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ALTERNATIVAS A LA TRANSFUSIÓN ALOGÉNICAALTERNATIVAS A LA TRANSFUSIÓN ALOGÉNICA
““USO DE HIERRO Y EPO”USO DE HIERRO Y EPO”
ALTERNATIVAS FARMACOLÓGICASALTERNATIVAS FARMACOLÓGICAS
PARA ESTIMULAR LA ERITROPOYESISPARA ESTIMULAR LA ERITROPOYESIS
Tarragona, 13 y 14 de Mayo 2010
José Antonio García-Erce
Servicio Regional de Hematología y Hemoterapia
Hospital “Universitario” Miguel Servet“, Zaragoza.
Agradecimientos
Prof. Manolo Muñoz Gómez
GIEMSA. Facultad de Medicina
Universidad de Málaga
Dr. Jorge Cuenca Espiérrez
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery
University Hospital Miguel Servet, Zaragoza
Prof. Antonio Herrera Rodríguez
Cátedra Department of Orthopaedic Surgery
University Hospita Miguel Servet, Zaragoza
Dra. Elvira Bisbe
Department of Anaesthesiology
University Hospital Mar-Esperança, Barcelona
Razones para reducir el uso de las
transfusiones sanguíneas
Regan y Taylor, BMJ 2002
Shander, Semin Hematol 2004
Muñoz et al, Med Clin (Barc) 2007
 Costes de producción elevados
 Sangre humana: un recurso limitado
 TSA no está libre de riesgos:
 Errores de identificación
 TRALI
 Sobrecarga de fluidos
 Infección postoperatoria
 Recidiva de cáncer
 Normativa legal: alternativas
Hb 130-140 g/l
100
75
62
46
25
0 20 40 60 80 100
%TRANSFUSION
Hb < 110 g/l Hb 110-120 g/l Hb 120-130 g/l
Hb > 140 g/l
García Erce JA, et al. FACTORES PREDICTIVOS DE LA NECESIDAD DE
TRANSFUSION EN LA FRACTURA SUBCAPITAL DE CADERA EN
PACIENTES DE MÁS DE 65 AÑOS. Med Clin (Barc) 2003;120(5):161-6.
NIVEL DE HEMOGLOBINA Y RIESGO TRANSFUSIONAL
Nivel de hemoglobina y
Riesgo transfusional
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
TRANSFUSIÓN
Hb<120 G/L Hb 120-140 G/L Hb> 140 G/L
García-Erce JA, Solano VM, Cuenca J, Ortega P. “LA HEMOGLOBINA
PREOPERATORIA COMO ÚNICO FACTOR PREDICTOR DE LAS
NECESIDADES TRANSFUSIONALES EN LA ARTROPLASTIA DE
RODILLA”. Rev Esp Anestesiol Reanim 2002; 49: 131-5
NIVEL DE HEMOGLOBINA Y RIESGO TRANSFUSIONAL
Nivel de hemoglobina y
Riesgo transfusional
Hemoglobina(g/dL)
10
13
16
7
4
Sangrado (mL)
Umbral transfusional
• Edad
• Comorbidilidad
Peso: 80 kg
Modificado de Van der Linden et al. Vox Sang 2007
Anemia preoperatoria y transfusión
• Entre un 30% y un 50% de los pacientes quirúrgicos puede presentar
una anemia preoperatoria, causada o no por la patología motivo de
la cirugía.
• Hasta un 90% de los pacientes quirúrgicos pueden presentar anemia
postoperatoria debido al sangrado y/o la inhibición de la
eritropoyesis.
• En los pacientes quirúrgicos, la presencia de anemia se correlaciona
con un aumento de la morbi-mortalidad postoperatoria y un
descenso de la calidad de vida.
Nivel de hemoglobina y
Riesgo transfusional
“Lo primero que debemos hacer con un paciente
quirúrgico es detectar la presencia de anemia y
determinar su causas con la suficiente antelación
como para poder hacer algo con ella”
Goodnough LT et al . Anesth Analg 2005; 101: 1858-61
El tratamiento de la anemia preoperatoria ha demostrado
ser eficaz para reducir los requerimientos transfusionales
y mejorar la evolución postoperatoria y la calidad de vida
de los pacientes quirúrgicos.
Shander A et al. Am J Med 2004; 116 (suppl 7A): 58S-69S.
Nivel de hemoglobina y
Riesgo transfusional
Prevalencia de anemia preoperatoria
1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0
0
10
20
30
Male Female
6.0%
8.7%
1.5%
12.2%
4.4%
6.8%
7.8%
8.5%
15.7%
10.3%
26.1%
20.1%
1-16 17- 49 50 - 64 65 - 74 75 - 84 85+
Age group (years)
Percentwhohaveanemia
26,372 individuals
WHO criteria
Prevalencia de anemia preoperatoria
Wen-Chih Wu et al. JAMA 2007; 297: 2481 – 2488
Haematocrit < 39%
Procedure Patients (n) n %
General surgery 106 340 45 478 42.8
Urology 59 157 21 408 36.2
Orthopaedics 57 636 25 131 43.6
Periferic vascular 47 734 24 865 52.1
Thoracic 14 051 6 780 48.3
Others 25 393 9 308 36.7
Overall 310 311 132 970 42.8
Prevalencia de anemia preoperatoria
Anaemia: 18 %
Prevalencia de anemia preoperatoria
La correción de estas deficiencias es de
capital importancia para:
• Optimizar los niveles preoperatorios de Hb,
especialmente en los pacientes en tratamiento
con agentes estimuladores de la eritropoyesis.
• Acelerar la recuperación de la anemia
postoperatoria.
Documento “Sevilla”: Metodología
Spanish Consensus Statement on
Alternatives to Allogeneic Blood Transfusions
“An update of Seville’s Document”
11th
Annual Symposium
Barcelone, Spain. April 8 - 9 , 2010
H
S E
H H
S E
H H
S E
H
AABT
Seville’s document update
Scientific Societies and Panel Members
HEMATOLOGY
Enric Contreras
José A. García Erce
José A. Páramo
Carmen Fernández
Carmen Paniagua
María L. López-Fernández
Nelly Carpio
Víctor Jiménez Yuste
Ramón Salinas Argente
HOSPITAL PHARMACY
Auxiliadora Castillo Muñoz
Bruno Montoro Ronsano
José A. Romero Garrido
Fco. Javier Bautista Paloma
Mónica Izuel Rami
Eduardo López-Briz
José Antonio Martín Conde
OBSERVERS
The Societies’ Presidents
CRITICAL CARE
Ramón Leal
Manuel Muñoz
Manuel Quintana
Abelardo G. de Lorenzo
José L. Bóveda
Juan Carlos Ruiz
Pablo Torrabadella
Enrique Fdez. Mondéjar
Carmen Ferrándiz
ANESTHESIOLOGY
Marisol Asuero
Victoria Moral
Juan V. Llau
Elvira Bisbe
Carmen Gomar
Aurelio Gómez
Calixto Sánchez
María J. Colomina
Misericordia Basora
SEDAR SEFH
H
S E
H H
S E
H H
S E
H
AABT
Seville’s document update
Objective of the consensus
Target population:
Surgical or critically ill patients expected to require ABT.
Question:
How to reduce ABT rate and/or the volume of blood transfused?
Proposed interventions:
Use of pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic alternatives to ABT.
Relevant outcome:
Reduction of ABT rate and/or the volume of blood transfused.
GRADE Working Group. BMJ 2004;328:1490-7.
Evidence-Based Recommendations
Sangre autóloga
• Donacion preoperatoria
• Hemodilución
• Recuperación perioperatoria
Criterio restrictivo
de transfusión
Hb <70-80 g/L
Reducción del
sangrado
• Aprotinina
• Antifibrinoliticos
• Desmopresina
• rFVIIa
Estimulación de la
eritropoyesis
• Vitamina B12
• Acido Fólico
• rHuEpo
• Hierro
Alternativas
a la TSA
AABT
Seville’s document update
Estimulation of erythropoiesis
Iron therapy
For patients awaiting for elective surgery where significant blood
loss is expected, we suggest the administration of oral iron to
reduce ABT rate and/or volume, especially in those with iron
deficiency
- Preoperative oral iron
2B
• Several studies of patients scheduled for colorectal cancer resection
(1 RCT, 1 Obs) or lower limb arthroplasty (1 RCT, 2Obs) have
shown that preoperative supplementation with oral iron for a few
weeks increase Hb levels and reduces ABT rate.
• Preoperative oral iron therapy might also decrease postoperative Hb
fall and length of hospital stay.
PROVISIONAL (presentado en NATA 2010, Barcelona)
Transfus Med, 1997; 7:281 – 286
Iron pre-load for major joint replacement
C.M. Andrews, D.W. Lane, and J.G. Bradley
-2.5
-2.0
-1.5
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
Anaemic Control Iron
Hbfall(g/dl)
Postoperative fall in Hb
with 95% confidence limits
P=0·008
Table 4. Homologous blood transfused
Mean units
transfused
Transfusion
rate
Anaemic 2·8 4/16 (25.0%)
Control 1·8 3/40 (7.5%)
Iron 1·7 0/35 (0.0%)
Anaemic ferrous sulphate 200 mg b.d. 4-weeks
Iron: ferrous sulphate 200 mg b.d. 4-weeks
Control: no treatment
Non anaemic
Administración de hierro oral
Hierro oral preoperatorioHierro oral preoperatorio
Patients and methods: We assessed the requirements for ABT in 156 consecutive patients
undergoing surgery for primary TKR, who received iron ferrous sulphate (256 mg/day; 80
mg of Fe2+
), vitamin C (1000 mg/day) and folic acid (5 mg/day) during the 30-45 days
preceding surgery, and who were transfused if Hb <80 g/L and/or clinical signs/symptoms
of acute anaemia or hypoxemia (Group 2). A previous series of 156 TKR patients serves as a
control group (Group 1).
Administración de hierro oral
Hierro oral preoperatorioHierro oral preoperatorio
Administración de hierro oral
Hierro oral preoperatorioHierro oral preoperatorio
Administración de hierro oral
Hierro oral preoperatorioHierro oral preoperatorio
Patients and methods: We report a randomised, controlled trial of oral ferrous
sulphate 200 mg TDS for 2 weeks’ pre-operatively versus no iron therapy.
Patients diagnosed with colorectal cancer were recruited from out-patient clinic
and haematological parameters assessed. Randomisation was co-ordinated via
a telephone randomisation centre.
Administración de hierro oral
Hierro oral preoperatorioHierro oral preoperatorio
Administración de hierro oral
Hierro oral preoperatorioHierro oral preoperatorio
Administración de hierro oral
Hierro oral preoperatorioHierro oral preoperatorio
Este es un proceso que consume mucho tiempo:
• Una persona de 70 kg de peso con una Hb de 8.5 g/dL presenta un
déficit de hierro corporal de alrededor de 1600-1700 mg.
• Incluso en presencia de este grado de anemia, la maxima absorción
de hierro sería de solo 10 mg/dia
• Por lo que se necesitarían unos 6 meses de terapia con hierro oral
para corregir el déficit de hierro de este paciente.
Unos cálculos matemáticos simples!!!:
si 1 g/dL Hb = 165 mg hierro,
ante una pérdida de 3–5 g/dL de Hb,
la pérdida de hierro será = 495 – 825 mg
y podríamos administrar hasta 600 mg de hierro sacarosa por semana
¡PERIODO INACEPTABLE EN ESTA CIRUGÍA!
Administración de hierro oral
Hierro oral preoperatorioHierro oral preoperatorio
Administración de hierro IV
NATA Expert Panel on Intravenous Iron
ANAEMIA MANAGEMENT IN SURGERY –
CONSENSUS STATEMENT ON THE ROLE OF INTRAVENOUS IRON
Photis Beris, Manuel Muñoz, José A. García-Erce,
Dafydd Thomas, Alice Maniatis & Philippe Van der Linden.
Modificado de Van der Linden et al. Vox Sang 2007
“Siempre que sea clínicamente factible, en los pacientes programados
para una cirugía con alto riesgo de desarrollar anemia postoperatoria
grave, se debería determinar la hemoglobina y el status férrico, al
menos 30 días antes de la intervención. En los pacientes >60 años,
se deberían determinar también los niveles de vitamina B12 y folatos”.
Manejo de la anemia preoperatoria
 Aunque el hierro oral es el tratamiento convencional, dada
su facilidad de administración y bajo coste, el hierro IV ha
emergido como una alternativa segura y efectiva para el
tratamiento de la anemia perioperatoria.
¿Cúal es el papel del hierro IV?
Manejo de la anemia preoperatoria
 Esta indicación tiene en cuenta varios factores, como:
 Intolerancia ó contraindicación al hierro oral (eg, EII).
 Poco tiempo antes de la cirugía.
 Anemia preoperatoria grave.
 Uso de estimuladores de la eritropoyesis
 Estado inflamatorio del paciente.
 Sangrado perioperatorio estimado.
¿Cúal es el papel del hierro IV?
Manejo de la anemia preoperatoria
 Enfermedad Inflamatoria Intestinal (E. Chrön, Colitis Ulcerosa)
 Cirugía Gastro-intestinal (Obesidad mórbida, gastrectomía, etc)
 Ulcus péptico, hemorragia activa
 Anemia perioperatoria (ginecológica, cáncer colon, urológica, etc)
 Programas de autotransfusión predepósito
 Anemia en paciente nefrológico
 Anemia asociada a neoplasias o a quimioterapia
 Anemia durante el embarazo ó el puerperio
 Anemia e insuficiencia cardíaca
 Síndrome de anemia cardiorrenal
 Síndrome de piernas inquietas
Indicaciones del hierro IV?
