1. Dr. José Antonio García Erce
Hematología y Hemoterapia
Hospital de San Jorge, Huesca (España)
joseerce@ono.com
IV Curso Medicina Transfusional
Ahorro de sangre en cirugía
ANEMIA. EVALUACIÓN PREOPERATORIA
Y TRATAMIENTO. HIERRO IV
AUMENTO DE MASA ERITROCITARIA.
ERITROPOYETINA
4. www.awge.org
Declaración de Conflicto de intereses
Asesor externo
- AMGEN Oncología 2010
- Roche Anemia 2009
- Ditassa-Ferrer 2004
Charlas, estudios investigación y ayudas a congresos
-Vifor-Uriach/Ferralinze
-Janssen-Cilag
-Astra-Tech de Aztra Zeneca
-Sanofi Aventis/Esteve
-Cobe-Caridian/Roche Oncología
Miembro del CAT 2002-2005
Miembro del Documento de Sevilla “Alternativas a la Transfusión”
Miembro del Documento LatinoAmericano de la Anemia
Miembro de GIEMSA/ Secretario AWGE/Socio SETS/AEHH/NATA
Editor Asociado Revista ANEMIA www.revistaanemia.org
Miembro Comité Científico NATA y TATM
Documentos de Consensos
5. Agradecimientos
Prof. Manolo Muñoz Gómez
GIEMSA. Facultad de Medicina. Universidad de Málaga
Dr. Jorge Cuenca Espiérrez
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery
University Hospital Miguel Servet, Zaragoza
Prof. Antonio Herrera Rodríguez
Cátedra Department of Orthopaedic Surgery
University Hospital Miguel Servet, Zaragoza
Dra. Elvira Bisbe
Department of Anaesthesiology. University Hospital Mar-Esperança,
Barcelona
8. Anemia y
enfermedad
Primer signo de una enfermedad más grave
LA ANEMIALA ANEMIA
PUEDE SER EL PRIMERPUEDE SER EL PRIMER
SIGNO de un paciente conSIGNO de un paciente con::
- ÚLCERA
- MIOMA
- CELAQUIA
- CÁNCER
- INSUFICIENCIA RENAL
- INSUFICIENCIA CARDÍACA
- APLASIA MÉDULA
- INFECCIÓN
- INTOXICACIÓN
9. Anemia y peor
pronóstico de muchas enfermedades
Anemia del paciente con:
- CÁNCER
- INSUFICIENCIA CARDÍACA
- CIRUGÍA TRAUMATOLÓGICA
- CIRUGÍA CARDÍACA
- DIABETES
- INSUFICIENCIA RENAL
- TRANSPLANTE RENAL
Errores, falacias y otras leyendas urbanas
16. Prevalencia de anemia en cáncer
N = 14 912
*Hb <12 g/dL al reclutamiento
Ludwig et al. Eur J Cancer 2004;40:2293-306.
Patients with anaemia* (%)
Lymphoma/
myeloma
Head and neck
0 20 40 60
Urogenital
Leukaemia
Gynaecological
GI-colorectal
Lung
Breast 30%
38%
39%
25%
49%
53%
53%
29%
EUROPEAN CANCER ANAEMIA SURVEY (ECAS)
17. Prevalencia de anemia preoperatoria
Puntos clave:
• Entre el 20% y el 75% de los pacientes quirúrgicos pueden
presentar anemia preoperatoria debido a su patología quirúrgica
o a otras patologías.
