Este documento presenta los resultados de un estudio sobre la textura, materia orgánica, carbono orgánico, carbono inorgánico y nitrógeno total en sedimentos marinos superficiales de la X Región de Chile. Los sedimentos estaban compuestos principalmente por arenas y limos, con mayores concentraciones de materia orgánica y nutrientes al norte de las islas Desertores. Las relaciones de carbono a nitrógeno indican que los sedimentos consisten mayormente en material marino, aunque también hay contribuciones terrestres cerca de desembocaduras fluv
This research aims to evaluate some chemical parameters of surface sediments of coastal La Restinga lagoon, located in Margarita Island, Nueva Esparta state, Venezuela. Using classical methodology for geochemical, grain size and texture sediment percentage of organic carbon and total organic matter, and calcium carbonate was analyzed. Additionally, the concentrations of total nitrogen, total phosphorus and aliphatic hydrocarbons were determined. The results showed that in the lagoon La Restinga prevailing sedimentary sandy texture, above the sandy-loam and sandy-clay. The percentages of total organic carbon, total organic matter and calcium carbonate respectively varied as follows: 1.70-25.53%, 11.10-82.10% and 2.93-44.01%. Concentrations of 282.10-1571.80 mg kg-1 in total nitrogen, 419.50-2033.70 mg kg-1 in total phosphorus and 5.65-63.18 mg kg-1 for aliphatic hydrocarbons were determined. The total organic matter in the lagoon La Restinga is distributed based on the fine particles of sediment and the presence of mangroves, in turn calcium carbonate, was associated mainly to contributions from organisms with calcareous shell. The low values of the ratio NT/PT (under 5) suggest limiting the nitrogen in the ecosystem, and natural or anthropogenic enrichment of phosphorus in the sediment. The levels of certain aliphatic hydrocarbons, are not considered as contaminants levels as established by CARIPOL (1980), except in the eastern end of the main body of the lake. According to the points made in this study, we can infer that the Restinga Lagoon symptoms of degradation product of human intervention in the ecosystem.
This paper reports the geochemical characteristics and environmental conditions of Cuchivero river sediments in Venezuela, depending on particle size, organic matter, organic carbon, nitrogen and total phosphorus, carbonates and heavy metals. The granulometry was typified by a predominance of sands with low organic matter (0.52 to 0.87%), organic carbon (0.06 to 0.09%) and carbonates content (0.54 to 2.61%) as well as high values of total nitrogen (602-985 mg / kg). The poor correlation between nitrogen, phosphorus and organic matter, it suggests present of nitrogen and total phosphorus of allochthonous origin and no Redfield organic matter. The average heavy metals in mg/kg, showed a concentration gradient descent, Fe (410)> Mn (63.14)> Zn (9.01)> Ni (3.38)> (2.21Cu)> Cr (2.09)> Co (1.13)> Cd (0.21) > Pb (0.07) mg / kg, with an association to the sands and carbonates, suggesting lithogenic origin. From the environmental point of view, no evidence of anthropogenic impacts, as reflected by levels of organic matter and heavy metals are below the permissible values.
In October 2002 we assessed the mobility and bioavailability baseline levels of four heavy metals – Cd, Cu, Ni,and Zn – by analyzing their spatial distribution and geochemical fractioning in surface sediments of the eastern region of theGulf of Cariaco, heavily affected by industrial and urban development. Metal recovery yielded mg/g-concentrations greaterthan those permitted for non-contaminated sediments, the Cd, Cu, Ni, and Zn content in exchangeable fraction (F1) being0.73, beyond detection levels, 0.12, and 0.46, respectively; in carbonate-bound fraction (F2): 0.46, 0.03, 0.60, and 8.08,respectively; in reducible fraction (F3): 0.47, 0.28, 5.94, and 28.27, respectively; in oxidizable fraction (F4): 0.02, 4.99, 7.18,and 8.61, respectively; and in residual fraction (F5): 0.08, 3.59, 0.84, and 8.53, respectively. Geochemical speciation yieldeda metal accumulation following the sequence: organic matter > Fe and Mn oxihydroxides > residual > carbonates > exchangeable.Sequential analysis revealed exchangeable fraction associated with Cd, suggestive of anthropogenic origin. Mean values ofsands, silts, clays, and total organic matter were 54.21, 39.14, 6.65, 11.22, and 19.33 %, respectively, which render thesediments as sandy-silty, with a higher content of organic matter as a consequence of the biological productivity in surfacewaters. All parameters show a trend to accumulate towards the center of the eastern region of the Gulf of Cariaco.
Surface sediments were collected from 23 stations in Laguna de Píritu, state of Anzoategui, Venezuela, to
ascertain the geochemical fractioning of Fe, Cd, Cr, and Pb. Seven of the stations selected are close to the lagoon’s confluence
with the sea, nine lie to the center, and the rest towards its innermost end. Four operationally defined fractions -identified as
F1 through F4- were assayed by the selective chemical extraction technique: exchangeable ions, carbonate-bound metals,
metals bound to Fe and Mn oxides and to organic matter, and metals associated to residual minerals. Quantification by atomic
absorption spectroscopy yielded the following results: Fe, Cr, and Pb were bound to the residual fraction, averaging 63, 82, and
58%, respectively. Cd was mainly associated to the exchangeable ions in 28% of the cases and to carbonates in 24% of the
cases. Metals bound to exchangeable ions and to carbonates, the fractions with the highest available potential, tended to
accumulate towards the innermost section of the lagoon. It is suggested that the Fe, Cr, and Pb found in these sediments are
mostly lithogenic in origin, while the Cd is mainly anthropogenic.
The sequential extraction method SEDEX (sedimentary extraction) modificated by ANDERSON & DELANEY
(2000) has been used to quantify separately four sedimentary phosphorus reservoirs in sediments of the gulf of Paria and the
venezuelan atlantic coast: adsorbed or labile plus P-associated to oxides (F1), P-authigenic (F2), P-detrital (F3) and P-organic
(F4). The marine and continental origin of the sediments was determined by separation of detrital apatite (continental) and
carbonate fluorapatite (CFA) of marine origin. The total phosphorus concentrations are low within the gulf of Paria and the
atlantic venezuelan coast in comparison with other coastal areas (2.38 μmol g-1 to 6.84 μmol g-1) and is mainly in detrital form
(0.78 to 4.61 μmol g-1). In decreasing order the concentrations are: organic (0.56 a 2.47 μmol g-1), adsorbed or labile
phosphorus plus associated oxides (0, 04 to 0. 56 μmol g-1) > autigenic phosphorus (0.04 to 0.31 μmol g-1). ANOVA statistical
tests (P < 0.05) show discrepancies only in the concentrations of the adsorbed or labile phosphorus plus associated oxides
fractions, values being lower in the gulf of Paria. The results suggests that the principal sources are terrestrial lithogenic
apatite from eroded material of the orogenic belts of the coastal Andes and Guiana shield and venezuelan and colombian plains
which was then carried by waters of the Orinoco river and redistributed there. The organic material contribution of native
origin and aloctonal is the second factor that controls the presence of phosphorus in the sediment. The marine contributions
are noted towards the northeast end typified by the presence of carbonate fluoroapatite, indicating of transformation
processes within the sediment.