Manejo de la deficiencia de hierro
20-30
mg/día
Músculo
(250 mg)
Médula ósea
(300 mg)
Eritrocitos
(2.000 mg)
Macrófagos SRE
(500 mg)
Hígado
(1000 mg)
Absorción intestinal de hierro
(1-2 mg/día)
Transferrina
(3 mg)
Pérdidas de hierro
(1-2 mg/día)
Hierro IV
Requerimientos de hierro
Déficit de hierro (mg) :
(Hbobjetivo – Hb actual) (g/dL) x Peso (kg) x 2.4* + 500**
*Factor: 2.4 = 0.0034 x 0.07 x 10.000
**Depósitos de hierro
***Añadir 200 mg por cada 500 mL de sangre perdida
Formulaciones de hierro IV
AABT
Seville’s document update
Estimulation of erythropoiesis
Iron therapy
For anemic patients with absolute or functional iron deficiency
awaiting for major elective surgery, we suggest the administration
of IV iron to improve Hb levels and/or decrease ABT rate.
- Preoperative IV iron
2A
• In 2 RCTs and 1 Obs study of women with anemia due to gynecological
bleeding, preoperative IV iron administration (600 mg to TID) improved
Hb levels and/or reduced ABT rate (1B).
• In 1 RCTs in colorectal cancer, IV did not increase Hb levels, but resulted
in a trend to lower ABT rate in anemic patients (22% vs. 55%)
• In 2 series of patients undergoing elective orthopedic surgery,
preoperative IV iron (900-1000 mg over 3-4 weeks) improved Hb levels.
• No clinically relevant side effect of IV iron was observed.
PROVISIONAL (presentado en NATA 2010, Barcelona)
Anemia preoperatoria
Hierro iv ± rHuEPO?
PACIENTES Y MÉTODOS: Incluimos desde inicio de 2003 hasta julio de
2004 a 27 pacientes consecutivos de cirugía ortopédica mayor
tratados con hierro sacarosa endovenoso en el preoperatorio por
intolerancia al hierro oral, mala absorción intestinal, anemia inflamatoria
crónica o déficit funcional de hierro. En 20 casos fue asociado a epoetina
alfa preoperatoria (EPO+FEV) y 7 recibieron solamente hierro endovenoso
(FEV), ya que estaban excluidos del tratamiento con epoetina por patología
cardiovascular o tromboembólica o por presentar déficit de hierro puro.
Hierro iv solo
Bisbe et al. Rev Esp Anestesiol Reanim 2005; 52: 532-40
+ 1.7 g/dL
Resultados del tratamiento
Administración de hierro IV
FEEV preoperatorioFEEV preoperatorio
Administración de hierro IV
Tasa transfusional
Control : 32%
Hierro IV: 0%
FEEV preoperatorioFEEV preoperatorio
FEEV preoperatorioFEEV preoperatorio
Administración de hierro IV
Methods: After obtaining written informed consent, 20 patients with iron deficiency anemia
received 900 mg intravenous iron sucrose over 10 days starting 4 weeks before surgery.
FEEV preoperatorioFEEV preoperatorio
Administración de hierro IV
Hierro IV preoperatorio en cirugía mayor
Hierro IV preoperatorio en cirugía mayor
Todos Cáncer colon
Histerectomía Artroplastia
Administración de hierro
EXPERIENCIA
CÁDIZ
Tratamiento
hierro vía oral
Administración de hierro
EXPERIENCIA
CÁDIZ
Tratamiento
hierro vía ev
(sacarosa)
Manejo de la anemia preoperatoria
Administración ambulatoria FEEV
Autor Tratamiento Período N Indicación Resultado
Maslovsky J (1) Fe sacarosa
Fe gluconato
4 años 57 Anemia grave ferropénica
sintomática incapaz Fe oral
Hb +2,3 g/dL
Ferritina +137 mcg/L
Bisbe E ’(2) Fe sacarosa ±EPO
(media 733 mg)
1,5 años 27 Anemia preoperatoria COT Hb +1,7 g/dL
Delfini
Cançado R (3)
Fe sacarosa
(media 1100 mg)
1 año 25 Hb < 7g/dL con intolerancia o
respuesta inadecuada Fe oral
Hb +4,33 g/dL
Ferritina +83,6 mcg/L
Abello V (4) Fe sacarosa
(1227±169 mg)
1 año 40 Anemia ferropénica Hb +5,04 g/dL
Reddy CM (5) Fe dextran 4 años 214 Anemia ferropénica Hb +2 g/dL
Theusinger (6) Fe sacarosa
(900 mg)
Ensayo 20 Anemia preoperatoria COT Hb +0,9 g/dL
Muñoz (7) Fe sacarosa
(media 1000 mg)
Multi
céntrico
80 Anemia preoperatoria Hb +2,0 g/dL
(1) Maslovsky I. Intravenous in a primare-care clinic. American Journal Hematology 2005;78:261-264. (2) Bisbe E, Rodríguez C, Ruiz A, Sáez M, Castillo J, Santiveri X. Uso
preoperatorio de hierro endovenoso. Una nueva terapéutica en medicina transfusional. Rev Esp Anestesiol Reanim 2005;52:536-40. (3) Delfini Cançado R, Buzian Brasil SA,
Gomes Noronha T, Chiattone CS. O uso intravenoso de sacarato de hidróxido de ferro III em pacientes com anemia ferropriva. Rev Assoc Med Bras 2005;51:323-8. (4) Abello
V, Solano MH, Ramirez CA, Sanabria A. Acta Med Colomb 2004;29:322-327. (5) Reddy CM, Kathula SK, Ali SA, Bekal R, Walsh M. Safety and efficacy of total dose infusion of
iron dextran in iron deficiency anaemia. Int J Clin Pract 2008; 62: 413-5. (6) Theusinger OM, Leyvraz PF, Schanz U, Seifert B, Spahn DR. Treatment of iron deficiency anemia
in orthopedic surgery with intravenous iron: efficacy and limits: a prospective study. Anesthesiology. 2007;107:923-7. (7) Muñoz M, García-Erce JA, Díez-Lobo AI, Campos A,
Sebastianes C, Bisbe E. [usefulness of the administration of intravenous iron sucrose for the correction of preoperative anemia in major surgery patients] Med Clin (Barc). 2009;
132(8): 303-6.
Barcelona `09
Anemia en cirugíaAnemia en cirugía
Barcelona `09
Anemia en cirugíaAnemia en cirugía
Manejo de la anemia con hierro IV dosis alta
• 33 pacientes, 8♂/25♀, 56 ± 24 años.
• COT, ginecología, urología, digestivo, cáncer colon, otros.
• Dosis hierro: 1400 ± 500 mg (≥ 500 mg/sesión).
• Duración: 21 ± 11 días (1-3 sesiones)
Párametro Pre-tto Post-tto p
Hemoglobina (g/dL) 9.6 ± 1.7 12.1 ± 1.6 0.001
VCM (fL) 76 ± 13 84 ± 6 0.001
HCM (pg) 25 ± 4 28 ± 3 0.001
RDW 19 ± 5 23 ± 8 0.001
Ferritina (ng/mL) 74 ± 189 335 ± 432 0.001
SatTf (%) 7 ± 7 25 ± 15 0.001
RsTf (mg/L) 3.5 ± 2.5 2.8 ± 1.7 0.044
Indice RsTf/log Ft 5.3 ± 8.7 1.2 ± 0.8 0.019
Hospital de día, Miguel Servet, Zaragoza
Manejo de la anemia con hierro IV dosis alta
• 33 pacientes, 8♂/25♀, 56 ± 24 años.
• COT, ginecología, urología, digestivo, cáncer colon, otros.
• Dosis hierro: 1400 ± 500 mg (≥ 500 mg/sesión).
• Duración: 21 ± 11 días (1-3 sesiones)
Hospital de día, Miguel Servet, Zaragoza
Diagnóstico Hemoglobina (g/dL)
n Pre-tto Post-tto p
COT 5 10.2 ± 2.6 13.1 ± 1.8 0.029
Ginecología 6 9.9 ± 1.8 12.3 ± 1.7 0.045
Urología 2 10.1 11.3
Digestivo 7 9.0 ± 0.2 11.2 ± 1.6 0.012
C. Colon 5 9.5 ± 0.6 12.3 ± 2.0 0.041
Otros 8 9.8 ± 1.3 12.5 ± 1.5 0.001
Total 33 9.6 ± 1.7 12.1 ± 1.6 0.001
AABT
Seville’s document update
Estimulation of erythropoiesis
Iron therapy
We do not recommend the use of oral iron in the early
postoperative period for reducing ABT rate or hastening the
recovery from anemia
- Postoperative oral iron
1B
• In 6 out of 7 RCTs of non iron deficiency patients who underwent
elective or non elective orthopedic surgery or cardiac surgery, oral
iron supplementation for 4-10 weeks did not improve Hb levels with
respect to placebo.
• Moreover, only 1 out of 7 RCTs patients recovered baseline Hb
levels after 8 weeks on oral iron.
• Up to 30% of patients experienced adverse side effect to oral iron
(mostly gastrointestinal). Up to 10% of patients discontinued therapy
due to side effects.
PROVISIONAL (presentado en NATA 2010, Barcelona)
Administración de hierro
Hierro oral postoperatorioHierro oral postoperatorio
Administración de hierro
Hierro oral postoperatorioHierro oral postoperatorio
Balance (día 0 – día 30) - 0,33 - 1,44
Balance (día+1- día 30) +2,03 + 1,33
Administración de hierro
Recuperación anemia post operatoriaRecuperación anemia post operatoria
FEEV FEEV+EPO
Hb (día 0 – día 30): 0,0 +1,0
AABT
Seville’s document update
Estimulation of erythropoiesis
Iron therapy
For patients undergoing orthopedic surgery expected to develop
severe postoperative anemia we currently suggest IV iron
administration during the perioperative period.
- Perioperative IV iron
2B
• NATA Consensus Statement:
Beris P, Muñoz M, García-Erce JA, Thomas D, Maniatis A, Van der
Linden P. Anaemia management in surgery—consensus statement
on the role of intravenous iron. Br J Anaesth 2008; 100: 599-604.
• No clinically relevant side effect of IV iron was observed, neither
postoperative infection or 30d mortality rates were increased.
PROVISIONAL (presentado en NATA 2010, Barcelona)
- Grade of recommendation: .
“For patients undergoing orthopaedic surgery expected to develop
severe postoperative anaemia we currently suggest IV iron
administration during the perioperative period”.
For all other surgeries no evidence-based recommendation can be
made. We strongly recommend that large prospective randomised
controlled trials are undertaken in patients undergoing surgery expected
to develop severe post operative anaemia.
Manejo de la anemia perioperatoria
Manejo de la anemia preoperatoria
Administración de hierro IV
Administración de hierro IV
Administración de hierro IV
Tasa transfusión:
4.2%
Administración de hierro IV
Manejo de la anemia perioperatoria
Autor, año N Tipo de
Fractura
Hierro IV
(mg)
Transfusión,
n (%)
Infección,
n (%)
Mortalidad 30d,
n (%)
Control
Cuenca, 2004 102 FPC --- 57 (55.9) 34 (33.3) 17 (16.7)
Cuenca, 2004 57 FSC --- 21 (36.8) 19 (33.3) 11 (19.3)
García-Erce, 2005 41 FPC, FSC --- 29 (70.7) 13 (31.4) 6 (14.6)
TOTAL 200 107 (53.5) 67 (33) 34 (17.0)
Hierro sacarosa
Cuenca, 2004 23 #
FPC 100 9 (39.1) 6 (26.1)* 3 (13.0)
Cuenca, 2004 55 #
FPC 200 – 300 24 (43.6) 9 (16.4)* 5 (8.9)
Cuenca, 2004 20 FSC 200 – 300 3 (15.0) 3 (15.0)* 0 (0.0)*
García-Erce, 2005 83 FPC, FSC 600##
20 (24.1)* 10 (12.5)* 6 (7.2)
TOTAL 181 56 (30.9)* 27 (14.9)* 14 (7.7)
RR [IC95%]
(p)
0,58 [0,45-0,74]
(p<0,001)
0,47 [0,32–
0,69]
(p<0,001)
0,45 [0,25-0,82]
(p:0,0065)
Manejo de la anemia preoperatoria
Autor, año N Tipo de
Fractura
Hierro IV
(mg)
Transfusión,
n (%)
Infección,
n (%)
Mortalidad 30d,
n (%)
Control
Cuenca, 2004 102 FPC --- 57 (55.9) 34 (33.3) 17 (16.7)
Cuenca, 2004 57 FSC --- 21 (36.8) 19 (33.3) 11 (19.3)
García-Erce, 2005 41 FPC, FSC --- 29 (70.7) 13 (31.4) 6 (14.6)
TOTAL 200 107 (53.5) 68 (34) 34 (17.0)
Hierro sacarosa
Cuenca, 2004 23 #
FPC 100 9 (39.1) 6 (26.1)* 3 (13.0)
Cuenca, 2004 55 #
FPC 200 – 300 24 (43.6) 9 (16.4)* 5 (8.9)
Cuenca, 2004 20 FSC 200 – 300 3 (15.0) 3 (15.0)* 0 (0.0)*
García-Erce, 2005 83 FPC, FSC 600##
20 (24.1)* 10 (12.5)* 6 (7.2)
TOTAL 181 56 (30.9)* 27 (14.9)* 14 (7.7)
RR [IC95%]
(p)
0,58 [0,45-0,74]
(p<0,001)
0,44 [0,29-0,65]
P<,001
0,45 [0,25-0,82]
(p:0,0065)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Control
Hierro sacarosa
*P<0.05
Pacientes(%)
*
*
*
Seguridad del hierro sacarosa: Meta-analisis
El análisis revela un descenso significativo
en la tasa de transfusión, de infección y de mortalidad
Administración de hierro IV
Hierro endovenoso postoperatorioHierro endovenoso postoperatorio
Administración de hierro IV
Hierro endovenoso postoperatorioHierro endovenoso postoperatorio
Administración de hierro IV
Hierro endovenoso postoperatorioHierro endovenoso postoperatorio
Administración de hierro IV
Hierro endovenoso postoperatorioHierro endovenoso postoperatorio
Tasa transfusión:
3/245 = 1,2%
Tasa transfusión:
5/52 = 9,6%
Carboximaltosa Férrica (Ferinject)
Administración de hierro
AABT
Seville’s document update
Estimulation of erythropoiesis
Iron therapy
For critically ill patients with expected long stay at the ICU, we
suggest that iron supplementation might prevent Hb fall and/or the
need for transfusion.