19. Anemia
Pérdidas
de sangre
Menor vida
media de los
eritrocitos
Baja producción
de eritropoyetina
Resistencia
a la
eritropoyetina
Baja
disponibilidad de
hierro
Aumento
de pérdidas
Disminución de
la eritropoyesis
“Vampirismo”
Falta
nutrientes
Fisiopatología de la anemia
20. 20-30
mg/día
Músculo
(250 mg)
Médula ósea
(300 mg)
Eritrocitos
(2.000 mg)
Macrófagos SRE
(500 mg)
Hígado
(1000 mg)
Absorción intestinal de hierro
(1-2 mg/día)
Transferrina
(3 mg)
Pérdidas de hierro
(1-2 mg/día)
Fisiopatología de la anemia ferropénica
25. Anemia ferropénica
Datos epidemiológicos
• Prevalencia:
– Anemia ferropénica: ¼ población mundial (2.000 millones en todo
mundo)
– Déficit de hierro: 1/3 población mundial
– 2-5 % chicas adolescentes en EEUU anemia ferropénica.
– > 10% mujeres españolas (Cataluña) con ferropenia
• Etiología de la anemia ferropénica
– Mujer fértil causa más frecuente: ginecológica.
– Causa más frecuente global: pérdida hemática digestiva.
** Hasta 1/3 de pacientes con Enfermedad de Crohn,
tienen anemia (mala tolerancia a hierro oral).
31. 0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
TRANSFUSIÓN
Hb<120 G/L Hb 120-140 G/L Hb> 140 G/L
García-Erce JA, Solano VM, Cuenca J, Ortega P. “LA HEMOGLOBINA
PREOPERATORIA COMO ÚNICO FACTOR PREDICTOR DE LAS
NECESIDADES TRANSFUSIONALES EN LA ARTROPLASTIA DE
RODILLA”. Rev Esp Anestesiol Reanim 2002; 49: 131-5
NIVEL DE HEMOGLOBINA Y RIESGO TRANSFUSIONAL
FACTORES DE RIESGO TRANSFUSIONAL
32. Hb 130-140 g/l
100
75
62
46
25
0 20 40 60 80 100
%TRANSFUSION
Hb < 110 g/l Hb 110-120 g/l Hb 120-130 g/l
Hb > 140 g/l
García Erce JA, et al. FACTORES PREDICTIVOS DE LA NECESIDAD DE
TRANSFUSION EN LA FRACTURA SUBCAPITAL DE CADERA EN
PACIENTES DE MÁS DE 65 AÑOS. Med Clin (Barc) 2003;120(5):161-6.
NIVEL DE HEMOGLOBINA Y RIESGO TRANSFUSIONAL
FACTORES DE RIESGO TRANSFUSIONAL
35. Prevalencia de anemia preoperatoria
Puntos clave:
• Entre el 20% y el 75% de los pacientes quirúrgicos pueden presentar
anemia preoperatoria debido a su patología quirúrgica o a otras
patologías.
• En el paciente quirúrgico, la anemia preoperatoria se asocia con
un mayor riesgo de TSA (La Hb es el principal factor predictor de
la necesidad de TSA)
36. • Entre un 30% y un 50% de los pacientes quirúrgicos puede presentar
una anemia preoperatoria, causada o no por la patología motivo de la
cirugía.
• Hasta un 90% de los pacientes quirúrgicos pueden presentar anemia
postoperatoria debido al sangrado y/o la inhibición de la eritropoyesis.
• En los pacientes quirúrgicos, la presencia de anemia se correlaciona
con un aumento de la morbi-mortalidad postoperatoria y un
descenso de la calidad de vida.
Incidencia de la anemia perioperatoria
38. Prevalencia de anemia preoperatoria
Puntos clave:
• Entre el 20% y el 75% de los pacientes quirúrgicos pueden presentar
anemia preoperatoria debido a su patología quirúrgica o a otras
patologías.
• En el paciente quirúrgico, la anemia preoperatrioa se asocia con un
mayor riesgo de TSA (La Hb es el principal factor predictor de la
necesidad de TSA)
• Además, en estos pacientes la anemia se asocia con un mayor
tasa de morbimortalidad postoperatoria y con un descenso en la
calidad de vida.
39. www.awge.org
¿CÓMO TRATAR LA ANEMIA?