The objective of this research was to assess the total metal content and bioavailability of
these elements in the sediment of the Duck‘ lagoon (Laguna Los Patos), Sucre state, Venezuela.
By using extractions with HNO3: HClO4: HCl in 3:1:1 ratio to total metals and acetic acid to 10%
for the bioavailable fraction, was determined by atomic absorption spectrometry with air acetylene
flame, that total metals show at their peak concentrations (μg/g), a descending order: Fe (1304.13) > Mn (177.14) > Zn (31.74) > Pb (12.62) > Cu (10.27 )> Cr ( 5.92) > Cd (0.56), associated
with the particles of the kind of mud. The lagoons presents a deterioration with focus of
lead pollution in the central part and copper, nickel and lead towards the far south, where a
sewage treatment plant is located. Iron, manganese, copper, zinc and nickel are in the bioavailable
fraction with values between 2.01-99.62%; 12.00-52.82%; 4.53- 18.88%; 26.52-45.91% y
2.93-91.59% respectively, of the total of each present metal in the sediment. The heterogeneity
observed in the distribution of residual and bioavailable fractions, reflects a wide variability of
the sedimentary matrix. Moreover, the presence of these five metals in the bioavailable fraction
shows a progressive risk for biota of the lagoon, due to the ability of these elements to bioaccumulate
in organisms, suggesting a magnification of these impacts in the future, under the weak
flow of the waters of this ecosystem.
This research aims to evaluate some chemical parameters of surface sediments of coastal La Restinga lagoon, located in Margarita Island, Nueva Esparta state, Venezuela. Using classical methodology for geochemical, grain size and texture sediment percentage of organic carbon and total organic matter, and calcium carbonate was analyzed. Additionally, the concentrations of total nitrogen, total phosphorus and aliphatic hydrocarbons were determined. The results showed that in the lagoon La Restinga prevailing sedimentary sandy texture, above the sandy-loam and sandy-clay. The percentages of total organic carbon, total organic matter and calcium carbonate respectively varied as follows: 1.70-25.53%, 11.10-82.10% and 2.93-44.01%. Concentrations of 282.10-1571.80 mg kg-1 in total nitrogen, 419.50-2033.70 mg kg-1 in total phosphorus and 5.65-63.18 mg kg-1 for aliphatic hydrocarbons were determined. The total organic matter in the lagoon La Restinga is distributed based on the fine particles of sediment and the presence of mangroves, in turn calcium carbonate, was associated mainly to contributions from organisms with calcareous shell. The low values of the ratio NT/PT (under 5) suggest limiting the nitrogen in the ecosystem, and natural or anthropogenic enrichment of phosphorus in the sediment. The levels of certain aliphatic hydrocarbons, are not considered as contaminants levels as established by CARIPOL (1980), except in the eastern end of the main body of the lake. According to the points made in this study, we can infer that the Restinga Lagoon symptoms of degradation product of human intervention in the ecosystem.
This paper reports the geochemical characteristics and environmental conditions of Cuchivero river sediments in Venezuela, depending on particle size, organic matter, organic carbon, nitrogen and total phosphorus, carbonates and heavy metals. The granulometry was typified by a predominance of sands with low organic matter (0.52 to 0.87%), organic carbon (0.06 to 0.09%) and carbonates content (0.54 to 2.61%) as well as high values of total nitrogen (602-985 mg / kg). The poor correlation between nitrogen, phosphorus and organic matter, it suggests present of nitrogen and total phosphorus of allochthonous origin and no Redfield organic matter. The average heavy metals in mg/kg, showed a concentration gradient descent, Fe (410)> Mn (63.14)> Zn (9.01)> Ni (3.38)> (2.21Cu)> Cr (2.09)> Co (1.13)> Cd (0.21) > Pb (0.07) mg / kg, with an association to the sands and carbonates, suggesting lithogenic origin. From the environmental point of view, no evidence of anthropogenic impacts, as reflected by levels of organic matter and heavy metals are below the permissible values.
In October 2002 we assessed the mobility and bioavailability baseline levels of four heavy metals – Cd, Cu, Ni,and Zn – by analyzing their spatial distribution and geochemical fractioning in surface sediments of the eastern region of theGulf of Cariaco, heavily affected by industrial and urban development. Metal recovery yielded mg/g-concentrations greaterthan those permitted for non-contaminated sediments, the Cd, Cu, Ni, and Zn content in exchangeable fraction (F1) being0.73, beyond detection levels, 0.12, and 0.46, respectively; in carbonate-bound fraction (F2): 0.46, 0.03, 0.60, and 8.08,respectively; in reducible fraction (F3): 0.47, 0.28, 5.94, and 28.27, respectively; in oxidizable fraction (F4): 0.02, 4.99, 7.18,and 8.61, respectively; and in residual fraction (F5): 0.08, 3.59, 0.84, and 8.53, respectively. Geochemical speciation yieldeda metal accumulation following the sequence: organic matter > Fe and Mn oxihydroxides > residual > carbonates > exchangeable.Sequential analysis revealed exchangeable fraction associated with Cd, suggestive of anthropogenic origin. Mean values ofsands, silts, clays, and total organic matter were 54.21, 39.14, 6.65, 11.22, and 19.33 %, respectively, which render thesediments as sandy-silty, with a higher content of organic matter as a consequence of the biological productivity in surfacewaters. All parameters show a trend to accumulate towards the center of the eastern region of the Gulf of Cariaco.
Surface sediments were collected from 23 stations in Laguna de Píritu, state of Anzoategui, Venezuela, to
ascertain the geochemical fractioning of Fe, Cd, Cr, and Pb. Seven of the stations selected are close to the lagoon’s confluence
with the sea, nine lie to the center, and the rest towards its innermost end. Four operationally defined fractions -identified as
F1 through F4- were assayed by the selective chemical extraction technique: exchangeable ions, carbonate-bound metals,
metals bound to Fe and Mn oxides and to organic matter, and metals associated to residual minerals. Quantification by atomic
absorption spectroscopy yielded the following results: Fe, Cr, and Pb were bound to the residual fraction, averaging 63, 82, and
58%, respectively. Cd was mainly associated to the exchangeable ions in 28% of the cases and to carbonates in 24% of the
cases. Metals bound to exchangeable ions and to carbonates, the fractions with the highest available potential, tended to
accumulate towards the innermost section of the lagoon. It is suggested that the Fe, Cr, and Pb found in these sediments are
mostly lithogenic in origin, while the Cd is mainly anthropogenic.
The sequential extraction method SEDEX (sedimentary extraction) modificated by ANDERSON & DELANEY
(2000) has been used to quantify separately four sedimentary phosphorus reservoirs in sediments of the gulf of Paria and the
venezuelan atlantic coast: adsorbed or labile plus P-associated to oxides (F1), P-authigenic (F2), P-detrital (F3) and P-organic
(F4). The marine and continental origin of the sediments was determined by separation of detrital apatite (continental) and
carbonate fluorapatite (CFA) of marine origin. The total phosphorus concentrations are low within the gulf of Paria and the
atlantic venezuelan coast in comparison with other coastal areas (2.38 μmol g-1 to 6.84 μmol g-1) and is mainly in detrital form
(0.78 to 4.61 μmol g-1). In decreasing order the concentrations are: organic (0.56 a 2.47 μmol g-1), adsorbed or labile
phosphorus plus associated oxides (0, 04 to 0. 56 μmol g-1) > autigenic phosphorus (0.04 to 0.31 μmol g-1). ANOVA statistical
tests (P < 0.05) show discrepancies only in the concentrations of the adsorbed or labile phosphorus plus associated oxides
fractions, values being lower in the gulf of Paria. The results suggests that the principal sources are terrestrial lithogenic
apatite from eroded material of the orogenic belts of the coastal Andes and Guiana shield and venezuelan and colombian plains
which was then carried by waters of the Orinoco river and redistributed there. The organic material contribution of native
origin and aloctonal is the second factor that controls the presence of phosphorus in the sediment. The marine contributions
are noted towards the northeast end typified by the presence of carbonate fluoroapatite, indicating of transformation
processes within the sediment.
