following: In the Stop position box, enter 100%.Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click Black, Text 1, Lighter 5%(sixth row, second option from the left).In the Transparency box, enter 100%.
Recolored picture background with transparent overlay(Intermediate)To reproduce the background effects on this slide, do the following:On the Home tab, in the Slides group, click Layout, and then click Blank. Right-click the slide and then click FormatBackground.In the Format Background dialog box, click Fill in the left pane. In the Fill pane, select Picture or texture fill, and then under Insert from, click File. In the Insert Picture dialog box, select a picture, and then click Insert.Also in the Format Background dialog box, click Picture in the left pane. In the Picture pane, click the button next to Recolor, and then under Dark Variations, click Accent color 3 Dark (fourth option from the left). On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shapes, and then under Rectangles, click Rectangle (first option from the left). On the slide, drag to draw a rectangle. Select the rectangle. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Size group, do the following:In the Shape Height box, enter 7.5”.In the Shape Width box, enter 10”.On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, point to Align, and then do the following:Click Align to Slide.Click Align Center.Click Align Middle.On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click the arrow next to Shape Outline, and then click No Outline.On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click the arrow next to Shape Fill, point to Gradient, and then click More Gradients. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Fill in the left pane. In the Fill pane, select Gradient fill, and then do the following:In the Type list, select Linear.Click the button next to Direction, and then click Linear Down (first row, second option from the left).Under Gradient stops, click Add or Remove until two stops appear in the drop-down list.Also under Gradient stops, customize the gradient stops that you added as follows:Select Stop 1 from the list, and then do the following:In the Stop position box, enter 0%.Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click Black, Text 1, Lighter 5% (sixth row, second option from the left).Select Stop 2 from the list, and then do the following: In the Stop position box, enter 100%.Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click Black, Text 1, Lighter 5%(sixth row, second option from the left).In the Transparency box, enter 100%.
Recolored picture background with transparent overlay(Intermediate)To reproduce the background effects on this slide, do the following:On the Home tab, in the Slides group, click Layout, and then click Blank. Right-click the slide and then click FormatBackground.In the Format Background dialog box, click Fill in the left pane. In the Fill pane, select Picture or texture fill, and then under Insert from, click File. In the Insert Picture dialog box, select a picture, and then click Insert.Also in the Format Background dialog box, click Picture in the left pane. In the Picture pane, click the button next to Recolor, and then under Dark Variations, click Accent color 3 Dark (fourth option from the left). On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shapes, and then under Rectangles, click Rectangle (first option from the left). On the slide, drag to draw a rectangle. Select the rectangle. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Size group, do the following:In the Shape Height box, enter 7.5”.In the Shape Width box, enter 10”.On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, point to Align, and then do the following:Click Align to Slide.Click Align Center.Click Align Middle.On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click the arrow next to Shape Outline, and then click No Outline.On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click the arrow next to Shape Fill, point to Gradient, and then click More Gradients. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Fill in the left pane. In the Fill pane, select Gradient fill, and then do the following:In the Type list, select Linear.Click the button next to Direction, and then click Linear Down (first row, second option from the left).Under Gradient stops, click Add or Remove until two stops appear in the drop-down list.Also under Gradient stops, customize the gradient stops that you added as follows:Select Stop 1 from the list, and then do the following:In the Stop position box, enter 0%.Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click Black, Text 1, Lighter 5% (sixth row, second option from the left).Select Stop 2 from the list, and then do the following: In the Stop position box, enter 100%.Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click Black, Text 1, Lighter 5%(sixth row, second option from the left).In the Transparency box, enter 100%.