- Critically ill patients
2C
• In a RCT of 200 critically ill patients, oral iron reduced ABT rate and
volume in those with IDE.
• In another small RCT (36 patients), IV iron increased reticulocyte
counts, decreased CRP levels, and resulted in a trend to lower ABT
volume.
• Among several RCTs on the use of rHuEPO in critical care, a net Hb
increase at the end of treatment was only observed in one
administering adjuvant therapy with IV iron.
• Iron therapy did not increase the risk for infection.
PROVISIONAL (presentado en NATA 2010, Barcelona)
PROVISIONAL (presentado en NATA 2010, Barcelona)
AABT
Seville’s document update
Estimulation of erythropoiesis
Iron therapy - IV iron in other clinical scenarios
For patients with inflammatory bowell disease suffering
moderate-severe anemia we recommend the use of IV iron for
correcting anemia, reducing transfusion risk, and preventing the
recurrence of iron deficiency.
1A
For patients with severe postpartum anemia we recommend the
replenishment of TID by in-hospital administration of IV iron for
hastening the correction from anemia and reducing the exposure
to ABT.
1A
In oncology patients receiving ESAs for treating chemotherapy-
induced anemia we recommend adjuvant treatement with IV iron
1A
AABT
Seville’s document update
Estimulation of erythropoiesis
Iron therapy
 According to data from the FDA, the rates of life-threatening
ADEs and deaths associated with IV iron in CKD patients, are
much lower than those associated with ABT.
 Nevertheless, the administration of IV iron should be avoided
in patient with signs of iron overload or ongoing bacteremia.
 The availability of strong IV formulations allowing for the
administration of large single doses may greatly facilitate iron
therapy.
No recommendation can be made for the
use of vitamin B12 or folic acid to diminish
ABT rate and/or ABT volume
0
PROVISIONAL (presentado en NATA 2010, Barcelona)
AABT
Seville’s document update
Estimulation of erythropoiesis
Erythropoiesis Stimulating Agents
(ESAs)
AABT
Seville’s document update
Estimulation of erythropoiesis
Erythropoiesis Stimulating Agents (ESAs)
We recommend the preoperative use of ESAs plus iron in anemic
patients scheduled for major elective orthopedic surgery for
decreasing perioperative needs for ABT.
- Elective orthopedic surgery
1A
• The efficacy of perioperative administration of rHuEPO plus oral or
IV iron in anemic patients undergoing hip, knee or spine surgery has
been documented in several large RCTs.
• However, the minimum effective rHuEPO dose to attain a blood
sparing effect in this patient population is largely unknown, especially
when used with IV iron.
• In patients undergoing complex or revision surgery, rHuEPO may be
enhanced the efficacy of PCS or PABD (combination of techniques)
PROVISIONAL (presentado en NATA 2010, Barcelona)
Administración de EPO
EPO
Control
Reducción del 73%
en la tasa de transfusión
AABT
Seville’s document update
Estimulation of erythropoiesis
For anemic patients scheduled for cardiac surgery with
cardiopulmonary bypass we suggest preoperative ESAs use plus
iron for reducing perioperative ABT rate.
- Cardiac surgery
2B
• Several small RCTs have documented the efficacy of perioperative
administration of rHuEPO plus oral or IV iron for reducing ABT in
anemic patients undergoing on-pump cardiac procedures.
• However, there is no evidence supporting the use of rHuEPO in off-
pump surgery, whereas the evidence supporting a role for rHuEPO
in hastening the recovery from postoperative anemia in this patient
population is inconclusive.
• It must be borne in mind that this is an “off-label” use of rHuEPO.
Erythropoiesis Stimulating Agents (ESAs)
PROVISIONAL (presentado en NATA 2010, Barcelona)
Administración de EPO
Hierro y EPO perioperatorio en cirugía cardíaca
Estudio, ańo + rHuEPO Placebo Hierro
Tipo, dosis, dias
rHuEPO
(U/kg)n %ABT n %ABT
Sowade, 97 36 11 36 53* Oral, 300 mg,14d 2.500 IV
D’Ambra, 97 63 32 56 48 Oral, 975 mg, >8d 2.400 SC
D’Ambra, 97 63 28 56 48 Oral, 975 mg, >8d 1.200 SC
Shimpo, 97 21a
0 16b
31* a
IV, 4d 1.200 IV
Shimpo, 97 11 a
9 16b
31 b
Oral, 4s 600 IV
Yazicioglu, 01 25 ? 28 ?** No hierro 100 IV
* Reducción de la tasa (%) y el índice de transfusión (U/pt)
** Reducción del índice de transfusión solamente.
AABT
Seville’s document update
Estimulation of erythropoiesis
We suggest that preoperative ESAs use in anemic patients
scheduled for neoplasic colorectal surgery could decrease the
perioperative needs for allogeneic blood transfusions.
- Colorectal cancer surgery
2B
• This recommendation derives from several RCTs and Obs of
gastrointestinal cancer patients (mostly colorectal cancer) with different
rHuEPO doses and treatment duration.
• rHuEPO efficacy was increased by adjuvant IV iron therapy.
• Again, it must be remembered that this is an “off-label” use of rHuEPO
and that there are safety concerns in despite of being a short-term
therapy.
Erythropoiesis Stimulating Agents (ESAs)
PROVISIONAL (presentado en NATA 2010, Barcelona)
Administración de EPO
Estudio, año + rHuEPO Placebo Hierro
Tipo, dosis, días
rHuEPO
(U/kg)n %ABT n %ABT
Braga, 99 10 29 --- --- IV, 125 mg,15d 200
Braga, 99 10 29 --- --- IV, 125 mg,15d 400
Braga, 97 10 10 10 50* IV, 125 mg, 4d 500
Qvist, 99 38 34 43 54** Oral, 200 mg, 4d 1.350
Christodoulakis, 05 69 49 68 52 Oral, 200 mg, 10d 1.800
Kettelhack, 98 48 33 54 28 No especificado 3.000
Christodoulakis, 05 67 40 68 52** Oral, 200 mg, 10d 3.600
Kosmadakis, 03 31 29 32 59* IV, 100 mg, 14d 4.200
Hierro y EPO perioperatorio en cirugía colo-rectal
* Reducción de la tasa (%) y el índice de transfusión (U/pt)
** Reducción del índice de transfusión solamente.
AABT
Seville’s document update
Estimulation of erythropoiesis
We do not recommend the routine use of ESAs for sparing
allogeneic blood transfusions in critically ill patients without an on-
label indication for them.
- Critically ill patients
1A
• Only in one small RCT, rHuEPO + IV iron has documented a
reduction in ABT requirements when a restrictive transfusion protocol
was applied.
• In a very large multicenter RCT, rHuEPO + oral iron did not reduce
ABT rate, but there was a dose-dependent increase of the risk for
thromboembolic events in patients without thrombo-prophylaxis.
• rHuEPO reduced mortality in patients that were younger (<55 years),
less critically ill (APACHE II <20), or with admitting diagnosis of
trauma (especially TBI), but further studies are needed.
Erythropoiesis Stimulating Agents (ESAs)
PROVISIONAL (presentado en NATA 2010, Barcelona)
Administración de EPO
Administración de EPO
Administración de EPO
Administración de EPO
Administración de EPO
Administración de EPO
Administración de EPO
Administración de EPO
Georgopoulos y cols. Crit Care 2005; 9:R508-R515
EPO/1
N=51
Control
N=48
EPO/2
N=49
Hb inicial (g/dl) 9.2 ± 1.3 9.3 ± 0.9 9.3 ± 1.2
Pacientes TSA (%) 59.3 37.3* 26.5*
Transfusiones (U) 138 39* 23*
Unidades/pte 2.8 ± 3.9 0.6 ± 1.0* 0.5 ± 0.9*
Hb final (g/dL) 9.9 ± 1.5 10.7 ± 1.9* 11.6 ± 1.9*
Estancia (días) 22 ± 8 21 ± 8 20 ± 9
Supervivencia (%) 85.4 90.2 79.6
TSA: transfusión alogénica; *P<0.05 respecto a control (Hierro sacarosa 100 mg/48h)
Umbral de transfusión: Hb<7 g/dL o <9 g/dL si IM o SNC
Administración de EPO
Hemoglobina, transfusión y mortalidad
(1) Umbral transfusional, Hb <9 g/dL (hierro oral)
(2) Umbral transfusional, Hb <7 g/dL, o <9 g/dL, si isquemia miocardio o daño SNC
(hierro 100 mg/48h, iv)
*P<0.05, rHuEPO vs. control
Corwin, 2002 (1) Georgopoulos, 2005 (2)
Parámetro
Control rHuEPO Control rHuEPO
Pacientes 652 650 48 51
Transfusión (%) 60.8 50.5* 59.3 37.3*
Unidades transfundidas 1963 1590* 138 33*
Indice transfusión (U/pte) 3.0 ± 5.4 2.4 ± 4.8 2.8 ± 3.9 0.6 ± 1.0*
∆Hb observado (g/dL) 0.9 ±0.9 1.3 ± 2.0* 0.7 ± 1.5 1.4 ± 1.7
∆Hb neto (g/dL) – 2.1 – 1.1* – 2.1 + 0.8
Mortalidad (%) 18.4 17.1 14.6 9.8
AABT
Seville’s document update
Estimulation of erythropoiesis
 The use of ESAs in surgical and critically ill patients might not
be related with increased risk for vascular thromboembolic
events when associated with adequate iron supplementation
and antithrombotic prophylaxis.
 Similarly, the use of ESAs in chemotherapy-induced anemia
does not increase tromboembolic risk provided that the right
regime is used (initiate treatment when symptomatic anemia
and Hb 9-11 g/dl, target Hb 12-13 g/dl; adjuvant IV iron)
(EORCT).
- Safety concerns
Erythropoiesis Stimulating Agents (ESAs)
PROVISIONAL (presentado en NATA 2010, Barcelona)
ALTERNATIVAS A LA TRANSFUSIÓN ALOGÉNICAALTERNATIVAS A LA TRANSFUSIÓN ALOGÉNICA
““USO DE HIERRO Y EPOUSO DE HIERRO Y EPO
en pacientesen pacientes
oncohematológicos”oncohematológicos”
ALTERNATIVAS FARMACOLÓGICASALTERNATIVAS FARMACOLÓGICAS
PARA ESTIMULAR LA ERITROPOYESISPARA ESTIMULAR LA ERITROPOYESIS
José Antonio García-Erce
Servicio Regional de Hematología y Hemoterapia
Hospital “Universitario” Miguel Servet“, Zaragoza.
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INCIDENCIA ANEMIA EN ONCOHEMATOLOGÍA I
ANEMIA INDUCIDA QUIMIOTERAPIA
Ludwig H, Van Belle S, Barrett-Lee P et al. Eur J Cancer 2004;40:2293-2306
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Ludwig H, Van Belle S, Barrett-Lee P et al. Eur J Cancer 2004;40:2293-2306
INCIDENCIA ANEMIA EN ONCOHEMATOLOGÍA II
ANEMIA PACIENTE ONCOLÓGICO
MANAGEMENT PATTERNS IN EUROPE:
Anaemia is under-recognised and undertreated
ECAS data
*With or without iron
**With or without iron or transfusions
HIERRO SÓLO
6,5%
AEEs**
17.4%
Ludwig et al. Eur J Cancer 2004;40:2293–306
SIN TRATAMIENTO
61,1%
TRANFUSIÓN*
14,9%
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MANEJO ANEMIA ONCOHEMATOLOGÍA EUROPA
ANEMIA PACIENTE ONCOLÓGICO
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TRATAMIENTO ANEMIA
INDUCIDA QUIMIOTERAPIA
Principales ventajas y riesgos
TRANSFUSIÓN SANGUÍNEA • Immediate correction of anaemia1
, however associated with risks
HIERRO ORAL • None – IV iron superior to oral iron1
AGENTES ESTIMULANTES
ERITROPOYESIS (AEEs) sin hierro
• 50-70% response rate 2,3,4,5
• Reduction of transfusion requirements5,6,7
• Improvement of quality of life5,6,7,8
AEEs con hierro oral • Same advantages as without oral iron, however more side effects1, 8, 14
AEEs con hierro endovenoso • Up to 90% response rate9-12
• Correction of FID 9-12
• Reduction of transfusion requirements 9
• Improved quality of life 10
ESA=Erythropoiesis-stimulating agents, FID=Functional iron deficiency, QoL=Quality of life
1. NCCN Guidelines 2009; 2. Glaspy J, 1997; 3. Demetric GD, 1998; 4.Gabrilove JL, 2001; 5: Littlewood TJ, 2001; 6. Vansteenkiste J, 2002; 7. Bohilus J, 2006; 8.