The objective of this research was to assess the total metal content and bioavailability of
these elements in the sediment of the Duck‘ lagoon (Laguna Los Patos), Sucre state, Venezuela.
By using extractions with HNO3: HClO4: HCl in 3:1:1 ratio to total metals and acetic acid to 10%
for the bioavailable fraction, was determined by atomic absorption spectrometry with air acetylene
flame, that total metals show at their peak concentrations (μg/g), a descending order: Fe (1304.13) > Mn (177.14) > Zn (31.74) > Pb (12.62) > Cu (10.27 )> Cr ( 5.92) > Cd (0.56), associated
with the particles of the kind of mud. The lagoons presents a deterioration with focus of
lead pollution in the central part and copper, nickel and lead towards the far south, where a
sewage treatment plant is located. Iron, manganese, copper, zinc and nickel are in the bioavailable
fraction with values between 2.01-99.62%; 12.00-52.82%; 4.53- 18.88%; 26.52-45.91% y
2.93-91.59% respectively, of the total of each present metal in the sediment. The heterogeneity
observed in the distribution of residual and bioavailable fractions, reflects a wide variability of
the sedimentary matrix. Moreover, the presence of these five metals in the bioavailable fraction
shows a progressive risk for biota of the lagoon, due to the ability of these elements to bioaccumulate
in organisms, suggesting a magnification of these impacts in the future, under the weak
flow of the waters of this ecosystem.
The sequential extraction method SEDEX (sedimentary extraction) modificated by ANDERSON & DELANEY
(2000) has been used to quantify separately four sedimentary phosphorus reservoirs in sediments of the gulf of Paria and the
venezuelan atlantic coast: adsorbed or labile plus P-associated to oxides (F1), P-authigenic (F2), P-detrital (F3) and P-organic
(F4). The marine and continental origin of the sediments was determined by separation of detrital apatite (continental) and
carbonate fluorapatite (CFA) of marine origin. The total phosphorus concentrations are low within the gulf of Paria and the
atlantic venezuelan coast in comparison with other coastal areas (2.38 mmol g-1 to 6.84 mmol g-1) and is mainly in detrital
form (0.78 to 4.61 mmol g-1). In decreasing order the concentrations are: organic (0.56 a 2.47 mmol g-1), adsorbed or labile
phosphorus plus associated oxides (0, 04 to 0. 56 m mol g-1) > autigenic phosphorus (0.04 to 0.31 m mol g-1) and (0.10 to 1.34
%). ANOVA statistical tests (P < 0.05) show discrepancies only in the concentrations of the adsorbed or labile phosphorus plus
associated oxides fractions, values being lower in the gulf of Paria. The results suggests, that the principal sources are
terrestrial lithogenic apatite from eroded material of the orogenic belts of the coastal Andes and Guayana shield and venezuelan
and colombian plains which was then carried by waters of the Orinoco river and redistributed there. The organic material
contribution of native origin and aloctonal is the second factor that controls the presence of phosphorus in the sediment. The
marine contributions are noted towards the northeast end typified by the presence of carbonate fluoroapatite, indicating of
transformation processes within the sediment.
The total concentration and the chemical forms of heavy metals were determined in
superficial sediments of the Cuchivero river, Venezuela, using sequential extraction and
atomic absorption spectrophotometry with flame. Pollution indices were used to study the
distribution, pollution and environmental risk in the sediments. Total values ranged from,
394-457 mgkg-1 Fe, 46,87-74,82 Mn, 6,45-11,92 Zn, 1,70-5,75 Ni, 0,39-3,7 Cu, 1,25-3,63
Cr, 0,37-1,82 Co, 0,10-0,30 Cd y <Ld-0,20 mgkg-1 Pb. The metals were found to be
strongly associated with the residual fraction minerals (70 to 90%), carbonates and iron
oxihidroxides. Manganese and cadmium were associated mostly exchangeable fraction
(60-70%). The indices indicate that the source of metals is mainly bedrock; no metal
enrichment and contamination exist. The risk of environmental disruption is low for Fe
and Co, high for Zn and Ni, medium for Cu and Cr, and very high for Mn, Cd and Pb.
Recuperacion de vertedero mediante fitoencapsulacionBasoinsa
Artículo sobre el proyecto de recuperación ambiental del espacio ocupado por un vertedero de residuos cálcicos localizado en el municipio de Itsasondo (Gipuzkoa) y que fue ejecutado por Basoinsa entre los años 2001 y 2009
The hydrochemical, physical-chemical, and biological dynamics were studied in the eastern waters of the gulf of
Cariaco, where wind and precipitation patterns govern these processes to a significant degree. Average monthly values for
both surface and bottom waters were respectively as follows: temperature: 25.69 °C each; salinity: 35.41 and 35.75 units;
density anomaly (ó-t): 23.43 and 23.84 kg/m3; oxygen concentration: 184.49 and 178.38 mmol/kg; pH: 7.98 and 7.94;
nitrates: 3.18 and 4.22 μmol/L; nitrites: 0.45 and 0.60 μmol/L; ammonium: 1.25 and 1.39 μmol/L; total nitrogen: 25.28 and
26.31 μmol/L. Phosphate concentrations between surface and bottom waters varied between 0.60 and 0.79 μmol/L, whereas
those of total phosphorus ranged from 2 to 170 μmol/L. Surface and bottom chlorophyll a concentrations ranged from 5.19
to 4.33 mg/m3, respectively. ANOVA (P<0.05) did not reveal any significant variation between the values studied, but it did
show differences between the values for different months. Decomposition of organic matter was detected, as typified by both
oxygen utilization greater than 50 mmol/kg and denitrification (N*), which increased ammonium concentration and reduced
the pH during periods of upwelling relaxation. There was an imbalance between the maxima of chlorophyll a and those of
nutrients, which evidenced that phosphorus could be an inhibitor of phytoplankton production, especially during upwelling
letup, when Readfield ratio increases from N:P = 16:1 up to N:P = 24:1.
This research presents some geochemical aspects of the marine surface sediments of the north coast of the Gulfof Cariaco, in the state of Sucre, Venezuela. The gulf has a tectonic structure and a fault system mainly featuring sandysediments, most of which are quite permeable and have an average hydric content of 22.44%. The content of organic matterdetected was low, averaging 7.63%, organic carbon and calcium carbonate commanding 0.97% and 21.97%, respectively.Contrarily, phosphorus and total nitrogen were high, 360.03 mg.g-1 for the former and 396.29 mg.g-1 for the latter, the totalnitrogen to phosphorus ratio being 1.09, which indicates a certain degree of organic fertility. The metal concentrationspresented different distributions, averaging 3548.58, 14.63, 13.68, 11.59, 10.23, 2.29, 1.04, and 0.57 mg.g-1 for iron,manganese, nickel, zinc, chromium, copper, cadmium, and lead, respectively, indicative of contamination, especially by cadmium. The non linearity with the iron presented by some metals such as copper, nickel, and manganese suggests theexistence of anthropogenic influxes, probably swayed by river-borne industrial contributions, including the exogenous discharges running seawards from the south coast.