Recolored picture background with transparent overlay(Intermediate)To reproduce the background effects on this slide, do the following:On the Home tab, in the Slides group, click Layout, and then click Blank. Right-click the slide and then click FormatBackground.In the Format Background dialog box, click Fill in the left pane. In the Fill pane, select Picture or texture fill, and then under Insert from, click File. In the Insert Picture dialog box, select a picture, and then click Insert.Also in the Format Background dialog box, click Picture in the left pane. In the Picture pane, click the button next to Recolor, and then under Dark Variations, click Accent color 3 Dark (fourth option from the left). On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shapes, and then under Rectangles, click Rectangle (first option from the left). On the slide, drag to draw a rectangle. Select the rectangle. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Size group, do the following:In the Shape Height box, enter 7.5”.In the Shape Width box, enter 10”.On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, point to Align, and then do the following:Click Align to Slide.Click Align Center.Click Align Middle.On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click the arrow next to Shape Outline, and then click No Outline.On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click the arrow next to Shape Fill, point to Gradient, and then click More Gradients. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Fill in the left pane. In the Fill pane, select Gradient fill, and then do the following:In the Type list, select Linear.Click the button next to Direction, and then click Linear Down (first row, second option from the left).Under Gradient stops, click Add or Remove until two stops appear in the drop-down list.Also under Gradient stops, customize the gradient stops that you added as follows:Select Stop 1 from the list, and then do the following:In the Stop position box, enter 0%.Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click Black, Text 1, Lighter 5% (sixth row, second option from the left).Select Stop 2 from the list, and then do the following: In the Stop position box, enter 100%.Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click Black, Text 1, Lighter 5%(sixth row, second option from the left).In the Transparency box, enter 100%.
Recolored picture background with transparent overlay(Intermediate)To reproduce the background effects on this slide, do the following:On the Home tab, in the Slides group, click Layout, and then click Blank. Right-click the slide and then click FormatBackground.In the Format Background dialog box, click Fill in the left pane. In the Fill pane, select Picture or texture fill, and then under Insert from, click File. In the Insert Picture dialog box, select a picture, and then click Insert.Also in the Format Background dialog box, click Picture in the left pane. In the Picture pane, click the button next to Recolor, and then under Dark Variations, click Accent color 3 Dark (fourth option from the left). On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shapes, and then under Rectangles, click Rectangle (first option from the left). On the slide, drag to draw a rectangle. Select the rectangle. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Size group, do the following:In the Shape Height box, enter 7.5”.In the Shape Width box, enter 10”.On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, point to Align, and then do the following:Click Align to Slide.Click Align Center.Click Align Middle.On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click the arrow next to Shape Outline, and then click No Outline.On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click the arrow next to Shape Fill, point to Gradient, and then click More Gradients. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Fill in the left pane. In the Fill pane, select Gradient fill, and then do the following:In the Type list, select Linear.Click the button next to Direction, and then click Linear Down (first row, second option from the left).Under Gradient stops, click Add or Remove until two stops appear in the drop-down list.Also under Gradient stops, customize the gradient stops that you added as follows:Select Stop 1 from the list, and then do the following:In the Stop position box, enter 0%.Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click Black, Text 1, Lighter 5% (sixth row, second option from the left).Select Stop 2 from the list, and then do the following: In the Stop position box, enter 100%.Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click Black, Text 1, Lighter 5%(sixth row, second option from the left).In the Transparency box, enter 100%.
Recolored picture background with transparent overlay(Intermediate)To reproduce the background effects on this slide, do the following:On the Home tab, in the Slides group, click Layout, and then click Blank. Right-click the slide and then click FormatBackground.In the Format Background dialog box, click Fill in the left pane. In the Fill pane, select Picture or texture fill, and then under Insert from, click File. In the Insert Picture dialog box, select a picture, and then click Insert.Also in the Format Background dialog box, click Picture in the left pane. In the Picture pane, click the button next to Recolor, and then under Dark Variations, click Accent color 3 Dark (fourth option from the left). On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shapes, and then under Rectangles, click Rectangle (first option from the left). On the slide, drag to draw a rectangle. Select the rectangle. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Size group, do the following:In the Shape Height box, enter 7.5”.In the Shape Width box, enter 10”.On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, point to Align, and then do the following:Click Align to Slide.Click Align Center.Click Align Middle.On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click the arrow next to Shape Outline, and then click No Outline.On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click the arrow next to Shape Fill, point to Gradient, and then click More Gradients. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Fill in the left pane. In the Fill pane, select Gradient fill, and then do the following:In the Type list, select Linear.Click the button next to Direction, and then click Linear Down (first row, second option from the left).Under Gradient stops, click Add or Remove until two stops appear in the drop-down list.Also under Gradient stops, customize the gradient stops that you added as follows:Select Stop 1 from the list, and then do the following:In the Stop position box, enter 0%.Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click Black, Text 1, Lighter 5% (sixth row, second option from the left).Select Stop 2 from the list, and then do the following: In the Stop position box, enter 100%.Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click Black, Text 1, Lighter 5%(sixth row, second option from the left).In the Transparency box, enter 100%.