Bokemeyer C, 2007; 9. Bastit L, 2008; 10. Auerbach M, 2004; 11. Pedrazzoli P, 2008; 12 Henry DH, 2007; 13. Hedenus M, 2007; 14. Aapro M, 2008
ANEMIA ASOCIADA A CÁNCER
(not treatment related/ or related
to other causes)
Principales ventajas y riesgos
TRANSFUSIÓN SANGUÍNEA • Immediate correction of anaemia1
, however associated with risks
AGENTES ESTIMULANTES
ERITROPOYESIS (AEEs)
• EORTC (Europe): ESAs may be given in selected patients with an Hb level
of 9–11g/dl if justified by anaemia-related symptoms and careful assessment
of need14
. (Note: In certain countries this is not an approved indication).
• NCCN (US): Underlying condition should be treated and transfusion is the
only recommended option1
AEEs con hierro endovenoso • Increases response to ESA13
However, the recommendations do not
support ESA use in cancer related anaemia (see above)
ANEMIA PACIENTE ONCOLÓGICO
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GUÍAS DE PRÁCTICA CLÍNICA
ASCO/ASH
2008
EORTC
2007
NCCN
2008
ESMO
2007
INICIO DEL
TRATAMIENTO ≤10 g/dl* 9-11 g/dl** 10-11 g/dl 9-11 g/dl
NIVELES
DIANA DE Hb
12 g/dl 12-13 g/dl 12 g/dl 12 g/dl
* Se puede considerar el uso de EPO si Hb de 10–12 g/dL, según las circunstancias clínicas
** En pacientes asintomáticos si Hb < 11,9 g/dl (grado D) en función de las circunstancias
individuales y en pacientes sintomáticos desde 9-11 g/dl (grado A).
PRESENCIA DE SÍNTOMAS
ANEMIA PACIENTE ONCOLÓGICO
GUÍAS SOCIEDADES INTERNACIONALES
Algoritmo propuestoAlgoritmo propuesto
ANEMIA PACIENTE ONCOLÓGICO
Recombinant Human Erythropoietins and
Cancer Patients: Updated Meta-Analysis of 57
Studies Including 9353 Patients
Bohlius Jet al , Journal of the National Cancer Institute 2006; 98: 708-14
Methods: Primary endpoints were on-study mortality and overall survival in
patients receiving chemotherapy, defined as all patients from studies in which =/>
70% of study population received chemotherapy, and in all cancer patients
regardless of anticancer therapy.
Data from 13,933 cancer patients enrolled in 53 studies were included in the
analysis; 38 trials including 10,441 patients used mainly chemotherapy.
Recombinant Human Erythropoiesis Stimulating Agents in Cancer
Patients: Individual Patient Data Meta-Analysis on Behalf of the EPO
IPD Meta-Analysis Collaborative Group. Bohlius et al.
Blood (ASH Annual Meeting Abstracts) 2008 112: Abstract 6
Results: Including all cancer patients ESAs increased on-study
mortality by 17% (Hazard Ratio 1.17; 1.06–1.30), with little evidence for a
difference between chemotherapy and other trials (p for interaction=0.42),
and worsened overall survival by 6% (HR 1.06; 1.00–1.12).
In the chemotherapy population on-study mortality was increased by
10% (HR 1.10, 0.98–1.24) and overall survival was worsened by 4% (HR
1.04; 95% CI 0.97–1.11).
LA AEMPS CONSIDERA NECESARIO INFORMAR A LOS PROFESIONALES SANITARIOS DE
LO SIGUIENTE:
• La administración de Epoetinas debe restringirse únicamente a las indicaciones autorizadasindicaciones autorizadas
para cada una de ellas, en las cuales elpara cada una de ellas, en las cuales el beneficio-riesgobeneficio-riesgo se mantiene favorablese mantiene favorable..
• El uso de epoetinas para el tratamiento de la anemia asociada a la IRC ó a la quimioterapia
antineoplásica debe realizarse únicamente si esúnicamente si es sintomáticasintomática y tiene un impacto en el estado dey tiene un impacto en el estado de
salud del paciente.salud del paciente.
• La concentración de Hb a alcanzar comoLa concentración de Hb a alcanzar como objetivoobjetivo debe establecerse en el intervalo dedebe establecerse en el intervalo de 10 a10 a
12 grs/dl sin superar los 12 grs/dl12 grs/dl sin superar los 12 grs/dl. Niveles superiores a los necesarios para controlar la
sintomatología del paciente o evitar la transfusión no aportan beneficios adicionales y van
acompañados de un incremento del riesgo de morbi-mortalidad.
Agencia Española de
M e d i c am e n t o s y
Productos Sanitarios
26 de junio de 2008
Recombinant Human Erythropoiesis Stimulating Agents in Cancer
Patients: Individual Patient Data Meta-Analysis on Behalf of the EPO
IPD Meta-Analysis Collaborative Group. Bohlius et al.
Blood (ASH Annual Meeting Abstracts) 2008 112: Abstract 6
Outcome Hazard Ratio
(95% CI)
P value
On-study mortality 1.10
(0.98 - 1.24)
0.12
Overall survival 1.04
(0.97 - 1.11)
0.26
Results for Cancer Patients Receiving Chemotherapy
Who Received ESAs (n = 10,441)
The majority of the cancer patients in these clinical trials were receiving
chemotherapy [75%]. In this patient population, the increase in on-study
mortality and decrease in overall survival was not significant.
For patients undergoing chemotherapy, the increased risk for death "was
less pronounced, but could not be excluded“. (Chemotherapy-induced anemia
is currently the only approved indication for the use of ESAs in cancer patients)
Design: Observational study using a state discharge database. Nonfederal
acute care hospitals in Maryland performing colorectal cancer resections
between January 1, 1994, and December 31, 2000.
Patients: We obtained data on 14 014 adult patients having a primary diagnosis
code for colorectal cancer and a primary procedure code for colorectal resection.
Main Outcome Measures: The primary outcome variable was a discharge
diagnosis of VTE.
Results: VTE occurred in 1% of patients and was associated with an adjusted
3.8-fold increase in mortality (OR 3.8; 2.1-6.8), a 61% increase in mean hospital
length of stay, and a 72% increase in mean total hospital charges.
Multivariate analysis:
RBC transfusion (OR: 1.60; 1.53-1.67) and
platelet transfusion (OR: 1.20; 1.11-1.29)
were independently associated with an
increased risk of VTE.
Both RBC transfusion (OR, 1.53; 1.46-1.61)
and platelet transfusion (1.55; 1.40-1.71)
were also associated with ATE (p<0.001).
Transfusions were also associated with an
increased risk of inhospital mortality
(RBCs: OR, 1.34; 1.29-1.38; platelets: 2.40;
2.27-2.52; p<0.001).
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Beneficio y serguridad del FEEV
en pacientes onco-hematológicos
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Metaanálisis del uso FEEV en pacientes
oncológicos tratados con EPO
TRANSFUSIÓN SANGUÍNEA
RESPUESTA HEMATOLÓGICA
Favours control Favours
treatment

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Uso de hierro y epo. alternativas a la transfusión. tarragona 2010. garcía erce

  • 1. ALTERNATIVAS A LA TRANSFUSIÓN ALOGÉNICAALTERNATIVAS A LA TRANSFUSIÓN ALOGÉNICA ““USO DE HIERRO Y EPO”USO DE HIERRO Y EPO” ALTERNATIVAS FARMACOLÓGICASALTERNATIVAS FARMACOLÓGICAS PARA ESTIMULAR LA ERITROPOYESISPARA ESTIMULAR LA ERITROPOYESIS Tarragona, 13 y 14 de Mayo 2010 José Antonio García-Erce Servicio Regional de Hematología y Hemoterapia Hospital “Universitario” Miguel Servet“, Zaragoza.
  • 2. Agradecimientos Prof. Manolo Muñoz Gómez GIEMSA. Facultad de Medicina Universidad de Málaga Dr. Jorge Cuenca Espiérrez Department of Orthopaedic Surgery University Hospital Miguel Servet, Zaragoza Prof. Antonio Herrera Rodríguez Cátedra Department of Orthopaedic Surgery University Hospita Miguel Servet, Zaragoza Dra. Elvira Bisbe Department of Anaesthesiology University Hospital Mar-Esperança, Barcelona
  • 3. Razones para reducir el uso de las transfusiones sanguíneas Regan y Taylor, BMJ 2002 Shander, Semin Hematol 2004 Muñoz et al, Med Clin (Barc) 2007  Costes de producción elevados  Sangre humana: un recurso limitado  TSA no está libre de riesgos:  Errores de identificación  TRALI  Sobrecarga de fluidos  Infección postoperatoria  Recidiva de cáncer  Normativa legal: alternativas
  • 4. Hb 130-140 g/l 100 75 62 46 25 0 20 40 60 80 100 %TRANSFUSION Hb < 110 g/l Hb 110-120 g/l Hb 120-130 g/l Hb > 140 g/l García Erce JA, et al. FACTORES PREDICTIVOS DE LA NECESIDAD DE TRANSFUSION EN LA FRACTURA SUBCAPITAL DE CADERA EN PACIENTES DE MÁS DE 65 AÑOS. Med Clin (Barc) 2003;120(5):161-6. NIVEL DE HEMOGLOBINA Y RIESGO TRANSFUSIONAL Nivel de hemoglobina y Riesgo transfusional
  • 5. 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% TRANSFUSIÓN Hb<120 G/L Hb 120-140 G/L Hb> 140 G/L García-Erce JA, Solano VM, Cuenca J, Ortega P. “LA HEMOGLOBINA PREOPERATORIA COMO ÚNICO FACTOR PREDICTOR DE LAS NECESIDADES TRANSFUSIONALES EN LA ARTROPLASTIA DE RODILLA”. Rev Esp Anestesiol Reanim 2002; 49: 131-5 NIVEL DE HEMOGLOBINA Y RIESGO TRANSFUSIONAL Nivel de hemoglobina y Riesgo transfusional
  • 6. Hemoglobina(g/dL) 10 13 16 7 4 Sangrado (mL) Umbral transfusional • Edad • Comorbidilidad Peso: 80 kg Modificado de Van der Linden et al. Vox Sang 2007 Anemia preoperatoria y transfusión
  • 7. • Entre un 30% y un 50% de los pacientes quirúrgicos puede presentar una anemia preoperatoria, causada o no por la patología motivo de la cirugía. • Hasta un 90% de los pacientes quirúrgicos pueden presentar anemia postoperatoria debido al sangrado y/o la inhibición de la eritropoyesis. • En los pacientes quirúrgicos, la presencia de anemia se correlaciona con un aumento de la morbi-mortalidad postoperatoria y un descenso de la calidad de vida. Nivel de hemoglobina y Riesgo transfusional
  • 8. “Lo primero que debemos hacer con un paciente quirúrgico es detectar la presencia de anemia y determinar su causas con la suficiente antelación como para poder hacer algo con ella” Goodnough LT et al . Anesth Analg 2005; 101: 1858-61 El tratamiento de la anemia preoperatoria ha demostrado ser eficaz para reducir los requerimientos transfusionales y mejorar la evolución postoperatoria y la calidad de vida de los pacientes quirúrgicos. Shander A et al. Am J Med 2004; 116 (suppl 7A): 58S-69S. Nivel de hemoglobina y Riesgo transfusional
  • 9. Prevalencia de anemia preoperatoria 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 0 10 20 30 Male Female 6.0% 8.7% 1.5% 12.2% 4.4% 6.8% 7.8% 8.5% 15.7% 10.3% 26.1% 20.1% 1-16 17- 49 50 - 64 65 - 74 75 - 84 85+ Age group (years) Percentwhohaveanemia 26,372 individuals WHO criteria
  • 10. Prevalencia de anemia preoperatoria Wen-Chih Wu et al. JAMA 2007; 297: 2481 – 2488 Haematocrit < 39% Procedure Patients (n) n % General surgery 106 340 45 478 42.8 Urology 59 157 21 408 36.2 Orthopaedics 57 636 25 131 43.6 Periferic vascular 47 734 24 865 52.1 Thoracic 14 051 6 780 48.3 Others 25 393 9 308 36.7 Overall 310 311 132 970 42.8
  • 11. Prevalencia de anemia preoperatoria Anaemia: 18 %
  • 12. Prevalencia de anemia preoperatoria La correción de estas deficiencias es de capital importancia para: • Optimizar los niveles preoperatorios de Hb, especialmente en los pacientes en tratamiento con agentes estimuladores de la eritropoyesis. • Acelerar la recuperación de la anemia postoperatoria.
  • 13.