La transfusión como
tratamiento estándar de la
hemorragia grave
AUMENTO DE MASA ERITROCITARIA
41. www.awge.org
¿POR QUÉ SE TRANSFUNDE?
¿POR QUÉ SE DEBERÍA TRANSFUNDIR?
La transfusión como
tratamiento estándar de la
hemorragia grave
AUMENTO DE MASA ERITROCITARIA
42. CRITERIOS TRANSFUSIONALES
AABT
John S. Lundy, MD. Anesthesiologist who set up
the Mayo Clinic Blood Bank in 1935
Lund with an anesthesia
colleague, R Charles Adams at
Mayo Clinic, advocated the use
of a hemoglobin trigger of 8 to
10 g% for patients considered
to be of poor surgical risk.
Adams RC, Lundy JS: Anesthesia in cases of poor
surgical risk. Some suggestions for decreasing the
risk. Surg Gynecol Obstet 64:1011- 1019, 1942
43. Objetivo:
•Corregir la hipoxia tisular
Medio:
•Aumentar la capacidad de transporte de oxígeno
de la sangre
Cuestiones a valorar:
•Indicación de la tansfusión (riesgo/beneficio)
•Cantidad a transfundir
•Alternativas
Tratamiento transfusional
44. Criterios generales de indicación
Uso adecuado:
•Presencia de signos o síntomas de hipoxia
tisular
•Ausencia de tratamiento específico de la
anemia
•Refractariedad al tratamiento específico
•La situación clínica del paciente precisa
una reposición inmediata de la masa
eritrocitaria
Tratamiento transfusional
45. Criterios generales de indicación
Uso adecuado:
•Presencia de signos o síntomas de hipoxia
tisular
•Ausencia de tratamiento específico de la
anemia
•Refractariedad al tratamiento específico
•La situación clínica del paciente precisa
una reposición inmediata de la masa
eritrocitaria
Tratamiento transfusional
47. Problemas de la TSA
Regan y Taylor, BMJ 2002
Shander, Semin Hematol 2004
Muñoz, 2007
Costes de producción elevados
Sangre humana: un recurso limitado
TSA no está libre de riesgos:
Errores de identificación
TRALI
Sobrecarga de fluidos (TACO)
Infección postoperatoria (TRIM)
Recidiva de cáncer (TRIM)
Legislación vigente
AUMENTO DE MASA ERITROCITARIA
49. Problemas de la TSA
12. Patients should be informed of the known risks and
benefits of blood transfusion and/or alternative
therapies and have the right to accept or refuse the
procedure. Any valid advance directive should be
respected.
Principle of patient’s autonomy
15. Genuine clinical need should be the only basis for
transfusion therapy.
Ethical principles of beneficence and justice
Legislación vigente
50. Problemas de la TSA
Regan y Taylor, BMJ 2002
Shander, Semin Hematol 2004
Muñoz, 2007
Costes de producción elevados
Sangre humana: un recurso limitado
TSA no está libre de riesgos:
Errores de identificación
TRALI
Sobrecarga de fluidos (TACO)
Infección postoperatoria (TRIM)
Recidiva de cáncer (TRIM)
Legislación vigente
Variabilidad
AUMENTO DE MASA ERITROCITARIA
53. INTRODUCCIÓN
FACTORES DE RIESGO TRANSFUSIONAL
ANEMIA PREOPERATORIA
MANEJO DE LA ANEMIA PREOPERATORIA
AUMENTO DE MASA ERITROCITARIA
54. “Lo primero que debemos hacer con un paciente
quirúrgico es detectar la presencia de anemia y
determinar su causas con la suficiente antelación
como para poder hacer algo con ella”
Goodnough LT et al . Anesth Analg 2005; 101: 1858-61
El tratamiento de la anemia preoperatoria ha demostrado
ser eficaz para reducir los requerimientos transfusionales
y mejorar la evolución postoperatoria y la calidad de vida
de los pacientes quirúrgicos.
