Uveitis
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El documento describe los diferentes tipos de uveítis (anterior, intermedia, posterior y panuveítis) y sus posibles causas. Explica que la uveítis granulomatosa es el resultado de una inflamación crónica causada por un cuerpo extraño no fagocitado, lo que activa linfocitos T y macrófagos. Las posibles causas de la uveítis incluyen cuerpos extraños, factores inmunitarios y enfermedades asociadas como la tuberculosis, sífilis, vasculitis, sarcoidosis o la enfermedad
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Corneal Allograft Rejection
The document discusses corneal allograft rejection. It begins by describing the structure of the cornea including its immune privilege properties. The cornea has an absence of blood vessels and lymphatics and expresses Fas ligand which helps prevent rejection. Keratoplasty procedures like penetrating keratoplasty are used to transplant donor corneal tissue. Risk factors for rejection include inflammation and vascularization. Rejection types include epithelial, subepithelial, and endothelial rejection. The immune mechanism involves antigen presentation by donor and recipient antigen presenting cells to recipient T cells, leading to direct and indirect rejection pathways over time. Treatment focuses on immunosuppression to prevent the immune response.
CATARACT SURGERY COMPLICATIONS
Early complications of intraocular lens (IOL) surgery include corneal edema, wound leak, shallow anterior chamber, hyphaema, retained lens matter, and uveitis. Late complications include posterior capsular opacification, cystoid macular edema, endophthalmitis, and retinal detachment. Post-operative endophthalmitis is a vision-threatening complication that is treated with topical, systemic, and intravitreal antibiotics along with steroids. Posterior capsular opacification occurs in 10-50% of cases due to proliferation of lens epithelial cells.
Ocular surface squamous neoplasia(ossn)
Ocular Surface Squamous Neoplasia (OSSN) is a spectrum of dysplastic and malignant epithelial lesions of the conjunctiva and cornea. It is most commonly caused by ultraviolet radiation exposure and can range from benign dysplasia to invasive squamous cell carcinoma. Clinical features may include elevated, variably shaped lesions near the limbus. Differential diagnosis includes pterygium, papilloma, and melanoma. Treatment involves surgical excision combined with cryotherapy or topical chemotherapy depending on size and invasiveness of the lesion.
Fundus fluorescein angiography
Fundus fluorescein angiography is a technique that uses fluorescein dye and retinal imaging to visualize the circulation of blood through the retina and choroid. The dye is injected and passes through the retinal and choroidal vessels, allowing visualization of the vascular anatomy and detection of abnormalities. First, the short posterior ciliary arteries and choroid are seen filling after 10-15 seconds. Then the retinal arteries, capillaries and veins are seen filling from 11-18 seconds. The peak phase for imaging is from 20-25 seconds when the juxtafoveal and perifoveal capillaries are most prominent. Abnormalities seen on angiography include vascular filling defects, leakage of dye from abnormal
Neovascular glaucoma
This document discusses neovascular glaucoma, also known as rubeotic glaucoma. It begins by defining the terminology and describing the clinical features. The main causes of neovascular glaucoma are diabetic retinopathy, central retinal vein occlusion, and carotid artery occlusive disease, all of which result in ocular tissue hypoxia. This hypoxia leads to the release of angiogenic factors like vascular endothelial growth factor that induce new blood vessel growth on the iris and in the anterior chamber angle, causing glaucoma. Later sections discuss theories of neovasculogenesis, angiogenic and vasoinhibitory factors, clinical course, differential diagnosis, medical management, and surgical options.
Ocular surface squamous neoplasia
Ocular surface squamous neoplasia (OSSN) is a spectrum of neoplasms originating from squamous epithelium of the conjunctiva, limbus, and cornea. Risk factors include UV radiation exposure, HPV infection, immunosuppression, and HIV infection. Clinically, OSSN presents as an elevated fleshy lesion near the limbus. Diagnosis is confirmed by biopsy and histopathology. Treatment involves complete surgical excision with cryotherapy or topical chemotherapy as adjuvant therapy. Prognosis is generally good with modern treatments and local recurrence rates below 5%.
Post operative endophthalmitis
1. Post-operative endophthalmitis is an intraocular inflammation that can occur after eye surgery or trauma as a complication. It involves inflammation in the anterior and posterior segments of the eye.
2. It is classified as infectious or non-infectious. Infectious endophthalmitis can be exogenous from surgery or trauma, or endogenous from hematogenous spread. Acute infectious endophthalmitis typically occurs within 6 weeks of surgery.
3. Management involves medical therapy including intravitreal and systemic antibiotics, as well as vitrectomy in some cases depending on visual acuity. The Endophthalmitis Vitrectomy Study showed vitrectomy is beneficial for patients
Anterior vitrectomy
Tips for performing efficient unplanned vitrectomy after posterior capsule rupture during phacoemulsification
Recomendados
Corneal Allograft Rejection
The document discusses corneal allograft rejection. It begins by describing the structure of the cornea including its immune privilege properties. The cornea has an absence of blood vessels and lymphatics and expresses Fas ligand which helps prevent rejection. Keratoplasty procedures like penetrating keratoplasty are used to transplant donor corneal tissue. Risk factors for rejection include inflammation and vascularization. Rejection types include epithelial, subepithelial, and endothelial rejection. The immune mechanism involves antigen presentation by donor and recipient antigen presenting cells to recipient T cells, leading to direct and indirect rejection pathways over time. Treatment focuses on immunosuppression to prevent the immune response.