Con el propósito de caracterizar algunos aspectos ecológicos y ambientales de la ciénaga las Quintas, en la ciudad de Cartagena, Caribe Colombiano, se desarrollaron dos jornadas de muestreo, durante las cuales se reconocieron algunos representantes de la flora de la formación de manglares, e igualmente se analizo el
contenido de bentos, la ornitofauna y los tipos de residuos sólidos presentes en este humedal; concluyéndose que este posee condiciones ambientales no muy adecuadas para el mantenimiento de algunas funciones ecosistémicas.
Este trabajo se presento durante el evento denominado Saberes
Fundación Universitaria Tecnológico Comfenalco, Cartagena-Colombia.
Octubre 4 y 5 de 2012.
The sequential extraction method SEDEX (sedimentary extraction) modificated by ANDERSON & DELANEY
(2000) has been used to quantify separately four sedimentary phosphorus reservoirs in sediments of the gulf of Paria and the
venezuelan atlantic coast: adsorbed or labile plus P-associated to oxides (F1), P-authigenic (F2), P-detrital (F3) and P-organic
(F4). The marine and continental origin of the sediments was determined by separation of detrital apatite (continental) and
carbonate fluorapatite (CFA) of marine origin. The total phosphorus concentrations are low within the gulf of Paria and the
atlantic venezuelan coast in comparison with other coastal areas (2.38 mmol g-1 to 6.84 mmol g-1) and is mainly in detrital
form (0.78 to 4.61 mmol g-1). In decreasing order the concentrations are: organic (0.56 a 2.47 mmol g-1), adsorbed or labile
phosphorus plus associated oxides (0, 04 to 0. 56 m mol g-1) > autigenic phosphorus (0.04 to 0.31 m mol g-1) and (0.10 to 1.34
%). ANOVA statistical tests (P < 0.05) show discrepancies only in the concentrations of the adsorbed or labile phosphorus plus
associated oxides fractions, values being lower in the gulf of Paria. The results suggests, that the principal sources are
terrestrial lithogenic apatite from eroded material of the orogenic belts of the coastal Andes and Guayana shield and venezuelan
and colombian plains which was then carried by waters of the Orinoco river and redistributed there. The organic material
contribution of native origin and aloctonal is the second factor that controls the presence of phosphorus in the sediment. The
marine contributions are noted towards the northeast end typified by the presence of carbonate fluoroapatite, indicating of
transformation processes within the sediment.
The total concentration and the chemical forms of heavy metals were determined in
superficial sediments of the Cuchivero river, Venezuela, using sequential extraction and
atomic absorption spectrophotometry with flame. Pollution indices were used to study the
distribution, pollution and environmental risk in the sediments. Total values ranged from,
394-457 mgkg-1 Fe, 46,87-74,82 Mn, 6,45-11,92 Zn, 1,70-5,75 Ni, 0,39-3,7 Cu, 1,25-3,63
Cr, 0,37-1,82 Co, 0,10-0,30 Cd y <Ld-0,20 mgkg-1 Pb. The metals were found to be
strongly associated with the residual fraction minerals (70 to 90%), carbonates and iron
oxihidroxides. Manganese and cadmium were associated mostly exchangeable fraction
(60-70%). The indices indicate that the source of metals is mainly bedrock; no metal
enrichment and contamination exist. The risk of environmental disruption is low for Fe
and Co, high for Zn and Ni, medium for Cu and Cr, and very high for Mn, Cd and Pb.
Recuperacion de vertedero mediante fitoencapsulacionBasoinsa
Artículo sobre el proyecto de recuperación ambiental del espacio ocupado por un vertedero de residuos cálcicos localizado en el municipio de Itsasondo (Gipuzkoa) y que fue ejecutado por Basoinsa entre los años 2001 y 2009
The hydrochemical, physical-chemical, and biological dynamics were studied in the eastern waters of the gulf of
Cariaco, where wind and precipitation patterns govern these processes to a significant degree. Average monthly values for
both surface and bottom waters were respectively as follows: temperature: 25.69 °C each; salinity: 35.41 and 35.75 units;
density anomaly (ó-t): 23.43 and 23.84 kg/m3; oxygen concentration: 184.49 and 178.38 mmol/kg; pH: 7.98 and 7.94;
nitrates: 3.18 and 4.22 μmol/L; nitrites: 0.45 and 0.60 μmol/L; ammonium: 1.25 and 1.39 μmol/L; total nitrogen: 25.28 and
26.31 μmol/L. Phosphate concentrations between surface and bottom waters varied between 0.60 and 0.79 μmol/L, whereas
those of total phosphorus ranged from 2 to 170 μmol/L. Surface and bottom chlorophyll a concentrations ranged from 5.19
to 4.33 mg/m3, respectively. ANOVA (P<0.05) did not reveal any significant variation between the values studied, but it did
show differences between the values for different months. Decomposition of organic matter was detected, as typified by both
oxygen utilization greater than 50 mmol/kg and denitrification (N*), which increased ammonium concentration and reduced
the pH during periods of upwelling relaxation. There was an imbalance between the maxima of chlorophyll a and those of
nutrients, which evidenced that phosphorus could be an inhibitor of phytoplankton production, especially during upwelling
letup, when Readfield ratio increases from N:P = 16:1 up to N:P = 24:1.
This research presents some geochemical aspects of the marine surface sediments of the north coast of the Gulfof Cariaco, in the state of Sucre, Venezuela. The gulf has a tectonic structure and a fault system mainly featuring sandysediments, most of which are quite permeable and have an average hydric content of 22.44%. The content of organic matterdetected was low, averaging 7.63%, organic carbon and calcium carbonate commanding 0.97% and 21.97%, respectively.Contrarily, phosphorus and total nitrogen were high, 360.03 mg.g-1 for the former and 396.29 mg.g-1 for the latter, the totalnitrogen to phosphorus ratio being 1.09, which indicates a certain degree of organic fertility. The metal concentrationspresented different distributions, averaging 3548.58, 14.63, 13.68, 11.59, 10.23, 2.29, 1.04, and 0.57 mg.g-1 for iron,manganese, nickel, zinc, chromium, copper, cadmium, and lead, respectively, indicative of contamination, especially by cadmium. The non linearity with the iron presented by some metals such as copper, nickel, and manganese suggests theexistence of anthropogenic influxes, probably swayed by river-borne industrial contributions, including the exogenous discharges running seawards from the south coast.
Con el propósito de caracterizar algunos aspectos ecológicos y ambientales de la ciénaga las Quintas, en la ciudad de Cartagena, Caribe Colombiano, se desarrollaron dos jornadas de muestreo, durante las cuales se reconocieron algunos representantes de la flora de la formación de manglares, e igualmente se analizo el
contenido de bentos, la ornitofauna y los tipos de residuos sólidos presentes en este humedal; concluyéndose que este posee condiciones ambientales no muy adecuadas para el mantenimiento de algunas funciones ecosistémicas.