Shander A et al. Am J Med 2004; 116 (suppl 7A): 58S-69S.
Manejo de la anemia preoperatoria
55. NATA Expert Panel on Intravenous Iron
ANAEMIA MANAGEMENT IN SURGERY –
CONSENSUS STATEMENT ON THE ROLE OF INTRAVENOUS IRON
Photis Beris, Manuel Muñoz, José A. García-Erce,
Dafydd Thomas, Alice Maniatis & Philippe Van der Linden.
Modificado de Van der Linden et al. Vox Sang 2007
“Siempre que sea clínicamente factible, en los pacientes programados
para una cirugía con alto riesgo de desarrollar anemia postoperatoria
grave, se debería determinar la hemoglobina y el status férrico, al
menos 30 días antes de la intervención. En los pacientes >60 años,
se deberían determinar también los niveles de vitamina B12 y folatos”.
Manejo de la anemia preoperatoria
56. La correción de estas deficiencias es de
capital importancia para:
• Optimizar los niveles preoperatorios de Hb,
especialmente en los pacientes en tratamiento
con agentes estimuladores de la eritropoyesis.
• Acelerar la recuperación de la anemia
postoperatoria.
Manejo de la anemia preoperatoria
57. INTRODUCCIÓN
FACTORES DE RIESGO TRANSFUSIONAL
ANEMIA PREOPERATORIA
MANEJO DE LA ANEMIA PREOPERATORIA
ALTERNATIVAS A LA TRANSFUSIÓN ALOGÉNICA
AUMENTO DE MASA ERITROCITARIA
59. Spanish Consensus Statement on
Alternatives to Allogeneic Blood Transfusions
“An update of Seville’s Document”
11th
Annual Symposium
Barcelone, Spain. April 8 - 9 , 2010
H
S E
H H
S E
H H
S E
H
60. AABT
Sangre autóloga
• Donacion preoperatoria
• Hemodilución
• Recuperación perioperatoria
Criterio restrictivo
de transfusión
Hb <70-80 g/L
Reducción del
sangrado
• Aprotinina
• Antifibrinoliticos
• Desmopresina
• rFVIIa
Estimulación de la
eritropoyesis
• Vitamina B12
• Acido Fólico
• rHuEpo
• Hierro
Alternativas
a la TSA
Alternativas a la
Transfusión Alogénica
61. Estimulación de la eritropoyesis
- Hierro (enteral o parenteral)(oral y ev)
- Agentes Estimulantes de la Eritropoyesis (rHuEpo
y darbopetina) (ESAs)
- Vitamina B12
- Acido Fólico
- Otras vitaminas
- Andrógenos
AUMENTO DE MASA ERITROCITARIA
62. Estimulación de la eritropoyesis
- Hierro (enteral o parenteral)(oral y ev)
- Agentes Estimulantes de la Eritropoyesis (rHuEpo
y darbopetina) (ESAs)
- Vitamina B12
- Acido Fólico
- Otras vitaminas
- Andrógenos
AUMENTO DE MASA ERITROCITARIA
63. 208 patients undergoing elective primary or revision hip arthroplasty
were randomised to 3 groups. All received daily sc injections of
either EPO or placebo starting 10 days before surgery. Group 1 (78
patients) received 14 days of placebo, group 2 (77 patients) received
14 days of erythropoietin (300 units/kg to a maximum of 30 000
units), and group 3 (53 patients) received placebo for days 10 to 6
before surgery and EPO for the next 9 days.
A primary outcome event (any transfusion or a Hb < 80 g/L) occurred
in 46% of patients in group 1, 23% in group 2, and 32% in group 3
(p<0,003). The mean number of transfusions was 1,4 in group 1, 0,52
in group 2 y 0,70 in group 3.
AUMENTO DE MASA ERITROCITARIA
66. AABT
Seville’s document update
Estimulation of erythropoiesis
Erythropoiesis Stimulating Agents (ESAs)
We recommend the preoperative use of ESAs plus iron in anemic
patients scheduled for major elective orthopedic surgery for
decreasing perioperative needs for ABT.