Recolored picture background with transparent overlay(Intermediate)To reproduce the background effects on this slide, do the following:On the Home tab, in the Slides group, click Layout, and then click Blank. Right-click the slide and then click FormatBackground.In the Format Background dialog box, click Fill in the left pane. In the Fill pane, select Picture or texture fill, and then under Insert from, click File. In the Insert Picture dialog box, select a picture, and then click Insert.Also in the Format Background dialog box, click Picture in the left pane. In the Picture pane, click the button next to Recolor, and then under Dark Variations, click Accent color 3 Dark (fourth option from the left). On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shapes, and then under Rectangles, click Rectangle (first option from the left). On the slide, drag to draw a rectangle. Select the rectangle. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Size group, do the following:In the Shape Height box, enter 7.5”.In the Shape Width box, enter 10”.On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, point to Align, and then do the following:Click Align to Slide.Click Align Center.Click Align Middle.On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click the arrow next to Shape Outline, and then click No Outline.On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click the arrow next to Shape Fill, point to Gradient, and then click More Gradients. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Fill in the left pane. In the Fill pane, select Gradient fill, and then do the following:In the Type list, select Linear.Click the button next to Direction, and then click Linear Down (first row, second option from the left).Under Gradient stops, click Add or Remove until two stops appear in the drop-down list.Also under Gradient stops, customize the gradient stops that you added as follows:Select Stop 1 from the list, and then do the following:In the Stop position box, enter 0%.Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click Black, Text 1, Lighter 5% (sixth row, second option from the left).Select Stop 2 from the list, and then do the following: In the Stop position box, enter 100%.Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click Black, Text 1, Lighter 5%(sixth row, second option from the left).In the Transparency box, enter 100%.
Recolored picture background with transparent overlay(Intermediate)To reproduce the background effects on this slide, do the following:On the Home tab, in the Slides group, click Layout, and then click Blank. Right-click the slide and then click FormatBackground.In the Format Background dialog box, click Fill in the left pane. In the Fill pane, select Picture or texture fill, and then under Insert from, click File. In the Insert Picture dialog box, select a picture, and then click Insert.Also in the Format Background dialog box, click Picture in the left pane. In the Picture pane, click the button next to Recolor, and then under Dark Variations, click Accent color 3 Dark (fourth option from the left). On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shapes, and then under Rectangles, click Rectangle (first option from the left). On the slide, drag to draw a rectangle. Select the rectangle. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Size group, do the following:In the Shape Height box, enter 7.5”.In the Shape Width box, enter 10”.On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, point to Align, and then do the following:Click Align to Slide.Click Align Center.Click Align Middle.On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click the arrow next to Shape Outline, and then click No Outline.On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click the arrow next to Shape Fill, point to Gradient, and then click More Gradients. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Fill in the left pane. In the Fill pane, select Gradient fill, and then do the following:In the Type list, select Linear.Click the button next to Direction, and then click Linear Down (first row, second option from the left).Under Gradient stops, click Add or Remove until two stops appear in the drop-down list.Also under Gradient stops, customize the gradient stops that you added as follows:Select Stop 1 from the list, and then do the following:In the Stop position box, enter 0%.Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click Black, Text 1, Lighter 5% (sixth row, second option from the left).Select Stop 2 from the list, and then do the following: In the Stop position box, enter 100%.Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click Black, Text 1, Lighter 5%(sixth row, second option from the left).In the Transparency box, enter 100%.