Este trabajo se presento durante el evento denominado Saberes
Fundación Universitaria Tecnológico Comfenalco, Cartagena-Colombia.
Octubre 4 y 5 de 2012.
The hydrochemical, physical-chemical, and biological dynamics were studied in the eastern waters of the gulf of
Cariaco, where wind and precipitation patterns govern these processes to a significant degree. Average monthly values for
both surface and bottom waters were respectively as follows: temperature: 25.69 °C each; salinity: 35.41 and 35.75 units;
density anomaly (ó-t): 23.43 and 23.84 kg/m3; oxygen concentration: 184.49 and 178.38 mmol/kg; pH: 7.98 and 7.94;
nitrates: 3.18 and 4.22 μmol/L; nitrites: 0.45 and 0.60 μmol/L; ammonium: 1.25 and 1.39 μmol/L; total nitrogen: 25.28 and
26.31 μmol/L. Phosphate concentrations between surface and bottom waters varied between 0.60 and 0.79 μmol/L, whereas
those of total phosphorus ranged from 2 to 170 μmol/L. Surface and bottom chlorophyll a concentrations ranged from 5.19
to 4.33 mg/m3, respectively. ANOVA (P<0.05) did not reveal any significant variation between the values studied, but it did
show differences between the values for different months. Decomposition of organic matter was detected, as typified by both
oxygen utilization greater than 50 mmol/kg and denitrification (N*), which increased ammonium concentration and reduced
the pH during periods of upwelling relaxation. There was an imbalance between the maxima of chlorophyll a and those of
nutrients, which evidenced that phosphorus could be an inhibitor of phytoplankton production, especially during upwelling
letup, when Readfield ratio increases from N:P = 16:1 up to N:P = 24:1.
En el presente trabajo se analizó la concentración de Cu, Cd, Pb y Hg en los
sedimentos superficiales del estero Santa Rosa, Provincia de El Oro, Ecuador.
Las concentraciones de estos elementos fueron muy elevadas para la mayoría de
las muestras analizadas en todos los puntos de muestreo seleccionados. Su
distribución no fue homogénea, ni presentó un patrón geográfico marcadamente
definido, pudiéndose encontrar altos niveles distribuidos a lo largo del estero
estudiado.
En el presente trabajo se analizó la concentración de Cu, Cd, Pb y Hg en los
sedimentos superficiales del estero Santa Rosa, Provincia de El Oro, Ecuador.
Las concentraciones de estos elementos fueron muy elevadas para la mayoría de
las muestras analizadas en todos los puntos de muestreo seleccionados. Su
distribución no fue homogénea, ni presentó un patrón geográfico marcadamente
definido, pudiéndose encontrar altos niveles distribuidos a lo largo del estero
estudiado.
En el presente trabajo se analizó la concentración de Cu, Cd, Pb y Hg en los
sedimentos superficiales del estero Santa Rosa, Provincia de El Oro, Ecuador.
Las concentraciones de estos elementos fueron muy elevadas para la mayoría de
las muestras analizadas en todos los puntos de muestreo seleccionados. Su
distribución no fue homogénea, ni presentó un patrón geográfico marcadamente
definido, pudiéndose encontrar altos niveles distribuidos a lo largo del estero
estudiado.
The concentrations of heavy metals Co, Cr, Pb and Zn in the bioavailable fraction in surface sediments of marine-coastal region of the city of Cumana, Venezuela, were studied during periods of drought and rain, in 17 sampling stations located along the shoreline. Significant differences between the two periods of sampling were detected for chromium and lead concentrations, reaching the highest values during the rainy season. For the rest of the metals studied a similar behavior was found for both periods. Likewise, significant differences were observed for chromium and lead, showing a greater enrichment of the latter in the area of high river influence.
The hydrographic conditions and sanitary quality of the waters of the coastal region of Playa Grande Bay
were studied during May 2003. We set up 21 stations to collect surface and bottom samples and three current meters – an
upward-mounted hydroacoustic profiler and two single-point Doppler current sensors that operated for 14 days. Samples were
collected in 5-L Niskin bottles equipped with a lid-closing device operated through a cable. The samples were studied according
to established methods for seawater analysis. The pH ranged between 7.93 and 8.31; the temperature, between 22.0 and 24.0
ºC; the salinity, between 36.56 and 37.17 units; the color, between 15 and 30 Pt-Co units. The biochemical oxygen demand
ranged between 4.05 and 68.96 mg/L; and total nitrogen, between 0.53 and 1.27 mg/L. Total phosphate fluctuated between
0.02 and 0.16 mg/L; lipids, between 0.08 and 0.39 mg/L; aliphatic hydrocarbons, between 0.01 and 0.12 mg/L. Detergents did
not exceed the value of 0.02 mg/L. In some cases, total and fecal coliforms reached values beyond the limit of 1000 NMP/
100ml for total coliforms set by the Ministry of the Environment for type 4 waters (partial and total human contact). The
quality of these waters shows the impact of effluents, running mostly from east to west, in the sector of Campo Ajuro. The
physical and chemical conditions of the waters of this bay may vary throughout the year as a consequence of the dynamic
conditions prevailing in the region. It is recommended that these studies be carried out at least twice a year: during the dry
season (December to May), when the trade winds increase, and during the rainy season (June to November).
The hydrographic conditions and sanitary quality of the waters of the coastal region of Playa Grande Bay
were studied during May 2003. We set up 21 stations to collect surface and bottom samples and three current meters – an
upward-mounted hydroacoustic profiler and two single-point Doppler current sensors that operated for 14 days. Samples were
collected in 5-L Niskin bottles equipped with a lid-closing device operated through a cable. The samples were studied according
to established methods for seawater analysis. The pH ranged between 7.93 and 8.31; the temperature, between 22.0 and 24.0
ºC; the salinity, between 36.56 and 37.17 units; the color, between 15 and 30 Pt-Co units. The biochemical oxygen demand
ranged between 4.05 and 68.96 mg/L; and total nitrogen, between 0.53 and 1.27 mg/L. Total phosphate fluctuated between
0.02 and 0.16 mg/L; lipids, between 0.08 and 0.39 mg/L; aliphatic hydrocarbons, between 0.01 and 0.12 mg/L. Detergents did
not exceed the value of 0.02 mg/L. In some cases, total and fecal coliforms reached values beyond the limit of 1000 NMP/
100ml for total coliforms set by the Ministry of the Environment for type 4 waters (partial and total human contact). The
quality of these waters shows the impact of effluents, running mostly from east to west, in the sector of Campo Ajuro. The
physical and chemical conditions of the waters of this bay may vary throughout the year as a consequence of the dynamic
conditions prevailing in the region. It is recommended that these studies be carried out at least twice a year: during the dry
season (December to May), when the trade winds increase, and during the rainy season (June to November).
Inclusión y transparencia como clave del éxito para el mecanismo de transfere...CIFOR-ICRAF
Presented by Lauren Cooper and Rowenn Kalman (Michigan State University) at Workshop “Lecciones para el monitoreo transparente: Experiencias de la Amazonia peruana” on 7 Mei 2024 in Lima, Peru.