- Elective orthopedic surgery
1A
• The efficacy of perioperative administration of rHuEPO plus oral or
IV iron in anemic patients undergoing hip, knee or spine surgery has
been documented in several large RCTs.
• However, the minimum effective rHuEPO dose to attain a blood
sparing effect in this patient population is largely unknown, especially
when used with IV iron.
• In patients undergoing complex or revision surgery, rHuEPO may be
enhanced the efficacy of PCS or PABD (combination of techniques)
PROVISIONAL (presentado en NATA 2010, Barcelona)
67. Administración de EPO
Hierro y EPO perioperatorio en cirugía cardíaca
Estudio, ańo + rHuEPO Placebo Hierro
Tipo, dosis, dias
rHuEPO
(U/kg)n %ABT n %ABT
Sowade, 97 36 11 36 53* Oral, 300 mg,14d 2.500 IV
D’Ambra, 97 63 32 56 48 Oral, 975 mg, >8d 2.400 SC
D’Ambra, 97 63 28 56 48 Oral, 975 mg, >8d 1.200 SC
Shimpo, 97 21a
0 16b
31* a
IV, 4d 1.200 IV
Shimpo, 97 11 a
9 16b
31 b
Oral, 4s 600 IV
Yazicioglu, 01 25 ? 28 ?** No hierro 100 IV
* Reducción de la tasa (%) y el índice de transfusión (U/pt)
** Reducción del índice de transfusión solamente.
68. AABT
Seville’s document update
Estimulation of erythropoiesis
For anemic patients scheduled for cardiac surgery with
cardiopulmonary bypass we suggest preoperative ESAs use plus
iron for reducing perioperative ABT rate.
- Cardiac surgery
2B
• Several small RCTs have documented the efficacy of perioperative
administration of rHuEPO plus oral or IV iron for reducing ABT in
anemic patients undergoing on-pump cardiac procedures.
• However, there is no evidence supporting the use of rHuEPO in off-
pump surgery, whereas the evidence supporting a role for rHuEPO
in hastening the recovery from postoperative anemia in this patient
population is inconclusive.
• It must be borne in mind that this is an “off-label” use of rHuEPO.
Erythropoiesis Stimulating Agents (ESAs)
PROVISIONAL (presentado en NATA 2010, Barcelona)
69. Administración de EPO
Estudio, año + rHuEPO Placebo Hierro
Tipo, dosis, días
rHuEPO
(U/kg)n %ABT n %ABT
Braga, 99 10 29 --- --- IV, 125 mg,15d 200
Braga, 99 10 29 --- --- IV, 125 mg,15d 400
Braga, 97 10 10 10 50* IV, 125 mg, 4d 500
Qvist, 99 38 34 43 54** Oral, 200 mg, 4d 1.350
Christodoulakis, 05 69 49 68 52 Oral, 200 mg, 10d 1.800
Kettelhack, 98 48 33 54 28 No especificado 3.000
Christodoulakis, 05 67 40 68 52** Oral, 200 mg, 10d 3.600
Kosmadakis, 03 31 29 32 59* IV, 100 mg, 14d 4.200
Hierro y EPO perioperatorio en cirugía colo-rectal
* Reducción de la tasa (%) y el índice de transfusión (U/pt)
** Reducción del índice de transfusión solamente.
70. AABT
Seville’s document update
Estimulation of erythropoiesis
We suggest that preoperative ESAs use in anemic patients
scheduled for neoplasic colorectal surgery could decrease the
perioperative needs for allogeneic blood transfusions.
- Colorectal cancer surgery
2B
• This recommendation derives from several RCTs and Obs of
gastrointestinal cancer patients (mostly colorectal cancer) with different
rHuEPO doses and treatment duration.
• rHuEPO efficacy was increased by adjuvant IV iron therapy.