  • 15. Spanish Consensus Statement on Alternatives to Allogeneic Blood Transfusions “An update of Seville’s Document” 11th Annual Symposium Barcelone, Spain. April 8 - 9 , 2010 H S E H H S E H H S E H
  • 16. AABT Seville’s document update Scientific Societies and Panel Members HEMATOLOGY Enric Contreras José A. García Erce José A. Páramo Carmen Fernández Carmen Paniagua María L. López-Fernández Nelly Carpio Víctor Jiménez Yuste Ramón Salinas Argente HOSPITAL PHARMACY Auxiliadora Castillo Muñoz Bruno Montoro Ronsano José A. Romero Garrido Fco. Javier Bautista Paloma Mónica Izuel Rami Eduardo López-Briz José Antonio Martín Conde OBSERVERS The Societies’ Presidents CRITICAL CARE Ramón Leal Manuel Muñoz Manuel Quintana Abelardo G. de Lorenzo José L. Bóveda Juan Carlos Ruiz Pablo Torrabadella Enrique Fdez. Mondéjar Carmen Ferrándiz ANESTHESIOLOGY Marisol Asuero Victoria Moral Juan V. Llau Elvira Bisbe Carmen Gomar Aurelio Gómez Calixto Sánchez María J. Colomina Misericordia Basora SEDAR SEFH H S E H H S E H H S E H
  • 17. AABT Seville’s document update Objective of the consensus Target population: Surgical or critically ill patients expected to require ABT. Question: How to reduce ABT rate and/or the volume of blood transfused? Proposed interventions: Use of pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic alternatives to ABT. Relevant outcome: Reduction of ABT rate and/or the volume of blood transfused. GRADE Working Group. BMJ 2004;328:1490-7. Evidence-Based Recommendations
  • 18. Sangre autóloga • Donacion preoperatoria • Hemodilución • Recuperación perioperatoria Criterio restrictivo de transfusión Hb <70-80 g/L Reducción del sangrado • Aprotinina • Antifibrinoliticos • Desmopresina • rFVIIa Estimulación de la eritropoyesis • Vitamina B12 • Acido Fólico • rHuEpo • Hierro Alternativas a la TSA
  • 19. AABT Seville’s document update Estimulation of erythropoiesis Iron therapy For patients awaiting for elective surgery where significant blood loss is expected, we suggest the administration of oral iron to reduce ABT rate and/or volume, especially in those with iron deficiency - Preoperative oral iron 2B • Several studies of patients scheduled for colorectal cancer resection (1 RCT, 1 Obs) or lower limb arthroplasty (1 RCT, 2Obs) have shown that preoperative supplementation with oral iron for a few weeks increase Hb levels and reduces ABT rate. • Preoperative oral iron therapy might also decrease postoperative Hb fall and length of hospital stay. PROVISIONAL (presentado en NATA 2010, Barcelona)
  • 20. Transfus Med, 1997; 7:281 – 286 Iron pre-load for major joint replacement C.M. Andrews, D.W. Lane, and J.G. Bradley -2.5 -2.0 -1.5 -1.0 -0.5 0.0 Anaemic Control Iron Hbfall(g/dl) Postoperative fall in Hb with 95% confidence limits P=0·008 Table 4. Homologous blood transfused Mean units transfused Transfusion rate Anaemic 2·8 4/16 (25.0%) Control 1·8 3/40 (7.5%) Iron 1·7 0/35 (0.0%) Anaemic ferrous sulphate 200 mg b.d. 4-weeks Iron: ferrous sulphate 200 mg b.d. 4-weeks Control: no treatment Non anaemic Administración de hierro oral Hierro oral preoperatorioHierro oral preoperatorio
  • 21. Patients and methods: We assessed the requirements for ABT in 156 consecutive patients undergoing surgery for primary TKR, who received iron ferrous sulphate (256 mg/day; 80 mg of Fe2+ ), vitamin C (1000 mg/day) and folic acid (5 mg/day) during the 30-45 days preceding surgery, and who were transfused if Hb <80 g/L and/or clinical signs/symptoms of acute anaemia or hypoxemia (Group 2). A previous series of 156 TKR patients serves as a control group (Group 1). Administración de hierro oral Hierro oral preoperatorioHierro oral preoperatorio
  • 22. Administración de hierro oral Hierro oral preoperatorioHierro oral preoperatorio
  • 23. Administración de hierro oral Hierro oral preoperatorioHierro oral preoperatorio Patients and methods: We report a randomised, controlled trial of oral ferrous sulphate 200 mg TDS for 2 weeks’ pre-operatively versus no iron therapy. Patients diagnosed with colorectal cancer were recruited from out-patient clinic and haematological parameters assessed. Randomisation was co-ordinated via a telephone randomisation centre.
  • 24. Administración de hierro oral Hierro oral preoperatorioHierro oral preoperatorio Administración de hierro oral Hierro oral preoperatorioHierro oral preoperatorio Administración de hierro oral Hierro oral preoperatorioHierro oral preoperatorio
  • 25. Este es un proceso que consume mucho tiempo: • Una persona de 70 kg de peso con una Hb de 8.5 g/dL presenta un déficit de hierro corporal de alrededor de 1600-1700 mg. • Incluso en presencia de este grado de anemia, la maxima absorción de hierro sería de solo 10 mg/dia • Por lo que se necesitarían unos 6 meses de terapia con hierro oral para corregir el déficit de hierro de este paciente. Unos cálculos matemáticos simples!!!: si 1 g/dL Hb = 165 mg hierro, ante una pérdida de 3–5 g/dL de Hb, la pérdida de hierro será = 495 – 825 mg y podríamos administrar hasta 600 mg de hierro sacarosa por semana ¡PERIODO INACEPTABLE EN ESTA CIRUGÍA! Administración de hierro oral Hierro oral preoperatorioHierro oral preoperatorio
  • 26. Administración de hierro IV NATA Expert Panel on Intravenous Iron ANAEMIA MANAGEMENT IN SURGERY – CONSENSUS STATEMENT ON THE ROLE OF INTRAVENOUS IRON Photis Beris, Manuel Muñoz, José A. García-Erce, Dafydd Thomas, Alice Maniatis & Philippe Van der Linden. Modificado de Van der Linden et al. Vox Sang 2007 “Siempre que sea clínicamente factible, en los pacientes programados para una cirugía con alto riesgo de desarrollar anemia postoperatoria grave, se debería determinar la hemoglobina y el status férrico, al menos 30 días antes de la intervención. En los pacientes >60 años, se deberían determinar también los niveles de vitamina B12 y folatos”.
  • 27. Manejo de la anemia preoperatoria  Aunque el hierro oral es el tratamiento convencional, dada su facilidad de administración y bajo coste, el hierro IV ha emergido como una alternativa segura y efectiva para el tratamiento de la anemia perioperatoria. ¿Cúal es el papel del hierro IV?
  • 28. Manejo de la anemia preoperatoria  Esta indicación tiene en cuenta varios factores, como:  Intolerancia ó contraindicación al hierro oral (eg, EII).  Poco tiempo antes de la cirugía.  Anemia preoperatoria grave.  Uso de estimuladores de la eritropoyesis  Estado inflamatorio del paciente.  Sangrado perioperatorio estimado. ¿Cúal es el papel del hierro IV?
  • 29. Manejo de la anemia preoperatoria  Enfermedad Inflamatoria Intestinal (E. Chrön, Colitis Ulcerosa)  Cirugía Gastro-intestinal (Obesidad mórbida, gastrectomía, etc)  Ulcus péptico, hemorragia activa  Anemia perioperatoria (ginecológica, cáncer colon, urológica, etc)  Programas de autotransfusión predepósito  Anemia en paciente nefrológico  Anemia asociada a neoplasias o a quimioterapia  Anemia durante el embarazo ó el puerperio  Anemia e insuficiencia cardíaca  Síndrome de anemia cardiorrenal  Síndrome de piernas inquietas Indicaciones del hierro IV?
  • 30. Manejo de la deficiencia de hierro 20-30 mg/día Músculo (250 mg) Médula ósea (300 mg) Eritrocitos (2.000 mg) Macrófagos SRE (500 mg) Hígado (1000 mg) Absorción intestinal de hierro (1-2 mg/día) Transferrina (3 mg) Pérdidas de hierro (1-2 mg/día) Hierro IV
  • 31. Requerimientos de hierro Déficit de hierro (mg) : (Hbobjetivo – Hb actual) (g/dL) x Peso (kg) x 2.4* + 500** *Factor: 2.4 = 0.0034 x 0.07 x 10.000 **Depósitos de hierro ***Añadir 200 mg por cada 500 mL de sangre perdida
  • 33. AABT Seville’s document update Estimulation of erythropoiesis Iron therapy For anemic patients with absolute or functional iron deficiency awaiting for major elective surgery, we suggest the administration of IV iron to improve Hb levels and/or decrease ABT rate. - Preoperative IV iron 2A • In 2 RCTs and 1 Obs study of women with anemia due to gynecological bleeding, preoperative IV iron administration (600 mg to TID) improved Hb levels and/or reduced ABT rate (1B). • In 1 RCTs in colorectal cancer, IV did not increase Hb levels, but resulted in a trend to lower ABT rate in anemic patients (22% vs. 55%) • In 2 series of patients undergoing elective orthopedic surgery, preoperative IV iron (900-1000 mg over 3-4 weeks) improved Hb levels. • No clinically relevant side effect of IV iron was observed. PROVISIONAL (presentado en NATA 2010, Barcelona)
  • 34. Anemia preoperatoria Hierro iv ± rHuEPO? PACIENTES Y MÉTODOS: Incluimos desde inicio de 2003 hasta julio de 2004 a 27 pacientes consecutivos de cirugía ortopédica mayor tratados con hierro sacarosa endovenoso en el preoperatorio por intolerancia al hierro oral, mala absorción intestinal, anemia inflamatoria crónica o déficit funcional de hierro. En 20 casos fue asociado a epoetina alfa preoperatoria (EPO+FEV) y 7 recibieron solamente hierro endovenoso (FEV), ya que estaban excluidos del tratamiento con epoetina por patología cardiovascular o tromboembólica o por presentar déficit de hierro puro.
  • 35. Hierro iv solo Bisbe et al. Rev Esp Anestesiol Reanim 2005; 52: 532-40 + 1.7 g/dL Resultados del tratamiento
  • 36. Administración de hierro IV FEEV preoperatorioFEEV preoperatorio
  • 37. Administración de hierro IV Tasa transfusional Control : 32% Hierro IV: 0% FEEV preoperatorioFEEV preoperatorio
  • 38. FEEV preoperatorioFEEV preoperatorio Administración de hierro IV Methods: After obtaining written informed consent, 20 patients with iron deficiency anemia received 900 mg intravenous iron sucrose over 10 days starting 4 weeks before surgery.
  • 40. Hierro IV preoperatorio en cirugía mayor
  • 41. Hierro IV preoperatorio en cirugía mayor Todos Cáncer colon Histerectomía Artroplastia
  • 44. Manejo de la anemia preoperatoria Administración ambulatoria FEEV Autor Tratamiento Período N Indicación Resultado Maslovsky J (1) Fe sacarosa Fe gluconato 4 años 57 Anemia grave ferropénica sintomática incapaz Fe oral Hb +2,3 g/dL Ferritina +137 mcg/L Bisbe E ’(2) Fe sacarosa ±EPO (media 733 mg) 1,5 años 27 Anemia preoperatoria COT Hb +1,7 g/dL Delfini Cançado R (3) Fe sacarosa (media 1100 mg) 1 año 25 Hb < 7g/dL con intolerancia o respuesta inadecuada Fe oral Hb +4,33 g/dL Ferritina +83,6 mcg/L Abello V (4) Fe sacarosa (1227±169 mg) 1 año 40 Anemia ferropénica Hb +5,04 g/dL Reddy CM (5) Fe dextran 4 años 214 Anemia ferropénica Hb +2 g/dL Theusinger (6) Fe sacarosa (900 mg) Ensayo 20 Anemia preoperatoria COT Hb +0,9 g/dL Muñoz (7) Fe sacarosa (media 1000 mg) Multi céntrico 80 Anemia preoperatoria Hb +2,0 g/dL (1) Maslovsky I. Intravenous in a primare-care clinic. American Journal Hematology 2005;78:261-264. (2) Bisbe E, Rodríguez C, Ruiz A, Sáez M, Castillo J, Santiveri X. Uso preoperatorio de hierro endovenoso. Una nueva terapéutica en medicina transfusional. Rev Esp Anestesiol Reanim 2005;52:536-40. (3) Delfini Cançado R, Buzian Brasil SA, Gomes Noronha T, Chiattone CS. O uso intravenoso de sacarato de hidróxido de ferro III em pacientes com anemia ferropriva. Rev Assoc Med Bras 2005;51:323-8. (4) Abello V, Solano MH, Ramirez CA, Sanabria A. Acta Med Colomb 2004;29:322-327. (5) Reddy CM, Kathula SK, Ali SA, Bekal R, Walsh M. Safety and efficacy of total dose infusion of iron dextran in iron deficiency anaemia. Int J Clin Pract 2008; 62: 413-5. (6) Theusinger OM, Leyvraz PF, Schanz U, Seifert B, Spahn DR. Treatment of iron deficiency anemia in orthopedic surgery with intravenous iron: efficacy and limits: a prospective study. Anesthesiology. 2007;107:923-7. (7) Muñoz M, García-Erce JA, Díez-Lobo AI, Campos A, Sebastianes C, Bisbe E. [usefulness of the administration of intravenous iron sucrose for the correction of preoperative anemia in major surgery patients] Med Clin (Barc). 2009; 132(8): 303-6.