E&EP2. Naturaleza de la ecología (introducción)VinicioUday
Naturaleza de la ecología
Se revisan varios conceptos utilizados en ecología como organismo, especie, población, comunidad, ecosistema, la interacción entre organismos y medio ambiente, rápidamente se da a conocer las raices de la ecología (historia).
AVANCCE DEL PORTAFOLIO 2.pptx por los alumnos de la universidad utpluismiguelquispeccar
espero que te sirve esta documento ya que este archivo especialmente para desarrollar una buena investigación y la interacción entre el individuo y el medio ambiente es compleja y multifacética, involucrando una red de influencias mutuas que afectan el desarrollo y el bienestar de las personas y el estado del entorno en el que viven.
La relación entre el individuo y el medio ambiente es un tema amplio que abarca múltiples disciplinas como la psicología, la sociología, la biología y la ecología. Esta interacción se puede entender desde varias perspectivas:
El Medio Ambiente(concientizar nuestra realidad)govesofsofi
Este pequeño trabajo tiene como intención concientizar sobre el medio ambiente...menciona las "famosas" islas de basuras y unos jóvenes que intentaron cambiar la realidad de la contaminación, pero como sabemos...no basta con uno o dos para poder lograr grandes cambios, se necesita de todos para poder lograr los. Roma no fue grande a causa de una sola persona...
Descripción del departamento de San Martin, ubicación, clima, flora y fauna. Con sus respectivos recreos turísticos, sus límites que tiene con cada cuidad.
Presentación de Inés Aguilar, de IITG Instituto Tecnológico de Galicia, en la píldora del jueves 30 de mayo de 2024, titulada "La Píldora de los Jueves: Performance Verification WELL".
Avances de Perú con relación al marco de transparencia del Acuerdo de ParísCIFOR-ICRAF
Presented by Berioska Quispe Estrada (Directora General de Cambio Climático y Desertificación) at Workshop “Lecciones para el monitoreo transparente: Experiencias de la Amazonia peruana” on 7 Mei 2024 in Lima, Peru.
Mejorando la estimación de emisiones GEI conversión bosque degradado a planta...CIFOR-ICRAF
Presented by Kristell Hergoualc'h (Scientist, CIFOR-ICRAF) at Workshop “Lecciones para el monitoreo transparente: Experiencias de la Amazonia peruana” on 7 Mei 2024 in Lima, Peru.
Silabus ECONOMIA-I intoduccion bsica de economia par incial de l pofesion y ...
Sedimentos1
1. — 203 —
7.5 TEXTURA, MATERIA ORGÁNICA, CARBONO ORGÁNICO
Y NITRÓGENO TOTAL, EN SEDIMENTOS MARINOS
SUPERFICIALES DE LA X REGIÓN.
(CONA-C10F 04-17)
María Inés Astorga & Nelson Silva*
Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso
Escuela de Ciencias del Mar
Laboratorio de Biogeoquímica Marina
nsilva@ucv.cl*
INTRODUCCIÓN
Los sistemas estuarinos y los fiordos han llegado a ser de gran importancia para
el hombre debido a sus peculiares características ambientales, las que han permitido
el establecimiento de asentamientos humanos y de cultivos de especies marinas. Sin
embargo, se debe tener en cuenta que estos sistemas, a parte de ofrecer un ambiente
adecuado para el establecimiento de estos cultivos, poseen características que los
constituyen en ambientes extremadamente frágiles frente al uso que se les pueda dar.
De aquí que se hace indispensable el estudio riguroso de ellos con el fin de poder
explotarlos de manera sustentable.
Entre los aspectos ambientales necesarios de conocer, está el de los compo-
nentes químicos del sedimento, tales como el contenido de materia orgánica, carbono
y nitrógeno. Estos componentes pueden ser utilizados como indicadores de posibles
situaciones de contaminación.
Por otra parte se sabe que cuando se tienen cuencas aisladas producto de la
presencia de restricciones batimétricas al libre intercambio de las aguas es muy facti-
ble la presencia de contaminación más aún si consideramos el creciente estableci-
miento de cultivos como salmoneras, que sin ninguna duda se puede afirmar que
añaden una cantidad extra de materia orgánica al sedimento de la zona.
Los sedimentos tienen una importante función reguladora en el ecosistema cos-
tero debido a que ellos son una gran fuente de almacenaje de nutrientes y materia
orgánica, lo cual afecta de manera directa al balance de oxígeno de las aguas de fondo
y permiten la renovación o liberación de nutrientes nuevos hacia la columna de agua,
lo que finalmente también afecta la producción de fitoplancton (Jorgensen,1996).
También se debe tener en cuenta que en los sedimentos costeros existe una alta tasa
de metabolismo microbial, lo que puede provocar un estado de hipoxia o anoxia tanto
en los sedimentos como en los estratos suprayacentes de la columna de agua según
como sea la acumulación de materia orgánica y la tasa de ventilación (Libes, 1992).
Los sistemas estuarinos y fiordos son sistemas que en general están sujetos a
un gran aporte de materia orgánica particulada proveniente de los ríos y de la produc-
tividad primaria que tengan estos sistemas en particular. Además se sabe que son
sistemas relativamente someros, lo que facilita que la materia orgánica llegue rapida-
2. — 204 —
Crucero CIMAR 10
mente al fondo y se acumule en él (Dyer, 1973). Existen por otra parte algunos
fiordos que en su cabeza presentan ventisqueros, lo que produce que el aporte de
material inorgánico producto de la erosión del hielo sobre las rocas, provoque que sus
sedimentos presenten concentraciones evidentemente menores de materia orgánica
particulada. Éstas menores concentraciones de materia orgánica se deben al gran
aporte de material inorgánico y/o a la menor productividad primaria debido, ésta últi-
ma, a la menor penetración de la luz (<1m, Pickard, 1971), producto de la presencia
de material fino (“glacial silt”) en suspensión.
El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo general conocer la distribución superfi-
cial de la textura, contenidos de materia orgánica, carbono orgánico, carbono inorgá-
nico y nitrógeno total. Por otra parte se pretende establecer la estequiometría C:N del
sedimento superficial de la zona de estudio.
MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS
El crucero CIMAR 10 Fiordos, Etapa 1, se realizó durante los días 20 al 31 de
agosto de 2004 entre Puerto Montt y la boca del Guafo (41º 31’ S a 43º 40’ S). El
muestreo comprendió 38 estaciones marinas y 4 estaciones en ríos (Petrohué, Puelo,
Riñihue y Yelcho) (Fig. 1). El sedimento marino fue colectado con un Box Corer, de
donde se obtuvieron muestras de aproximadamente 250 g en los primeros dos centí-
metros. Las muestras de los ríos fueron tomadas mediante buceo. Las muestras hú-
medas fueron guardadas en bolsas de polietileno y conservadas congeladas hasta su
análisis físico y químico. Una vez descongeladas, se retiró la macrobiota, se
homogeneizaron y se tomaron sub muestras, las que fueron secadas a 60º C y luego
molidas hasta polvo muy fino.
La granulometría fue determinada mediante el tamizado vía húmeda, separando
las fracciones de acuerdo a la escala de Udden Wentworth.