• Again, it must be remembered that this is an “off-label” use of rHuEPO
and that there are safety concerns in despite of being a short-term
therapy.
Erythropoiesis Stimulating Agents (ESAs)
PROVISIONAL (presentado en NATA 2010, Barcelona)
77. Tratamiento de la anemia post-traumatismo/cirugía
rHuEPO en paciente crítico
78. Tratamiento de la anemia post-traumatismo/cirugía
rHuEPO en paciente crítico
79. AABT
Seville’s document update
Estimulation of erythropoiesis
We do not recommend the routine use of ESAs for sparing
allogeneic blood transfusions in critically ill patients without an on-
label indication for them.
- Critically ill patients
1A
• Only in one small RCT, rHuEPO + IV iron has documented a
reduction in ABT requirements when a restrictive transfusion protocol
was applied.
• In a very large multicenter RCT, rHuEPO + oral iron did not reduce
ABT rate, but there was a dose-dependent increase of the risk for
thromboembolic events in patients without thrombo-prophylaxis.
• rHuEPO reduced mortality in patients that were younger (<55 years),
less critically ill (APACHE II <20), or with admitting diagnosis of
trauma (especially TBI), but further studies are needed.
Erythropoiesis Stimulating Agents (ESAs)
PROVISIONAL (presentado en NATA 2010, Barcelona)
82. 20-30
mg/día
Músculo
(250 mg)
Médula ósea
(300 mg)
Eritrocitos
(2.000 mg)
Macrófagos SRE
(500 mg)
Hígado
(1000 mg)
Absorción intestinal de hierro
(1-2 mg/día)
Transferrina
(3 mg)
Pérdidas de hierro
(1-2 mg/día)
Hierro EV
Administración de FE EV
83. Esta indicación tiene en cuenta varios factores, como:
Intolerancia ó contraindicación al hierro oral (eg, EII).
Poco tiempo antes de la cirugía.
Anemia preoperatoria grave.
Uso de estimuladores de la eritropoyesis
Estado inflamatorio del paciente.
Sangrado perioperatorio estimado.
¿Cúal es el papel del hierro EV?
Administración de FE EV
90. Dr. José Antonio García Erce
Hematología y Hemoterapia
Hospital de San Jorge, Huesca (España)
joseerce@ono.com
Alternativas a la transfusión
alogénica en cirugía.
Gracias por su atención
Notas del editor
The Spanish version of the consensus was published in 2006
Even though blood transfusion has been used for over 100 years there is little evidence of it’s efficacy in many clinical situations. Blood transfusion should only be prescribed to increase the oxygen consumption, and there are many reasons supporting this statement
Even though blood transfusion has been used for over 100 years there is little evidence of it’s efficacy in many clinical situations. Blood transfusion should only be prescribed to increase the oxygen consumption, and there are many reasons supporting this statement
The Spanish version of the consensus was published in 2006
Blood supply is decreasing, surgery is more and more complex and new transfusion risks are continuously being described. So, many scientific societies have issued guidelines on blood transfusion indications
Many alternatives to blood transfusions, pharmacological and non-pharmacological, have flooded medical publications often without enough scientific evidence. In fact there are a few reviews that deal with this topic.
&lt;number&gt;
Blood supply is decreasing, surgery is more and more complex and new transfusion risks are continuously being described. So, many scientific societies have issued guidelines on blood transfusion indications
Many alternatives to blood transfusions, pharmacological and non-pharmacological, have flooded medical publications often without enough scientific evidence. In fact there are a few reviews that deal with this topic.
Blood supply is decreasing, surgery is more and more complex and new transfusion risks are continuously being described. So, many scientific societies have issued guidelines on blood transfusion indications
Many alternatives to blood transfusions, pharmacological and non-pharmacological, have flooded medical publications often without enough scientific evidence. In fact there are a few reviews that deal with this topic.