  • 45. Barcelona `09 Anemia en cirugíaAnemia en cirugía
  • 46. Barcelona `09 Anemia en cirugíaAnemia en cirugía
  • 47. Manejo de la anemia con hierro IV dosis alta • 33 pacientes, 8♂/25♀, 56 ± 24 años. • COT, ginecología, urología, digestivo, cáncer colon, otros. • Dosis hierro: 1400 ± 500 mg (≥ 500 mg/sesión). • Duración: 21 ± 11 días (1-3 sesiones) Párametro Pre-tto Post-tto p Hemoglobina (g/dL) 9.6 ± 1.7 12.1 ± 1.6 0.001 VCM (fL) 76 ± 13 84 ± 6 0.001 HCM (pg) 25 ± 4 28 ± 3 0.001 RDW 19 ± 5 23 ± 8 0.001 Ferritina (ng/mL) 74 ± 189 335 ± 432 0.001 SatTf (%) 7 ± 7 25 ± 15 0.001 RsTf (mg/L) 3.5 ± 2.5 2.8 ± 1.7 0.044 Indice RsTf/log Ft 5.3 ± 8.7 1.2 ± 0.8 0.019 Hospital de día, Miguel Servet, Zaragoza
  • 48. Manejo de la anemia con hierro IV dosis alta • 33 pacientes, 8♂/25♀, 56 ± 24 años. • COT, ginecología, urología, digestivo, cáncer colon, otros. • Dosis hierro: 1400 ± 500 mg (≥ 500 mg/sesión). • Duración: 21 ± 11 días (1-3 sesiones) Hospital de día, Miguel Servet, Zaragoza Diagnóstico Hemoglobina (g/dL) n Pre-tto Post-tto p COT 5 10.2 ± 2.6 13.1 ± 1.8 0.029 Ginecología 6 9.9 ± 1.8 12.3 ± 1.7 0.045 Urología 2 10.1 11.3 Digestivo 7 9.0 ± 0.2 11.2 ± 1.6 0.012 C. Colon 5 9.5 ± 0.6 12.3 ± 2.0 0.041 Otros 8 9.8 ± 1.3 12.5 ± 1.5 0.001 Total 33 9.6 ± 1.7 12.1 ± 1.6 0.001
  • 49. AABT Seville’s document update Estimulation of erythropoiesis Iron therapy We do not recommend the use of oral iron in the early postoperative period for reducing ABT rate or hastening the recovery from anemia - Postoperative oral iron 1B • In 6 out of 7 RCTs of non iron deficiency patients who underwent elective or non elective orthopedic surgery or cardiac surgery, oral iron supplementation for 4-10 weeks did not improve Hb levels with respect to placebo. • Moreover, only 1 out of 7 RCTs patients recovered baseline Hb levels after 8 weeks on oral iron. • Up to 30% of patients experienced adverse side effect to oral iron (mostly gastrointestinal). Up to 10% of patients discontinued therapy due to side effects. PROVISIONAL (presentado en NATA 2010, Barcelona)
  • 50. Administración de hierro Hierro oral postoperatorioHierro oral postoperatorio
  • 51. Administración de hierro Hierro oral postoperatorioHierro oral postoperatorio Balance (día 0 – día 30) - 0,33 - 1,44 Balance (día+1- día 30) +2,03 + 1,33
  • 52. Administración de hierro Recuperación anemia post operatoriaRecuperación anemia post operatoria FEEV FEEV+EPO Hb (día 0 – día 30): 0,0 +1,0
  • 53. AABT Seville’s document update Estimulation of erythropoiesis Iron therapy For patients undergoing orthopedic surgery expected to develop severe postoperative anemia we currently suggest IV iron administration during the perioperative period. - Perioperative IV iron 2B • NATA Consensus Statement: Beris P, Muñoz M, García-Erce JA, Thomas D, Maniatis A, Van der Linden P. Anaemia management in surgery—consensus statement on the role of intravenous iron. Br J Anaesth 2008; 100: 599-604. • No clinically relevant side effect of IV iron was observed, neither postoperative infection or 30d mortality rates were increased. PROVISIONAL (presentado en NATA 2010, Barcelona)
  • 54. - Grade of recommendation: . “For patients undergoing orthopaedic surgery expected to develop severe postoperative anaemia we currently suggest IV iron administration during the perioperative period”. For all other surgeries no evidence-based recommendation can be made. We strongly recommend that large prospective randomised controlled trials are undertaken in patients undergoing surgery expected to develop severe post operative anaemia. Manejo de la anemia perioperatoria
  • 55. Manejo de la anemia preoperatoria
  • 60. Manejo de la anemia perioperatoria Autor, año N Tipo de Fractura Hierro IV (mg) Transfusión, n (%) Infección, n (%) Mortalidad 30d, n (%) Control Cuenca, 2004 102 FPC --- 57 (55.9) 34 (33.3) 17 (16.7) Cuenca, 2004 57 FSC --- 21 (36.8) 19 (33.3) 11 (19.3) García-Erce, 2005 41 FPC, FSC --- 29 (70.7) 13 (31.4) 6 (14.6) TOTAL 200 107 (53.5) 67 (33) 34 (17.0) Hierro sacarosa Cuenca, 2004 23 # FPC 100 9 (39.1) 6 (26.1)* 3 (13.0) Cuenca, 2004 55 # FPC 200 – 300 24 (43.6) 9 (16.4)* 5 (8.9) Cuenca, 2004 20 FSC 200 – 300 3 (15.0) 3 (15.0)* 0 (0.0)* García-Erce, 2005 83 FPC, FSC 600## 20 (24.1)* 10 (12.5)* 6 (7.2) TOTAL 181 56 (30.9)* 27 (14.9)* 14 (7.7) RR [IC95%] (p) 0,58 [0,45-0,74] (p<0,001) 0,47 [0,32– 0,69] (p<0,001) 0,45 [0,25-0,82] (p:0,0065)
  • 61. Manejo de la anemia preoperatoria Autor, año N Tipo de Fractura Hierro IV (mg) Transfusión, n (%) Infección, n (%) Mortalidad 30d, n (%) Control Cuenca, 2004 102 FPC --- 57 (55.9) 34 (33.3) 17 (16.7) Cuenca, 2004 57 FSC --- 21 (36.8) 19 (33.3) 11 (19.3) García-Erce, 2005 41 FPC, FSC --- 29 (70.7) 13 (31.4) 6 (14.6) TOTAL 200 107 (53.5) 68 (34) 34 (17.0) Hierro sacarosa Cuenca, 2004 23 # FPC 100 9 (39.1) 6 (26.1)* 3 (13.0) Cuenca, 2004 55 # FPC 200 – 300 24 (43.6) 9 (16.4)* 5 (8.9) Cuenca, 2004 20 FSC 200 – 300 3 (15.0) 3 (15.0)* 0 (0.0)* García-Erce, 2005 83 FPC, FSC 600## 20 (24.1)* 10 (12.5)* 6 (7.2) TOTAL 181 56 (30.9)* 27 (14.9)* 14 (7.7) RR [IC95%] (p) 0,58 [0,45-0,74] (p<0,001) 0,44 [0,29-0,65] P<,001 0,45 [0,25-0,82] (p:0,0065) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Control Hierro sacarosa *P<0.05 Pacientes(%) * * * Seguridad del hierro sacarosa: Meta-analisis El análisis revela un descenso significativo en la tasa de transfusión, de infección y de mortalidad
  • 62. Administración de hierro IV Hierro endovenoso postoperatorioHierro endovenoso postoperatorio
  • 63. Administración de hierro IV Hierro endovenoso postoperatorioHierro endovenoso postoperatorio
  • 64. Administración de hierro IV Hierro endovenoso postoperatorioHierro endovenoso postoperatorio
  • 65. Administración de hierro IV Hierro endovenoso postoperatorioHierro endovenoso postoperatorio Tasa transfusión: 3/245 = 1,2% Tasa transfusión: 5/52 = 9,6%
  • 67. AABT Seville’s document update Estimulation of erythropoiesis Iron therapy For critically ill patients with expected long stay at the ICU, we suggest that iron supplementation might prevent Hb fall and/or the need for transfusion. - Critically ill patients 2C • In a RCT of 200 critically ill patients, oral iron reduced ABT rate and volume in those with IDE. • In another small RCT (36 patients), IV iron increased reticulocyte counts, decreased CRP levels, and resulted in a trend to lower ABT volume. • Among several RCTs on the use of rHuEPO in critical care, a net Hb increase at the end of treatment was only observed in one administering adjuvant therapy with IV iron. • Iron therapy did not increase the risk for infection. PROVISIONAL (presentado en NATA 2010, Barcelona)
  • 68. PROVISIONAL (presentado en NATA 2010, Barcelona) AABT Seville’s document update Estimulation of erythropoiesis Iron therapy - IV iron in other clinical scenarios For patients with inflammatory bowell disease suffering moderate-severe anemia we recommend the use of IV iron for correcting anemia, reducing transfusion risk, and preventing the recurrence of iron deficiency. 1A For patients with severe postpartum anemia we recommend the replenishment of TID by in-hospital administration of IV iron for hastening the correction from anemia and reducing the exposure to ABT. 1A In oncology patients receiving ESAs for treating chemotherapy- induced anemia we recommend adjuvant treatement with IV iron 1A
  • 69. AABT Seville’s document update Estimulation of erythropoiesis Iron therapy  According to data from the FDA, the rates of life-threatening ADEs and deaths associated with IV iron in CKD patients, are much lower than those associated with ABT.  Nevertheless, the administration of IV iron should be avoided in patient with signs of iron overload or ongoing bacteremia.  The availability of strong IV formulations allowing for the administration of large single doses may greatly facilitate iron therapy. No recommendation can be made for the use of vitamin B12 or folic acid to diminish ABT rate and/or ABT volume 0 PROVISIONAL (presentado en NATA 2010, Barcelona)
  • 70. AABT Seville’s document update Estimulation of erythropoiesis Erythropoiesis Stimulating Agents (ESAs)
  • 71. AABT Seville’s document update Estimulation of erythropoiesis Erythropoiesis Stimulating Agents (ESAs) We recommend the preoperative use of ESAs plus iron in anemic patients scheduled for major elective orthopedic surgery for decreasing perioperative needs for ABT. - Elective orthopedic surgery 1A • The efficacy of perioperative administration of rHuEPO plus oral or IV iron in anemic patients undergoing hip, knee or spine surgery has been documented in several large RCTs. • However, the minimum effective rHuEPO dose to attain a blood sparing effect in this patient population is largely unknown, especially when used with IV iron. • In patients undergoing complex or revision surgery, rHuEPO may be enhanced the efficacy of PCS or PABD (combination of techniques) PROVISIONAL (presentado en NATA 2010, Barcelona)
  • 72. Administración de EPO EPO Control Reducción del 73% en la tasa de transfusión
  • 73. AABT Seville’s document update Estimulation of erythropoiesis For anemic patients scheduled for cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass we suggest preoperative ESAs use plus iron for reducing perioperative ABT rate. - Cardiac surgery 2B • Several small RCTs have documented the efficacy of perioperative administration of rHuEPO plus oral or IV iron for reducing ABT in anemic patients undergoing on-pump cardiac procedures. • However, there is no evidence supporting the use of rHuEPO in off- pump surgery, whereas the evidence supporting a role for rHuEPO in hastening the recovery from postoperative anemia in this patient population is inconclusive. • It must be borne in mind that this is an “off-label” use of rHuEPO. Erythropoiesis Stimulating Agents (ESAs) PROVISIONAL (presentado en NATA 2010, Barcelona)
  • 74. Administración de EPO Hierro y EPO perioperatorio en cirugía cardíaca Estudio, ańo + rHuEPO Placebo Hierro Tipo, dosis, dias rHuEPO (U/kg)n %ABT n %ABT Sowade, 97 36 11 36 53* Oral, 300 mg,14d 2.500 IV D’Ambra, 97 63 32 56 48 Oral, 975 mg, >8d 2.400 SC D’Ambra, 97 63 28 56 48 Oral, 975 mg, >8d 1.200 SC Shimpo, 97 21a 0 16b 31* a IV, 4d 1.200 IV Shimpo, 97 11 a 9 16b 31 b Oral, 4s 600 IV Yazicioglu, 01 25 ? 28 ?** No hierro 100 IV * Reducción de la tasa (%) y el índice de transfusión (U/pt) ** Reducción del índice de transfusión solamente.
  • 75. AABT Seville’s document update Estimulation of erythropoiesis We suggest that preoperative ESAs use in anemic patients scheduled for neoplasic colorectal surgery could decrease the perioperative needs for allogeneic blood transfusions. - Colorectal cancer surgery 2B • This recommendation derives from several RCTs and Obs of gastrointestinal cancer patients (mostly colorectal cancer) with different rHuEPO doses and treatment duration. • rHuEPO efficacy was increased by adjuvant IV iron therapy. • Again, it must be remembered that this is an “off-label” use of rHuEPO and that there are safety concerns in despite of being a short-term therapy. Erythropoiesis Stimulating Agents (ESAs) PROVISIONAL (presentado en NATA 2010, Barcelona)
  • 76. Administración de EPO Estudio, año + rHuEPO Placebo Hierro Tipo, dosis, días rHuEPO (U/kg)n %ABT n %ABT Braga, 99 10 29 --- --- IV, 125 mg,15d 200 Braga, 99 10 29 --- --- IV, 125 mg,15d 400 Braga, 97 10 10 10 50* IV, 125 mg, 4d 500 Qvist, 99 38 34 43 54** Oral, 200 mg, 4d 1.350 Christodoulakis, 05 69 49 68 52 Oral, 200 mg, 10d 1.800 Kettelhack, 98 48 33 54 28 No especificado 3.000 Christodoulakis, 05 67 40 68 52** Oral, 200 mg, 10d 3.600 Kosmadakis, 03 31 29 32 59* IV, 100 mg, 14d 4.200 Hierro y EPO perioperatorio en cirugía colo-rectal * Reducción de la tasa (%) y el índice de transfusión (U/pt) ** Reducción del índice de transfusión solamente.