Recolored picture background with transparent overlay(Intermediate)To reproduce the background effects on this slide, do the following:On the Home tab, in the Slides group, click Layout, and then click Blank. Right-click the slide and then click FormatBackground.In the Format Background dialog box, click Fill in the left pane. In the Fill pane, select Picture or texture fill, and then under Insert from, click File. In the Insert Picture dialog box, select a picture, and then click Insert.Also in the Format Background dialog box, click Picture in the left pane. In the Picture pane, click the button next to Recolor, and then under Dark Variations, click Accent color 3 Dark (fourth option from the left). On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shapes, and then under Rectangles, click Rectangle (first option from the left). On the slide, drag to draw a rectangle. Select the rectangle. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Size group, do the following:In the Shape Height box, enter 7.5”.In the Shape Width box, enter 10”.On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, point to Align, and then do the following:Click Align to Slide.Click Align Center.Click Align Middle.On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click the arrow next to Shape Outline, and then click No Outline.On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click the arrow next to Shape Fill, point to Gradient, and then click More Gradients. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Fill in the left pane. In the Fill pane, select Gradient fill, and then do the following:In the Type list, select Linear.Click the button next to Direction, and then click Linear Down (first row, second option from the left).Under Gradient stops, click Add or Remove until two stops appear in the drop-down list.Also under Gradient stops, customize the gradient stops that you added as follows:Select Stop 1 from the list, and then do the following:In the Stop position box, enter 0%.Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click Black, Text 1, Lighter 5% (sixth row, second option from the left).Select Stop 2 from the list, and then do the following: In the Stop position box, enter 100%.Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click Black, Text 1, Lighter 5%(sixth row, second option from the left).In the Transparency box, enter 100%.
Recolored picture background with transparent overlay(Intermediate)To reproduce the background effects on this slide, do the following:On the Home tab, in the Slides group, click Layout, and then click Blank. Right-click the slide and then click FormatBackground.In the Format Background dialog box, click Fill in the left pane. In the Fill pane, select Picture or texture fill, and then under Insert from, click File. In the Insert Picture dialog box, select a picture, and then click Insert.Also in the Format Background dialog box, click Picture in the left pane. In the Picture pane, click the button next to Recolor, and then under Dark Variations, click Accent color 3 Dark (fourth option from the left). On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shapes, and then under Rectangles, click Rectangle (first option from the left). On the slide, drag to draw a rectangle. Select the rectangle. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Size group, do the following:In the Shape Height box, enter 7.5”.In the Shape Width box, enter 10”.On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, point to Align, and then do the following:Click Align to Slide.Click Align Center.Click Align Middle.On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click the arrow next to Shape Outline, and then click No Outline.On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click the arrow next to Shape Fill, point to Gradient, and then click More Gradients. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Fill in the left pane. In the Fill pane, select Gradient fill, and then do the following:In the Type list, select Linear.Click the button next to Direction, and then click Linear Down (first row, second option from the left).Under Gradient stops, click Add or Remove until two stops appear in the drop-down list.Also under Gradient stops, customize the gradient stops that you added as follows:Select Stop 1 from the list, and then do the following:In the Stop position box, enter 0%.Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click Black, Text 1, Lighter 5% (sixth row, second option from the left).Select Stop 2 from the list, and then do the following: In the Stop position box, enter 100%.Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click Black, Text 1, Lighter 5%(sixth row, second option from the left).In the Transparency box, enter 100%.
Recolored picture background with transparent overlay(Intermediate)To reproduce the background effects on this slide, do the following:On the Home tab, in the Slides group, click Layout, and then click Blank. Right-click the slide and then click FormatBackground.In the Format Background dialog box, click Fill in the left pane. In the Fill pane, select Picture or texture fill, and then under Insert from, click File. In the Insert Picture dialog box, select a picture, and then click Insert.Also in the Format Background dialog box, click Picture in the left pane. In the Picture pane, click the button next to Recolor, and then under Dark Variations, click Accent color 3 Dark (fourth option from the left). On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shapes, and then under Rectangles, click Rectangle (first option from the left). On the slide, drag to draw a rectangle. Select the rectangle. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Size group, do the following:In the Shape Height box, enter 7.5”.In the Shape Width box, enter 10”.On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, point to Align, and then do the following:Click Align to Slide.Click Align Center.Click Align Middle.On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click the arrow next to Shape Outline, and then click No Outline.On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click the arrow next to Shape Fill, point to Gradient, and then click More Gradients. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Fill in the left pane. In the Fill pane, select Gradient fill, and then do the following:In the Type list, select Linear.Click the button next to Direction, and then click Linear Down (first row, second option from the left).Under Gradient stops, click Add or Remove until two stops appear in the drop-down list.Also under Gradient stops, customize the gradient stops that you added as follows:Select Stop 1 from the list, and then do the following:In the Stop position box, enter 0%.Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click Black, Text 1, Lighter 5% (sixth row, second option from the left).Select Stop 2 from the list, and then do the following: In the Stop position box, enter 100%.Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click Black, Text 1, Lighter 5%(sixth row, second option from the left).In the Transparency box, enter 100%.