&lt;number&gt;
Blood supply is decreasing, surgery is more and more complex and new transfusion risks are continuously being described. So, many scientific societies have issued guidelines on blood transfusion indications
Many alternatives to blood transfusions, pharmacological and non-pharmacological, have flooded medical publications often without enough scientific evidence. In fact there are a few reviews that deal with this topic.
&lt;number&gt;
Destacar que la anemia ferropénica es un problema de salud muy importante; Datos de la OMS afirman que ¼ de la población mundial sufre anemia ferropénica y hasta 1/3, déficit de hierro. Por ejemplo, en 1997 se cifró la prevalencia de la anemia ferropénica en adolescentes americanas en torno al 2-5 %.
En cuanto a la etiología, excepto en las mujeres en edad fértil, en las que la causa ginecológica es la más frecuente, en el resto de la población, la causa más habitual son las pérdidas por vía digestiva. Además, y muy importante para nosotros los digestólogos, hay un grupo especial de enfermos, aquellos afectos de EICI, en los que la anemia es muy frecuente y tienen como particularidad, una especial mala tolerancia al hierro oral, incluso puede precipitar brotes de la enfermedad.
La anemia influye muy negativamente en la calidad de vida de los pacientes aunque está demostrado que el médico (al menos el Digestólogo) infravalora este hecho.
Blood supply is decreasing, surgery is more and more complex and new transfusion risks are continuously being described. So, many scientific societies have issued guidelines on blood transfusion indications
Many alternatives to blood transfusions, pharmacological and non-pharmacological, have flooded medical publications often without enough scientific evidence. In fact there are a few reviews that deal with this topic.
Many alternatives to blood transfusions, pharmacological and non-pharmacological, have flooded medical publications often without enough scientific evidence. In fact there are a few reviews that deal with this topic.
Blood supply is decreasing, surgery is more and more complex and new transfusion risks are continuously being described. So, many scientific societies have issued guidelines on blood transfusion indications
Many alternatives to blood transfusions, pharmacological and non-pharmacological, have flooded medical publications often without enough scientific evidence. In fact there are a few reviews that deal with this topic.
Blood supply is decreasing, surgery is more and more complex and new transfusion risks are continuously being described. So, many scientific societies have issued guidelines on blood transfusion indications
Many alternatives to blood transfusions, pharmacological and non-pharmacological, have flooded medical publications often without enough scientific evidence. In fact there are a few reviews that deal with this topic.
The Spanish version of the consensus was published in 2006
Blood supply is decreasing, surgery is more and more complex and new transfusion risks are continuously being described. So, many scientific societies have issued guidelines on blood transfusion indications
Many alternatives to blood transfusions, pharmacological and non-pharmacological, have flooded medical publications often without enough scientific evidence. In fact there are a few reviews that deal with this topic.
The Spanish version of the consensus was published in 2006
The Spanish version of the consensus was published in 2006
The Spanish version of the consensus was published in 2006
The Spanish version of the consensus was published in 2006
The Spanish version of the consensus was published in 2006
Blood supply is decreasing, surgery is more and more complex and new transfusion risks are continuously being described. So, many scientific societies have issued guidelines on blood transfusion indications
Many alternatives to blood transfusions, pharmacological and non-pharmacological, have flooded medical publications often without enough scientific evidence. In fact there are a few reviews that deal with this topic.
Blood supply is decreasing, surgery is more and more complex and new transfusion risks are continuously being described. So, many scientific societies have issued guidelines on blood transfusion indications
Many alternatives to blood transfusions, pharmacological and non-pharmacological, have flooded medical publications often without enough scientific evidence. In fact there are a few reviews that deal with this topic.
Blood supply is decreasing, surgery is more and more complex and new transfusion risks are continuously being described. So, many scientific societies have issued guidelines on blood transfusion indications
Many alternatives to blood transfusions, pharmacological and non-pharmacological, have flooded medical publications often without enough scientific evidence. In fact there are a few reviews that deal with this topic.