El contenido de materia orgánica total (MOT) fue determinado gravimétricamente
por la técnica de pérdida de peso por ignición (Byers et al., 1978), calcinando la
muestra en una mufla a temperatura constante de 450 ºC durante cuatro horas. Dicho
análisis se realizó por triplicado expresándose los resultados como porcentaje (%) de
materia orgánica.
El carbono total (C-tot.) fue determinado mediante combustión a 1.300 ºC en
un equipo analizador elemental para carbón LECO CR-12. Para el análisis de carbono
orgánico (C-org.) primero se eliminaron los carbonatos mediante acidificación de las
muestras con HCl 1:1 y el carbono orgánico remanente fue determinado en el LECO
CR-12. El carbono inorgánico se determinó por diferencia entre C-tot. y C-org.
El nitrógeno total (N-tot.) fue determinado usando la técnica de micro-Kjeldhal
modificada por Branstreet (Walton, 1970).
Para la calibración de los análisis de carbono y nitrógeno se utilizaron estándares
de sedimento certificados de acuerdo a las normas del National Institute of Standards
and Technology (NIST). El análisis de carbono y nitrógeno fueron realizados en dupli-
3. — 205 —
cado y los resultados se expresaron como porcentajes (%). Para el cálculo de relacio-
nes estequiométricas de carbono y nitrógeno se utilizaron las unidades de µg-at C/g
sedimento seco y µg-at N/g sedimento seco.
Para el análisis de la distribución geográfica de la textura y de los diferentes
compuestos químicos del sedimento, se prepararon mapas de la concentración de
cada uno de ellos. Con tal motivo la textura fue agrupada en tres clases: gravas (> 4
mm); arenas (4 - 0,063 mm) y limo+arcillas (< 0,063 mm) y las concentraciones de
MOT, C-org., C-inorg. y N-tot. se agruparon en escalas arbitrarías de cinco clases
para MOT y N-tot. y de seis clases para C-inorg. y C-org.
RESULTADOS
La textura estuvo compuesta preferentemente por arenas y fangos. La partici-
pación de las gravas fue baja y en general menor de 1% en 7 muestras de un total de
42. Las muestras con alto contenido de limo-arcilloso se ubicaron preferentemente en
zonas más protegidas, como depresiones batimétricas o micro cuencas y las con
mayor contenido de arenas en zonas más afectadas por las corrientes como son
canales someros y los ríos (Fig. 2).
La MOT fluctuó entre 0,2 y 10,8%, el C-org. entre 0,1 y 2,6%, el C-inorg.
entre 0 y 0,55% y el N-tot. entre 0,01 y 0,36%. Las mayores concentraciones de
MOT, C-org., C-inorg. y N-tot. se ubicaron preferentemente en la zona al norte del
grupo de islas Desertores y las menores al sur de éstas (Figs. 3-6).
DISCUSIÓN
La granulometría en la zona de estudio, al igual como ha sido observada en
otras zonas de los canales y fiordos australes chilenos (Silva, et al., 1998; Silva &
Ortíz, 2002), presentó una asociación inversa con la concentración de materia orgáni-
ca (Fig. 8). Las zonas con altos valores de componentes orgánicos, al norte de las
islas Desertores, estuvo constituida en su mayoría por sedimento fino de tipo limo-
arcilloso. La zona con bajas concentraciones de componentes orgánicos (boca del
Guafo y al oeste de las islas Desertores), presentó sedimento arenoso más grueso.
Los ríos Petrohué, Reñihue y Yelcho, presentaron sedimento de tipo arenoso y
bajos valores de material orgánico (MOT<2,5%; C-org. <0,8% N-tot. <0,1%), esto
podría deberse a lo caudaloso de estos ríos, por lo cual el material orgánico fino sería
arrastrado, evitándose la deposición de éste. Escapa a lo anterior el río Puelo, el cual
a pesar de presentar un sedimento tipo arenoso su concentración de material orgánico
fue alto (MOT>5%; C-org. >2,4% N-tot. >0,1%).
La distribución de los componentes orgánicos e inorgánicos biogénicos del sedi-
mento en los canales y fiordos de la X Región, se podría explicar sobre la base de
zonas de alta y baja producción biológica. Esta producción se ve favorecida por el
efecto protector que ejercen las islas y canales interiores, como así mismo el efecto
del océano y ríos aledaños a través del aporte de nutrientes.
4. — 206 —
Crucero CIMAR 10
Silva et al. (1997) indicaron que la zona al norte de las islas Desertores, corres-
ponde a una zona estuarina que recibe el aporte de agua dulce de ríos mayores (Petrohué,
Puelo, Reñihue, entre otros). Esto permite la presencia de una columna de agua de
alta estabilidad debido a las bajas salinidades superficiales, lo que sumado a los altos
contenidos de silicato, favorecería el crecimiento de organismos fitoplanctónicos y a
su vez al alto contenido de material orgánico del sedimento (MOT>5%; C-org. >1,6%
N-tot. >0,2%).
En el caso de la zona al oeste de las islas Desertores, que presentó concentra-
ciones intermedias de componentes orgánicos (MOT 2,5-5%; C-org.; 0,8-1,6%; N-
tot 0,1-0,2%), esta puede explicarse sobre la base de zonas geográficamente prote-
gidas, pero con menor aporte de aguas dulces ricas en silicatos ya que en la zona de
Chiloé insular no hay ríos importantes.
Debido a lo ancho de la boca del Guafo, las bajas profundidades de ella y del
golfo Corcovado (<150 m) y lo tormentoso de la zona, genera las condiciones ade-
cuadas para una alta mezcla vertical de la columna de agua (Silva et al., 1997). Esta
zona de alta mezcla vertical no facilitaría las condiciones necesarias para el crecimien-
to del plancton. Por otra parte, las corrientes de marea en esta zona evitarían que el
sedimento fino, generalmente más rico en materia orgánica, se logre depositar en el
fondo. Lo anterior explicaría las bajas concentraciones de compuestos orgánicos e
inorgánicos biogénicos en esta zona.
La degradación de la materia orgánica, se realiza generalmente utilizando el
oxígeno disuelto presente en la columna de agua o en el agua intersticial, por lo que
éste bajo una cierta profundidad comienza a disminuir y en algunas ocasiones se
agota, generándose una zona anóxica (Libes,1992). De acuerdo a Silva et al. (1995 y
1997), en la zona de estudio no se han encontrado zonas anóxicas en la columna de
agua. Estos autores indican que la circulación estuarina del sector permite una venti-
lación adecuada de las capas más profundas de las microcuencas de la zona, evitando
la presencia de zonas anóxicas profundas.
La razón C:N para fitoplancton marino es de 6,6 (Redfield et al., 1963) y en el
sedimento marino fresco varía entre 7 y 10 (Rullköter, 2000), mientras que en las plantas
terrestres es mayor de 20 (Deevy, 1973). Debido a esto, es posible utilizar la relación C:N
como un “proxy” para inferir, en una primera aproximación, la procedencia del material
que compone el sedimento. En el caso de los sedimentos de la zona, la asociación lineal
de todos los valores ce C-org v/s N-tot. del sedimento (excluyendo los ríos) tuvo una
pendiente de 8,3 y r2
0,96 (Fig.7), se puede inferir en una primera aproximación que éste
correspondería mayoritariamente a sedimento marino fresco. Sin embargo, se debe tener
en cuenta que la zona posee abundantes bosques autóctonos aledaños, por lo que tam-
bién debe existir alguna contribución de material terrestre.