Recolored picture background with transparent overlay(Intermediate)To reproduce the background effects on this slide, do the following:On the Home tab, in the Slides group, click Layout, and then click Blank. Right-click the slide and then click FormatBackground.In the Format Background dialog box, click Fill in the left pane. In the Fill pane, select Picture or texture fill, and then under Insert from, click File. In the Insert Picture dialog box, select a picture, and then click Insert.Also in the Format Background dialog box, click Picture in the left pane. In the Picture pane, click the button next to Recolor, and then under Dark Variations, click Accent color 3 Dark (fourth option from the left). On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shapes, and then under Rectangles, click Rectangle (first option from the left). On the slide, drag to draw a rectangle. Select the rectangle. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Size group, do the following:In the Shape Height box, enter 7.5”.In the Shape Width box, enter 10”.On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, point to Align, and then do the following:Click Align to Slide.Click Align Center.Click Align Middle.On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click the arrow next to Shape Outline, and then click No Outline.On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click the arrow next to Shape Fill, point to Gradient, and then click More Gradients. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Fill in the left pane. In the Fill pane, select Gradient fill, and then do the following:In the Type list, select Linear.Click the button next to Direction, and then click Linear Down (first row, second option from the left).Under Gradient stops, click Add or Remove until two stops appear in the drop-down list.Also under Gradient stops, customize the gradient stops that you added as follows:Select Stop 1 from the list, and then do the following:In the Stop position box, enter 0%.Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click Black, Text 1, Lighter 5% (sixth row, second option from the left).Select Stop 2 from the list, and then do the following: In the Stop position box, enter 100%.Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click Black, Text 1, Lighter 5%(sixth row, second option from the left).In the Transparency box, enter 100%.
Recolored picture background with transparent overlay(Intermediate)To reproduce the background effects on this slide, do the following:On the Home tab, in the Slides group, click Layout, and then click Blank. Right-click the slide and then click FormatBackground.In the Format Background dialog box, click Fill in the left pane. In the Fill pane, select Picture or texture fill, and then under Insert from, click File. In the Insert Picture dialog box, select a picture, and then click Insert.Also in the Format Background dialog box, click Picture in the left pane. In the Picture pane, click the button next to Recolor, and then under Dark Variations, click Accent color 3 Dark (fourth option from the left). On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shapes, and then under Rectangles, click Rectangle (first option from the left). On the slide, drag to draw a rectangle. Select the rectangle. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Size group, do the following:In the Shape Height box, enter 7.5”.In the Shape Width box, enter 10”.On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, point to Align, and then do the following:Click Align to Slide.Click Align Center.Click Align Middle.On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click the arrow next to Shape Outline, and then click No Outline.On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click the arrow next to Shape Fill, point to Gradient, and then click More Gradients. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Fill in the left pane. In the Fill pane, select Gradient fill, and then do the following:In the Type list, select Linear.Click the button next to Direction, and then click Linear Down (first row, second option from the left).Under Gradient stops, click Add or Remove until two stops appear in the drop-down list.Also under Gradient stops, customize the gradient stops that you added as follows:Select Stop 1 from the list, and then do the following:In the Stop position box, enter 0%.Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click Black, Text 1, Lighter 5% (sixth row, second option from the left).Select Stop 2 from the list, and then do the following: In the Stop position box, enter 100%.Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click Black, Text 1, Lighter 5%(sixth row, second option from the left).In the Transparency box, enter 100%.