Blood supply is decreasing, surgery is more and more complex and new transfusion risks are continuously being described. So, many scientific societies have issued guidelines on blood transfusion indications
Many alternatives to blood transfusions, pharmacological and non-pharmacological, have flooded medical publications often without enough scientific evidence. In fact there are a few reviews that deal with this topic.
Blood supply is decreasing, surgery is more and more complex and new transfusion risks are continuously being described. So, many scientific societies have issued guidelines on blood transfusion indications
Many alternatives to blood transfusions, pharmacological and non-pharmacological, have flooded medical publications often without enough scientific evidence. In fact there are a few reviews that deal with this topic.
Blood supply is decreasing, surgery is more and more complex and new transfusion risks are continuously being described. So, many scientific societies have issued guidelines on blood transfusion indications
Many alternatives to blood transfusions, pharmacological and non-pharmacological, have flooded medical publications often without enough scientific evidence. In fact there are a few reviews that deal with this topic.
Blood supply is decreasing, surgery is more and more complex and new transfusion risks are continuously being described. So, many scientific societies have issued guidelines on blood transfusion indications
Many alternatives to blood transfusions, pharmacological and non-pharmacological, have flooded medical publications often without enough scientific evidence. In fact there are a few reviews that deal with this topic.
Blood supply is decreasing, surgery is more and more complex and new transfusion risks are continuously being described. So, many scientific societies have issued guidelines on blood transfusion indications
Many alternatives to blood transfusions, pharmacological and non-pharmacological, have flooded medical publications often without enough scientific evidence. In fact there are a few reviews that deal with this topic.
Blood supply is decreasing, surgery is more and more complex and new transfusion risks are continuously being described. So, many scientific societies have issued guidelines on blood transfusion indications
Many alternatives to blood transfusions, pharmacological and non-pharmacological, have flooded medical publications often without enough scientific evidence. In fact there are a few reviews that deal with this topic.
Blood supply is decreasing, surgery is more and more complex and new transfusion risks are continuously being described. So, many scientific societies have issued guidelines on blood transfusion indications
Many alternatives to blood transfusions, pharmacological and non-pharmacological, have flooded medical publications often without enough scientific evidence. In fact there are a few reviews that deal with this topic.
Blood supply is decreasing, surgery is more and more complex and new transfusion risks are continuously being described. So, many scientific societies have issued guidelines on blood transfusion indications
Many alternatives to blood transfusions, pharmacological and non-pharmacological, have flooded medical publications often without enough scientific evidence. In fact there are a few reviews that deal with this topic.
Blood supply is decreasing, surgery is more and more complex and new transfusion risks are continuously being described. So, many scientific societies have issued guidelines on blood transfusion indications
Many alternatives to blood transfusions, pharmacological and non-pharmacological, have flooded medical publications often without enough scientific evidence. In fact there are a few reviews that deal with this topic.
The Spanish version of the consensus was published in 2006
Blood supply is decreasing, surgery is more and more complex and new transfusion risks are continuously being described. So, many scientific societies have issued guidelines on blood transfusion indications
Many alternatives to blood transfusions, pharmacological and non-pharmacological, have flooded medical publications often without enough scientific evidence. In fact there are a few reviews that deal with this topic.
Blood supply is decreasing, surgery is more and more complex and new transfusion risks are continuously being described. So, many scientific societies have issued guidelines on blood transfusion indications
Many alternatives to blood transfusions, pharmacological and non-pharmacological, have flooded medical publications often without enough scientific evidence. In fact there are a few reviews that deal with this topic.
Blood supply is decreasing, surgery is more and more complex and new transfusion risks are continuously being described. So, many scientific societies have issued guidelines on blood transfusion indications
Many alternatives to blood transfusions, pharmacological and non-pharmacological, have flooded medical publications often without enough scientific evidence. In fact there are a few reviews that deal with this topic.
The Spanish version of the consensus was published in 2006