  • 77. AABT Seville’s document update Estimulation of erythropoiesis We do not recommend the routine use of ESAs for sparing allogeneic blood transfusions in critically ill patients without an on- label indication for them. - Critically ill patients 1A • Only in one small RCT, rHuEPO + IV iron has documented a reduction in ABT requirements when a restrictive transfusion protocol was applied. • In a very large multicenter RCT, rHuEPO + oral iron did not reduce ABT rate, but there was a dose-dependent increase of the risk for thromboembolic events in patients without thrombo-prophylaxis. • rHuEPO reduced mortality in patients that were younger (<55 years), less critically ill (APACHE II <20), or with admitting diagnosis of trauma (especially TBI), but further studies are needed. Erythropoiesis Stimulating Agents (ESAs) PROVISIONAL (presentado en NATA 2010, Barcelona)
  • 85. Administración de EPO Georgopoulos y cols. Crit Care 2005; 9:R508-R515 EPO/1 N=51 Control N=48 EPO/2 N=49 Hb inicial (g/dl) 9.2 ± 1.3 9.3 ± 0.9 9.3 ± 1.2 Pacientes TSA (%) 59.3 37.3* 26.5* Transfusiones (U) 138 39* 23* Unidades/pte 2.8 ± 3.9 0.6 ± 1.0* 0.5 ± 0.9* Hb final (g/dL) 9.9 ± 1.5 10.7 ± 1.9* 11.6 ± 1.9* Estancia (días) 22 ± 8 21 ± 8 20 ± 9 Supervivencia (%) 85.4 90.2 79.6 TSA: transfusión alogénica; *P<0.05 respecto a control (Hierro sacarosa 100 mg/48h) Umbral de transfusión: Hb<7 g/dL o <9 g/dL si IM o SNC
  • 86. Administración de EPO Hemoglobina, transfusión y mortalidad (1) Umbral transfusional, Hb <9 g/dL (hierro oral) (2) Umbral transfusional, Hb <7 g/dL, o <9 g/dL, si isquemia miocardio o daño SNC (hierro 100 mg/48h, iv) *P<0.05, rHuEPO vs. control Corwin, 2002 (1) Georgopoulos, 2005 (2) Parámetro Control rHuEPO Control rHuEPO Pacientes 652 650 48 51 Transfusión (%) 60.8 50.5* 59.3 37.3* Unidades transfundidas 1963 1590* 138 33* Indice transfusión (U/pte) 3.0 ± 5.4 2.4 ± 4.8 2.8 ± 3.9 0.6 ± 1.0* ∆Hb observado (g/dL) 0.9 ±0.9 1.3 ± 2.0* 0.7 ± 1.5 1.4 ± 1.7 ∆Hb neto (g/dL) – 2.1 – 1.1* – 2.1 + 0.8 Mortalidad (%) 18.4 17.1 14.6 9.8
  • 87. AABT Seville’s document update Estimulation of erythropoiesis  The use of ESAs in surgical and critically ill patients might not be related with increased risk for vascular thromboembolic events when associated with adequate iron supplementation and antithrombotic prophylaxis.  Similarly, the use of ESAs in chemotherapy-induced anemia does not increase tromboembolic risk provided that the right regime is used (initiate treatment when symptomatic anemia and Hb 9-11 g/dl, target Hb 12-13 g/dl; adjuvant IV iron) (EORCT). - Safety concerns Erythropoiesis Stimulating Agents (ESAs) PROVISIONAL (presentado en NATA 2010, Barcelona)
  • 88. ALTERNATIVAS A LA TRANSFUSIÓN ALOGÉNICAALTERNATIVAS A LA TRANSFUSIÓN ALOGÉNICA ““USO DE HIERRO Y EPOUSO DE HIERRO Y EPO en pacientesen pacientes oncohematológicos”oncohematológicos” ALTERNATIVAS FARMACOLÓGICASALTERNATIVAS FARMACOLÓGICAS PARA ESTIMULAR LA ERITROPOYESISPARA ESTIMULAR LA ERITROPOYESIS José Antonio García-Erce Servicio Regional de Hematología y Hemoterapia Hospital “Universitario” Miguel Servet“, Zaragoza.
  • 89. A W G E INCIDENCIA ANEMIA EN ONCOHEMATOLOGÍA I ANEMIA INDUCIDA QUIMIOTERAPIA Ludwig H, Van Belle S, Barrett-Lee P et al. Eur J Cancer 2004;40:2293-2306
  • 90. A W G E Ludwig H, Van Belle S, Barrett-Lee P et al. Eur J Cancer 2004;40:2293-2306 INCIDENCIA ANEMIA EN ONCOHEMATOLOGÍA II ANEMIA PACIENTE ONCOLÓGICO
  • 91. MANAGEMENT PATTERNS IN EUROPE: Anaemia is under-recognised and undertreated ECAS data *With or without iron **With or without iron or transfusions HIERRO SÓLO 6,5% AEEs** 17.4% Ludwig et al. Eur J Cancer 2004;40:2293–306 SIN TRATAMIENTO 61,1% TRANFUSIÓN* 14,9% A W G E A W G E MANEJO ANEMIA ONCOHEMATOLOGÍA EUROPA ANEMIA PACIENTE ONCOLÓGICO
  • 92. A W G E TRATAMIENTO ANEMIA INDUCIDA QUIMIOTERAPIA Principales ventajas y riesgos TRANSFUSIÓN SANGUÍNEA • Immediate correction of anaemia1 , however associated with risks HIERRO ORAL • None – IV iron superior to oral iron1 AGENTES ESTIMULANTES ERITROPOYESIS (AEEs) sin hierro • 50-70% response rate 2,3,4,5 • Reduction of transfusion requirements5,6,7 • Improvement of quality of life5,6,7,8 AEEs con hierro oral • Same advantages as without oral iron, however more side effects1, 8, 14 AEEs con hierro endovenoso • Up to 90% response rate9-12 • Correction of FID 9-12 • Reduction of transfusion requirements 9 • Improved quality of life 10 ESA=Erythropoiesis-stimulating agents, FID=Functional iron deficiency, QoL=Quality of life 1. NCCN Guidelines 2009; 2. Glaspy J, 1997; 3. Demetric GD, 1998; 4.Gabrilove JL, 2001; 5: Littlewood TJ, 2001; 6. Vansteenkiste J, 2002; 7. Bohilus J, 2006; 8. Bokemeyer C, 2007; 9. Bastit L, 2008; 10. Auerbach M, 2004; 11. Pedrazzoli P, 2008; 12 Henry DH, 2007; 13. Hedenus M, 2007; 14. Aapro M, 2008 ANEMIA ASOCIADA A CÁNCER (not treatment related/ or related to other causes) Principales ventajas y riesgos TRANSFUSIÓN SANGUÍNEA • Immediate correction of anaemia1 , however associated with risks AGENTES ESTIMULANTES ERITROPOYESIS (AEEs) • EORTC (Europe): ESAs may be given in selected patients with an Hb level of 9–11g/dl if justified by anaemia-related symptoms and careful assessment of need14 . (Note: In certain countries this is not an approved indication). • NCCN (US): Underlying condition should be treated and transfusion is the only recommended option1 AEEs con hierro endovenoso • Increases response to ESA13 However, the recommendations do not support ESA use in cancer related anaemia (see above) ANEMIA PACIENTE ONCOLÓGICO
  • 93. A W G E A W G E A W G E GUÍAS DE PRÁCTICA CLÍNICA ASCO/ASH 2008 EORTC 2007 NCCN 2008 ESMO 2007 INICIO DEL TRATAMIENTO ≤10 g/dl* 9-11 g/dl** 10-11 g/dl 9-11 g/dl NIVELES DIANA DE Hb 12 g/dl 12-13 g/dl 12 g/dl 12 g/dl * Se puede considerar el uso de EPO si Hb de 10–12 g/dL, según las circunstancias clínicas ** En pacientes asintomáticos si Hb < 11,9 g/dl (grado D) en función de las circunstancias individuales y en pacientes sintomáticos desde 9-11 g/dl (grado A). PRESENCIA DE SÍNTOMAS ANEMIA PACIENTE ONCOLÓGICO GUÍAS SOCIEDADES INTERNACIONALES
  • 95. Recombinant Human Erythropoietins and Cancer Patients: Updated Meta-Analysis of 57 Studies Including 9353 Patients Bohlius Jet al , Journal of the National Cancer Institute 2006; 98: 708-14
  • 96. Methods: Primary endpoints were on-study mortality and overall survival in patients receiving chemotherapy, defined as all patients from studies in which =/> 70% of study population received chemotherapy, and in all cancer patients regardless of anticancer therapy. Data from 13,933 cancer patients enrolled in 53 studies were included in the analysis; 38 trials including 10,441 patients used mainly chemotherapy. Recombinant Human Erythropoiesis Stimulating Agents in Cancer Patients: Individual Patient Data Meta-Analysis on Behalf of the EPO IPD Meta-Analysis Collaborative Group. Bohlius et al. Blood (ASH Annual Meeting Abstracts) 2008 112: Abstract 6 Results: Including all cancer patients ESAs increased on-study mortality by 17% (Hazard Ratio 1.17; 1.06–1.30), with little evidence for a difference between chemotherapy and other trials (p for interaction=0.42), and worsened overall survival by 6% (HR 1.06; 1.00–1.12). In the chemotherapy population on-study mortality was increased by 10% (HR 1.10, 0.98–1.24) and overall survival was worsened by 4% (HR 1.04; 95% CI 0.97–1.11).
  • 97. LA AEMPS CONSIDERA NECESARIO INFORMAR A LOS PROFESIONALES SANITARIOS DE LO SIGUIENTE: • La administración de Epoetinas debe restringirse únicamente a las indicaciones autorizadasindicaciones autorizadas para cada una de ellas, en las cuales elpara cada una de ellas, en las cuales el beneficio-riesgobeneficio-riesgo se mantiene favorablese mantiene favorable.. • El uso de epoetinas para el tratamiento de la anemia asociada a la IRC ó a la quimioterapia antineoplásica debe realizarse únicamente si esúnicamente si es sintomáticasintomática y tiene un impacto en el estado dey tiene un impacto en el estado de salud del paciente.salud del paciente. • La concentración de Hb a alcanzar comoLa concentración de Hb a alcanzar como objetivoobjetivo debe establecerse en el intervalo dedebe establecerse en el intervalo de 10 a10 a 12 grs/dl sin superar los 12 grs/dl12 grs/dl sin superar los 12 grs/dl. Niveles superiores a los necesarios para controlar la sintomatología del paciente o evitar la transfusión no aportan beneficios adicionales y van acompañados de un incremento del riesgo de morbi-mortalidad. Agencia Española de M e d i c am e n t o s y Productos Sanitarios 26 de junio de 2008
  • 98.
  • 99.
  • 100. Recombinant Human Erythropoiesis Stimulating Agents in Cancer Patients: Individual Patient Data Meta-Analysis on Behalf of the EPO IPD Meta-Analysis Collaborative Group. Bohlius et al. Blood (ASH Annual Meeting Abstracts) 2008 112: Abstract 6 Outcome Hazard Ratio (95% CI) P value On-study mortality 1.10 (0.98 - 1.24) 0.12 Overall survival 1.04 (0.97 - 1.11) 0.26 Results for Cancer Patients Receiving Chemotherapy Who Received ESAs (n = 10,441) The majority of the cancer patients in these clinical trials were receiving chemotherapy [75%]. In this patient population, the increase in on-study mortality and decrease in overall survival was not significant. For patients undergoing chemotherapy, the increased risk for death "was less pronounced, but could not be excluded“. (Chemotherapy-induced anemia is currently the only approved indication for the use of ESAs in cancer patients)
  • 101. Design: Observational study using a state discharge database. Nonfederal acute care hospitals in Maryland performing colorectal cancer resections between January 1, 1994, and December 31, 2000. Patients: We obtained data on 14 014 adult patients having a primary diagnosis code for colorectal cancer and a primary procedure code for colorectal resection. Main Outcome Measures: The primary outcome variable was a discharge diagnosis of VTE. Results: VTE occurred in 1% of patients and was associated with an adjusted 3.8-fold increase in mortality (OR 3.8; 2.1-6.8), a 61% increase in mean hospital length of stay, and a 72% increase in mean total hospital charges.
  • 102. Multivariate analysis: RBC transfusion (OR: 1.60; 1.53-1.67) and platelet transfusion (OR: 1.20; 1.11-1.29) were independently associated with an increased risk of VTE. Both RBC transfusion (OR, 1.53; 1.46-1.61) and platelet transfusion (1.55; 1.40-1.71) were also associated with ATE (p<0.001). Transfusions were also associated with an increased risk of inhospital mortality (RBCs: OR, 1.34; 1.29-1.38; platelets: 2.40; 2.27-2.52; p<0.001).
  • 103.
  • 104. A W G E Beneficio y serguridad del FEEV en pacientes onco-hematológicos
  • 105. A W G E Metaanálisis del uso FEEV en pacientes oncológicos tratados con EPO TRANSFUSIÓN SANGUÍNEA RESPUESTA HEMATOLÓGICA Favours control Favours treatment

Notas del editor

  1. Even though blood transfusion has been used for over 100 years there is little evidence of it’s efficacy in many clinical situations. Blood transfusion should only be prescribed to increase the oxygen consumption, and there are many reasons supporting this statement
  2. Blood supply is decreasing, surgery is more and more complex and new transfusion risks are continuously being described. So, many scientific societies have issued guidelines on blood transfusion indications Many alternatives to blood transfusions, pharmacological and non-pharmacological, have flooded medical publications often without enough scientific evidence. In fact there are a few reviews that deal with this topic.
  3. Blood supply is decreasing, surgery is more and more complex and new transfusion risks are continuously being described. So, many scientific societies have issued guidelines on blood transfusion indications Many alternatives to blood transfusions, pharmacological and non-pharmacological, have flooded medical publications often without enough scientific evidence. In fact there are a few reviews that deal with this topic.
  4. Blood supply is decreasing, surgery is more and more complex and new transfusion risks are continuously being described. So, many scientific societies have issued guidelines on blood transfusion indications Many alternatives to blood transfusions, pharmacological and non-pharmacological, have flooded medical publications often without enough scientific evidence. In fact there are a few reviews that deal with this topic.
  5. Blood supply is decreasing, surgery is more and more complex and new transfusion risks are continuously being described. So, many scientific societies have issued guidelines on blood transfusion indications Many alternatives to blood transfusions, pharmacological and non-pharmacological, have flooded medical publications often without enough scientific evidence. In fact there are a few reviews that deal with this topic.
  6. Blood supply is decreasing, surgery is more and more complex and new transfusion risks are continuously being described. So, many scientific societies have issued guidelines on blood transfusion indications Many alternatives to blood transfusions, pharmacological and non-pharmacological, have flooded medical publications often without enough scientific evidence. In fact there are a few reviews that deal with this topic.
  7. The Seville document is the result of a combined effort of five Spanish medical societies who carried out a consensus on ABT.Briefly, I’ll explain to you the objective, the method and the experts involved in this adventure.