Al eliminar los puntos C:N que se ubican más a la izquierda de la recta de
regresión, los que corresponden a las estaciones costeras orientales (Ests. 4, 6, 7,
17, 18, 19 y 23; Fig. 7), la pendiente de la recta cambia a 7,84 y r2
0,98. Estas
estaciones, están cerca de la costa de Aysén continental y de algunos ríos importan-
tes como Petrohué, Puelo, Reñihue, y por lo tanto debieran recibir un mayor aporte de
material edáfico que las otras más al occidente, por este motivo estas estaciones
5. — 207 —
presentan valores C:N individuales más altos que las otras estaciones (Fig. 7). Es así que
por ejemplo la estación 7 en la cabeza del estuario Reloncaví presenta un valor C:N alto
(11,4), donde desemboca el río Petrohué que presenta el mayor valor de C:N (24,5).
REFERENCIAS
BYERS, S., E. MILLS & P. STEWART. 1978. A comparison of methods of determining
organic carbon in marine sediments, with suggestions for a standard method.
Hydrob., 58(1): 43-47.
DEEVY, E. 1973. Sulfur, nitrogen and carbon in the biosphere. En Carbon and the
Biosphere (Eds. G.M. Woodwell and E.V. Peacan) USAEC, Washington, D. C.,
pp. 182-190.
DYER, K. 1973. Estuaries : A physical introduction, Ed. J. Wiley and Sons Inc. New York.
LIBES, S. 1992. An introduction to marine biogeochemistry. Ed. J. Wiley and Sons
Inc. New York, 734 pp.
MORTLOCK, R. & P. FROELICH, 1989. A simple method for the rapid determination of
biogenic opal in pelagic marine sediments. Deep Sea Res. 36 (9): 1.415-1.426.
PICKARD, G. 1971. Some physical oceanographic features of inlets of Chile. J. Fish.
Res. Board. Can., 28: 1.077-1.106.
REDFIELD, A., B. KETCHUM & F. RICHARDS. 1963. The influence of organisms on
the composition of water. In: M.N. Hill (Ed). The Sea vol. 2. Wiley-Interscience,
pp. 26-77.
RULLKÖTTER, J. 2000. Organic matter: The driving force for early diagenesis. En: H.
D. Schulz & M. Zabel (ed.). Marine Geochemistry. Springer-Verlag. Berlin, pp
129-172.
SEPÚLVEDA, J., S. PANTOJA, K. HUGHEN, C. LANGE, F. GONZÁLEZ, P. MUÑOZ, L.
REBOLLEDO, R. CASTRO, S. CONTRERAS, A. ÁVILA, P. ROSSEL, G. LORCA,
M. SALAMANCA & N. SILVA. 2004. Fluctuations in export productivity over
the last century from sediments of a southern Chilean fjord (44° S). (Submited
to Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science).
SILVA, N., C. CALVETE & H. SIEVERS. 1997. Características oceanográficas físicas
y químicas de canales australes chilenos entre Puerto Montt y laguna San
Rafael (Crucero CIMAR 1 Fiordos ). Cien. y Tec. del Mar, 20: 23-106.
SILVA, N., J. MATURANA A., J. I. SEPÚLVEDA V. & R. AHUMADA B. 1998. Materia
orgánica, C y N, su distribución y estequiometría, en sedimentos superficiales
de la región norte de los fiordos y canales australes de Chile (Crucero CIMAR 1
Fiordos). Cien. y Tec. del Mar, 21: 49-74.
6. — 208 —
Crucero CIMAR 10
SILVA, N. & P. ORTÍZ. 2002. Materia orgánica C y N, su distribución y estequeometría
en sedimentos superficiales de la región sur de la zona de fiordos y canales
australes de Chile (Crucero CIMAR 3 Fiordos). Ciencia y Tecnología del Mar. 25
(1): 89-108.
SILVA, N. & R. PREGO. 2002. Carbon and nitrogen spatial segregation and
stoichiometry in the surface sediments of southern chilean inlets (41º - 56º S).
Estuarine and Coastal Shelf Science 55: 763-775.
WALTON, H. F. 1970. Principios y métodos de análisis químico. Ed. Reverté Mexica-
na. México, 225 pp.
WILLARD, H., N. FURMAN & C. BRICKER. 1956. Análisis químico cuantitativo. Marin,
S.A., Barcelona, 557 pp.
7. — 209 —
CIMAR 10 Fiordos
Estaciones
Ba. Tic-Toc
Río Yelcho
Río Reñihue
Río Puelo
Río Petrohué
Boca del Guafo
Castro
G. Corcovado
G. Ancud
44º
75,0º W 74,0º 73,0º
43º
42º
S
1
2 3 4
5
6
7
810
12
13
14
15 16 17
18
19
20
21 22
23
24
25262728
29 30
34
35
3739
41
43
45
46
50
P. Montt
Figura 1: Ubicación geográfica de las estaciones (CIMAR 10 Fiordos, Etapa 1).
8. — 210 —
Crucero CIMAR 10
Río Reñihue
Río Puelo
Río Petrohué
TEXTURA
44º
43º
42º
S
73,0º 72,0º75,0º W 74,0º
Gravas
Arenas
Limo y Arcillas
Figura 2: Distribución de textura del sedimento superficial (CIMAR 10 Fiordos, Etapa 1).
9. — 211 —
Río Reñihue
Río Puelo
Río Petrohué
44º
43º
42º
S
73,0º 72,0º75,0º W 74,0º
Río Yelcho
0 - 2,5
2,5 - 5,0
5 - 7,5
7,5 - 10,0
10,0 - 12,5
MOT(%)
Figura 3: Distribución de contenido de materia orgánica total del sedimento superfi-
cial (CIMAR 10 Fiordos, Etapa 1).
10. — 212 —
Crucero CIMAR 10
Río Puelo
44º
43º
42º
S
73,0º 72,0º75,0º W 74,0º
0 - 0,8
0,8 - 1,6
1,6 - 2,4
2,4 - 3,2
3,2 - 4,0
Río Petrohué
Río Reñihue
Río Yelco
C-ORGÁNICO(%)
Figura 4: Distribución de contenido del contenido de carbono orgánico del sedimen-
to superficial (CIMAR 10 Fiordos, Etapa 1).
11. — 213 —
Río Reñihue
Río Puelo
44º
43º
42º
S
73,0º 72,0º75,0º W 74,0º
Río Petrohué
Río Yelcho
0 - 0,3
0,3 - 1,0
1,0 - 1,8
1,8 - 2,4
2,4 - 3,2
3,2 ¨- 9,4
C-INORGÁNICO(%)
Figura 5: Distribución de contenido del contenido de carbono inorgánico del sedi-
mento superficial (CIMAR 10 Fiordos, Etapa 1).
12. — 214 —
Crucero CIMAR 10
Río Reñihue
Río Petrohué
44º
43º
42º
S
73,0º 72,0º75,0º W 74,0º
0 - 0,1
0,1 - 0,2
0,2 - 0,3
0,3 - 0,4
0,4 - 0,5 Río Puelo
Río Yelcho
N-total (%)
Figura 6: Distribución de contenido de nitrógeno total del sedimento superficial (CIMAR
10 Fiordos, Etapa 1).