Recolored picture background with transparent overlay(Intermediate)To reproduce the background effects on this slide, do the following:On the Home tab, in the Slides group, click Layout, and then click Blank. Right-click the slide and then click FormatBackground.In the Format Background dialog box, click Fill in the left pane. In the Fill pane, select Picture or texture fill, and then under Insert from, click File. In the Insert Picture dialog box, select a picture, and then click Insert.Also in the Format Background dialog box, click Picture in the left pane. In the Picture pane, click the button next to Recolor, and then under Dark Variations, click Accent color 3 Dark (fourth option from the left). On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shapes, and then under Rectangles, click Rectangle (first option from the left). On the slide, drag to draw a rectangle. Select the rectangle. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Size group, do the following:In the Shape Height box, enter 7.5”.In the Shape Width box, enter 10”.On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, point to Align, and then do the following:Click Align to Slide.Click Align Center.Click Align Middle.On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click the arrow next to Shape Outline, and then click No Outline.On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click the arrow next to Shape Fill, point to Gradient, and then click More Gradients. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Fill in the left pane. In the Fill pane, select Gradient fill, and then do the following:In the Type list, select Linear.Click the button next to Direction, and then click Linear Down (first row, second option from the left).Under Gradient stops, click Add or Remove until two stops appear in the drop-down list.Also under Gradient stops, customize the gradient stops that you added as follows:Select Stop 1 from the list, and then do the following:In the Stop position box, enter 0%.Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click Black, Text 1, Lighter 5% (sixth row, second option from the left).Select Stop 2 from the list, and then do the following: In the Stop position box, enter 100%.Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click Black, Text 1, Lighter 5%(sixth row, second option from the left).In the Transparency box, enter 100%.
Recolored picture background with transparent overlay(Intermediate)To reproduce the background effects on this slide, do the following:On the Home tab, in the Slides group, click Layout, and then click Blank. Right-click the slide and then click FormatBackground.In the Format Background dialog box, click Fill in the left pane. In the Fill pane, select Picture or texture fill, and then under Insert from, click File. In the Insert Picture dialog box, select a picture, and then click Insert.Also in the Format Background dialog box, click Picture in the left pane. In the Picture pane, click the button next to Recolor, and then under Dark Variations, click Accent color 3 Dark (fourth option from the left). On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shapes, and then under Rectangles, click Rectangle (first option from the left). On the slide, drag to draw a rectangle. Select the rectangle. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Size group, do the following:In the Shape Height box, enter 7.5”.In the Shape Width box, enter 10”.On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, point to Align, and then do the following:Click Align to Slide.Click Align Center.Click Align Middle.On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click the arrow next to Shape Outline, and then click No Outline.On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click the arrow next to Shape Fill, point to Gradient, and then click More Gradients. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Fill in the left pane. In the Fill pane, select Gradient fill, and then do the following:In the Type list, select Linear.Click the button next to Direction, and then click Linear Down (first row, second option from the left).Under Gradient stops, click Add or Remove until two stops appear in the drop-down list.Also under Gradient stops, customize the gradient stops that you added as follows:Select Stop 1 from the list, and then do the following:In the Stop position box, enter 0%.Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click Black, Text 1, Lighter 5% (sixth row, second option from the left).Select Stop 2 from the list, and then do the following: In the Stop position box, enter 100%.Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click Black, Text 1, Lighter 5%(sixth row, second option from the left).In the Transparency box, enter 100%.
Recolored picture background with transparent overlay(Intermediate)To reproduce the background effects on this slide, do the following:On the Home tab, in the Slides group, click Layout, and then click Blank. Right-click the slide and then click FormatBackground.In the Format Background dialog box, click Fill in the left pane. In the Fill pane, select Picture or texture fill, and then under Insert from, click File. In the Insert Picture dialog box, select a picture, and then click Insert.Also in the Format Background dialog box, click Picture in the left pane. In the Picture pane, click the button next to Recolor, and then under Dark Variations, click Accent color 3 Dark (fourth option from the left). On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shapes, and then under Rectangles, click Rectangle (first option from the left). On the slide, drag to draw a rectangle. Select the rectangle. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Size group, do the following:In the Shape Height box, enter 7.5”.In the Shape Width box, enter 10”.On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, point to Align, and then do the following:Click Align to Slide.Click Align Center.Click Align Middle.On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click the arrow next to Shape Outline, and then click No Outline.On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click the arrow next to Shape Fill, point to Gradient, and then click More Gradients. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Fill in the left pane. In the Fill pane, select Gradient fill, and then do the following:In the Type list, select Linear.Click the button next to Direction, and then click Linear Down (first row, second option from the left).Under Gradient stops, click Add or Remove until two stops appear in the drop-down list.Also under Gradient stops, customize the gradient stops that you added as follows:Select Stop 1 from the list, and then do the following:In the Stop position box, enter 0%.Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click Black, Text 1, Lighter 5% (sixth row, second option from the left).Select Stop 2 from the list, and then do the following: In the Stop position box, enter 100%.Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click Black, Text 1, Lighter 5%(sixth row, second option from the left).In the Transparency box, enter 100%.