  8. Even though blood transfusion has been used for over 100 years there is little evidence of it’s efficacy in many clinical situations. Blood transfusion should only be prescribed to increase the oxygen consumption, and there are many reasons supporting this statement
  9. This update version of the consensus document has been elaborated by a panel of 40 professionals convened by 6 Spanish Societies involved in Health Care. There were one general coordinator, 9 topic coordinators, 25 collaborators and 6 observers.
  10. Our main objective was to provide evidence-based recommendations on the use of pharmacological and non-pharmacological alternatives for reducing ABT rate and /or ABT volume in surgical and critically ill patients expected to require ABT
  11. The available evidence on the efficacy and safety of these alternatives was analyzed according to GRADE methodology, previously used…..
  12. Even though blood transfusion has been used for over 100 years there is little evidence of it’s efficacy in many clinical situations. Blood transfusion should only be prescribed to increase the oxygen consumption, and there are many reasons supporting this statement
  13. Blood supply is decreasing, surgery is more and more complex and new transfusion risks are continuously being described. So, many scientific societies have issued guidelines on blood transfusion indications Many alternatives to blood transfusions, pharmacological and non-pharmacological, have flooded medical publications often without enough scientific evidence. In fact there are a few reviews that deal with this topic.
  14. Blood supply is decreasing, surgery is more and more complex and new transfusion risks are continuously being described. So, many scientific societies have issued guidelines on blood transfusion indications Many alternatives to blood transfusions, pharmacological and non-pharmacological, have flooded medical publications often without enough scientific evidence. In fact there are a few reviews that deal with this topic.
  15. Blood supply is decreasing, surgery is more and more complex and new transfusion risks are continuously being described. So, many scientific societies have issued guidelines on blood transfusion indications Many alternatives to blood transfusions, pharmacological and non-pharmacological, have flooded medical publications often without enough scientific evidence. In fact there are a few reviews that deal with this topic.
  16. Blood supply is decreasing, surgery is more and more complex and new transfusion risks are continuously being described. So, many scientific societies have issued guidelines on blood transfusion indications Many alternatives to blood transfusions, pharmacological and non-pharmacological, have flooded medical publications often without enough scientific evidence. In fact there are a few reviews that deal with this topic.
  17. Blood supply is decreasing, surgery is more and more complex and new transfusion risks are continuously being described. So, many scientific societies have issued guidelines on blood transfusion indications Many alternatives to blood transfusions, pharmacological and non-pharmacological, have flooded medical publications often without enough scientific evidence. In fact there are a few reviews that deal with this topic.
  18. Blood supply is decreasing, surgery is more and more complex and new transfusion risks are continuously being described. So, many scientific societies have issued guidelines on blood transfusion indications Many alternatives to blood transfusions, pharmacological and non-pharmacological, have flooded medical publications often without enough scientific evidence. In fact there are a few reviews that deal with this topic.
  19. Blood supply is decreasing, surgery is more and more complex and new transfusion risks are continuously being described. So, many scientific societies have issued guidelines on blood transfusion indications Many alternatives to blood transfusions, pharmacological and non-pharmacological, have flooded medical publications often without enough scientific evidence. In fact there are a few reviews that deal with this topic.
  20. Blood supply is decreasing, surgery is more and more complex and new transfusion risks are continuously being described. So, many scientific societies have issued guidelines on blood transfusion indications Many alternatives to blood transfusions, pharmacological and non-pharmacological, have flooded medical publications often without enough scientific evidence. In fact there are a few reviews that deal with this topic.
  21. The same applies for the use of modified hemoglobin solutions. Thanks for your attention.
  22. Blood supply is decreasing, surgery is more and more complex and new transfusion risks are continuously being described. So, many scientific societies have issued guidelines on blood transfusion indications Many alternatives to blood transfusions, pharmacological and non-pharmacological, have flooded medical publications often without enough scientific evidence. In fact there are a few reviews that deal with this topic.
  23. Blood supply is decreasing, surgery is more and more complex and new transfusion risks are continuously being described. So, many scientific societies have issued guidelines on blood transfusion indications Many alternatives to blood transfusions, pharmacological and non-pharmacological, have flooded medical publications often without enough scientific evidence. In fact there are a few reviews that deal with this topic.
  24. Blood supply is decreasing, surgery is more and more complex and new transfusion risks are continuously being described. So, many scientific societies have issued guidelines on blood transfusion indications Many alternatives to blood transfusions, pharmacological and non-pharmacological, have flooded medical publications often without enough scientific evidence. In fact there are a few reviews that deal with this topic.
  25. Blood supply is decreasing, surgery is more and more complex and new transfusion risks are continuously being described. So, many scientific societies have issued guidelines on blood transfusion indications Many alternatives to blood transfusions, pharmacological and non-pharmacological, have flooded medical publications often without enough scientific evidence. In fact there are a few reviews that deal with this topic.
  26. Blood supply is decreasing, surgery is more and more complex and new transfusion risks are continuously being described. So, many scientific societies have issued guidelines on blood transfusion indications Many alternatives to blood transfusions, pharmacological and non-pharmacological, have flooded medical publications often without enough scientific evidence. In fact there are a few reviews that deal with this topic.
  27. Blood supply is decreasing, surgery is more and more complex and new transfusion risks are continuously being described. So, many scientific societies have issued guidelines on blood transfusion indications Many alternatives to blood transfusions, pharmacological and non-pharmacological, have flooded medical publications often without enough scientific evidence. In fact there are a few reviews that deal with this topic.
  28. Blood supply is decreasing, surgery is more and more complex and new transfusion risks are continuously being described. So, many scientific societies have issued guidelines on blood transfusion indications Many alternatives to blood transfusions, pharmacological and non-pharmacological, have flooded medical publications often without enough scientific evidence. In fact there are a few reviews that deal with this topic.
  29. Blood supply is decreasing, surgery is more and more complex and new transfusion risks are continuously being described. So, many scientific societies have issued guidelines on blood transfusion indications Many alternatives to blood transfusions, pharmacological and non-pharmacological, have flooded medical publications often without enough scientific evidence. In fact there are a few reviews that deal with this topic.
  30. Blood supply is decreasing, surgery is more and more complex and new transfusion risks are continuously being described. So, many scientific societies have issued guidelines on blood transfusion indications Many alternatives to blood transfusions, pharmacological and non-pharmacological, have flooded medical publications often without enough scientific evidence. In fact there are a few reviews that deal with this topic.
  31. Blood supply is decreasing, surgery is more and more complex and new transfusion risks are continuously being described. So, many scientific societies have issued guidelines on blood transfusion indications Many alternatives to blood transfusions, pharmacological and non-pharmacological, have flooded medical publications often without enough scientific evidence. In fact there are a few reviews that deal with this topic.
  32. Blood supply is decreasing, surgery is more and more complex and new transfusion risks are continuously being described. So, many scientific societies have issued guidelines on blood transfusion indications Many alternatives to blood transfusions, pharmacological and non-pharmacological, have flooded medical publications often without enough scientific evidence. In fact there are a few reviews that deal with this topic.
  33. Blood supply is decreasing, surgery is more and more complex and new transfusion risks are continuously being described. So, many scientific societies have issued guidelines on blood transfusion indications Many alternatives to blood transfusions, pharmacological and non-pharmacological, have flooded medical publications often without enough scientific evidence. In fact there are a few reviews that deal with this topic.
  34. Blood supply is decreasing, surgery is more and more complex and new transfusion risks are continuously being described. So, many scientific societies have issued guidelines on blood transfusion indications Many alternatives to blood transfusions, pharmacological and non-pharmacological, have flooded medical publications often without enough scientific evidence. In fact there are a few reviews that deal with this topic.
  35. Blood supply is decreasing, surgery is more and more complex and new transfusion risks are continuously being described. So, many scientific societies have issued guidelines on blood transfusion indications Many alternatives to blood transfusions, pharmacological and non-pharmacological, have flooded medical publications often without enough scientific evidence. In fact there are a few reviews that deal with this topic.
  36. Blood supply is decreasing, surgery is more and more complex and new transfusion risks are continuously being described. So, many scientific societies have issued guidelines on blood transfusion indications Many alternatives to blood transfusions, pharmacological and non-pharmacological, have flooded medical publications often without enough scientific evidence. In fact there are a few reviews that deal with this topic.
  37. Blood supply is decreasing, surgery is more and more complex and new transfusion risks are continuously being described. So, many scientific societies have issued guidelines on blood transfusion indications Many alternatives to blood transfusions, pharmacological and non-pharmacological, have flooded medical publications often without enough scientific evidence. In fact there are a few reviews that deal with this topic.
  38. Blood supply is decreasing, surgery is more and more complex and new transfusion risks are continuously being described. So, many scientific societies have issued guidelines on blood transfusion indications Many alternatives to blood transfusions, pharmacological and non-pharmacological, have flooded medical publications often without enough scientific evidence. In fact there are a few reviews that deal with this topic.
  39. Blood supply is decreasing, surgery is more and more complex and new transfusion risks are continuously being described. So, many scientific societies have issued guidelines on blood transfusion indications Many alternatives to blood transfusions, pharmacological and non-pharmacological, have flooded medical publications often without enough scientific evidence. In fact there are a few reviews that deal with this topic.
  40. Blood supply is decreasing, surgery is more and more complex and new transfusion risks are continuously being described. So, many scientific societies have issued guidelines on blood transfusion indications Many alternatives to blood transfusions, pharmacological and non-pharmacological, have flooded medical publications often without enough scientific evidence. In fact there are a few reviews that deal with this topic.
  41. Blood supply is decreasing, surgery is more and more complex and new transfusion risks are continuously being described. So, many scientific societies have issued guidelines on blood transfusion indications Many alternatives to blood transfusions, pharmacological and non-pharmacological, have flooded medical publications often without enough scientific evidence. In fact there are a few reviews that deal with this topic.
  42. Blood supply is decreasing, surgery is more and more complex and new transfusion risks are continuously being described. So, many scientific societies have issued guidelines on blood transfusion indications Many alternatives to blood transfusions, pharmacological and non-pharmacological, have flooded medical publications often without enough scientific evidence. In fact there are a few reviews that deal with this topic.
  43. Blood supply is decreasing, surgery is more and more complex and new transfusion risks are continuously being described. So, many scientific societies have issued guidelines on blood transfusion indications Many alternatives to blood transfusions, pharmacological and non-pharmacological, have flooded medical publications often without enough scientific evidence. In fact there are a few reviews that deal with this topic.
  44. Blood supply is decreasing, surgery is more and more complex and new transfusion risks are continuously being described. So, many scientific societies have issued guidelines on blood transfusion indications Many alternatives to blood transfusions, pharmacological and non-pharmacological, have flooded medical publications often without enough scientific evidence. In fact there are a few reviews that deal with this topic.
  45. Even though blood transfusion has been used for over 100 years there is little evidence of it’s efficacy in many clinical situations. Blood transfusion should only be prescribed to increase the oxygen consumption, and there are many reasons supporting this statement
  46. For immediate correction of Hb, transfusion is the treatment of choice Oral iron may be beneficial in the treatment of absolute iron deficiency but substantial evidence exists from studies that IV iron is superior to oral iron in patients receiving ESA treatment Functional iron deficiency frequently arises after continued ESA treatment and iron supplementation will be required in most patients to obtain optimal erythropoiesis. This is because rapid ESA- stimulated RBC production surpasses the rate at which iron is released from stores. Release of iron can be further delayed by inflammatory cytokines which cause the sequestration iron within iron stores Combining ESA with IV iron allows correction of FID, a higher haematopoietic response and a faster correction of Hb levels compared with ESA alone 1. NCCN (National Comprehensive Cancer Network) Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology, Cancer-and chemotherapy-induced anemia. V3 2009. www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/PDF/anemia.pdf 2. Glaspy J, Bukowski R, Steinberg D et al. J Clin Oncol. 1997; 15:1218-1234 3. Demetri GD, Kris M, Wade J et al. J Clin Oncol 1998; 16:3412-3425 4. Gabrilove JL, Cleeland CS, Livingston RB et al. J Clin Oncol. 2001;19:2875-2882 5. Littlewood TJ. Bajetta E, Nortier JWR et al. J Clin Oncol 2001;19:2865-2874 6. Vansteenkiste J, Pirker R, Massulti B et al. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2002;94:1211-1220 7. Bohlius J , Wilson J Seidenfeld J et al. J Natl Cancer Inst,. 2006;98:708-714 8. Bokemeyer C, Aapro MS, Courdi A et al. Eur J Cancer 2007;43:258-270 9. Bastit L, Vandenbroek A, Altintas S et al. J Clin Oncol 2008;26(10):1611-1618 10. Auerbach M, Ballard H, Trout JR et al. J Clin Oncol 2004;22:1301-1307. 11. Pedrazzoli P, Farris A, Del Prete S et al. J Clin Oncol 2008;26(10):1619-1625. 12. Henry DH, Dahl NV, Auerbach M, Tchekmedyian S et al. The Oncologist 2007;12:231-242 13. Hedenus M, Birgegard G, Nasman P et al. Leukemia 2007;21:627-632. 14. Aapro MS &amp; Link H. The Oncologist 2008;13 (Suppl): 33-36
  47. Blood supply is decreasing, surgery is more and more complex and new transfusion risks are continuously being described. So, many scientific societies have issued guidelines on blood transfusion indications Many alternatives to blood transfusions, pharmacological and non-pharmacological, have flooded medical publications often without enough scientific evidence. In fact there are a few reviews that deal with this topic.
  48. Blood supply is decreasing, surgery is more and more complex and new transfusion risks are continuously being described. So, many scientific societies have issued guidelines on blood transfusion indications Many alternatives to blood transfusions, pharmacological and non-pharmacological, have flooded medical publications often without enough scientific evidence. In fact there are a few reviews that deal with this topic.