CATARACT SURGERY COMPLICATIONS
Early complications of intraocular lens (IOL) surgery include corneal edema, wound leak, shallow anterior chamber, hyphaema, retained lens matter, and uveitis. Late complications include posterior capsular opacification, cystoid macular edema, endophthalmitis, and retinal detachment. Post-operative endophthalmitis is a vision-threatening complication that is treated with topical, systemic, and intravitreal antibiotics along with steroids. Posterior capsular opacification occurs in 10-50% of cases due to proliferation of lens epithelial cells.
Ocular surface squamous neoplasia(ossn)
Ocular Surface Squamous Neoplasia (OSSN) is a spectrum of dysplastic and malignant epithelial lesions of the conjunctiva and cornea. It is most commonly caused by ultraviolet radiation exposure and can range from benign dysplasia to invasive squamous cell carcinoma. Clinical features may include elevated, variably shaped lesions near the limbus. Differential diagnosis includes pterygium, papilloma, and melanoma. Treatment involves surgical excision combined with cryotherapy or topical chemotherapy depending on size and invasiveness of the lesion.
Fundus fluorescein angiography
Fundus fluorescein angiography is a technique that uses fluorescein dye and retinal imaging to visualize the circulation of blood through the retina and choroid. The dye is injected and passes through the retinal and choroidal vessels, allowing visualization of the vascular anatomy and detection of abnormalities. First, the short posterior ciliary arteries and choroid are seen filling after 10-15 seconds. Then the retinal arteries, capillaries and veins are seen filling from 11-18 seconds. The peak phase for imaging is from 20-25 seconds when the juxtafoveal and perifoveal capillaries are most prominent. Abnormalities seen on angiography include vascular filling defects, leakage of dye from abnormal
Neovascular glaucoma
This document discusses neovascular glaucoma, also known as rubeotic glaucoma. It begins by defining the terminology and describing the clinical features. The main causes of neovascular glaucoma are diabetic retinopathy, central retinal vein occlusion, and carotid artery occlusive disease, all of which result in ocular tissue hypoxia. This hypoxia leads to the release of angiogenic factors like vascular endothelial growth factor that induce new blood vessel growth on the iris and in the anterior chamber angle, causing glaucoma. Later sections discuss theories of neovasculogenesis, angiogenic and vasoinhibitory factors, clinical course, differential diagnosis, medical management, and surgical options.
Ocular surface squamous neoplasia
Ocular surface squamous neoplasia (OSSN) is a spectrum of neoplasms originating from squamous epithelium of the conjunctiva, limbus, and cornea. Risk factors include UV radiation exposure, HPV infection, immunosuppression, and HIV infection. Clinically, OSSN presents as an elevated fleshy lesion near the limbus. Diagnosis is confirmed by biopsy and histopathology. Treatment involves complete surgical excision with cryotherapy or topical chemotherapy as adjuvant therapy. Prognosis is generally good with modern treatments and local recurrence rates below 5%.
Post operative endophthalmitis
1. Post-operative endophthalmitis is an intraocular inflammation that can occur after eye surgery or trauma as a complication. It involves inflammation in the anterior and posterior segments of the eye.
2. It is classified as infectious or non-infectious. Infectious endophthalmitis can be exogenous from surgery or trauma, or endogenous from hematogenous spread. Acute infectious endophthalmitis typically occurs within 6 weeks of surgery.
3. Management involves medical therapy including intravitreal and systemic antibiotics, as well as vitrectomy in some cases depending on visual acuity. The Endophthalmitis Vitrectomy Study showed vitrectomy is beneficial for patients
Anterior vitrectomy
Tips for performing efficient unplanned vitrectomy after posterior capsule rupture during phacoemulsification
MIVS
This document summarizes information about different gauge vitrectomy systems including 20 gauge, 23 gauge, and 25 gauge. It provides details on the instrumentation, techniques, advantages and disadvantages of each system as well as indications for microincision vitrectomy surgery. Key points include that 23 gauge combines benefits of 20 and 25 gauge, has better flow rates and maneuverability than 25 gauge, and is considered a potential future gold standard. Smaller gauge systems allow for reduced trauma, faster recovery, and greater flexibility for complex procedures.
Malignant glaucoma - Dr Shylesh B Dabke
This document discusses malignant glaucoma, a condition characterized by a shallow anterior chamber and elevated intraocular pressure despite a patent iridectomy. It occurs most commonly after glaucoma surgery. Several theories exist for its pathogenesis, involving aqueous misdirection posteriorly due to cilio-lenticular or cilio-vitreal blocks. Clinical features, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, and management approaches are described, including medical therapy with cycloplegics and hyperosmotics, laser treatments, and surgical interventions like vitrectomy. Preventing recurrence in the fellow eye is also addressed.
Mgmt of pcr
This document discusses posterior capsule tears that can occur during cataract surgery. It covers the predisposing factors, mechanisms, identification, and management strategies for posterior capsule tears with or without vitreous loss. Key points include identifying tears early, stabilizing the anterior chamber with viscoelastic, deciding whether to continue phacoemulsification or convert to extracapsular extraction based on the situation, performing anterior vitrectomy when needed with caution to minimize further vitreous disturbance, and properly placing an IOL. The goal is to remove all lens material and prevent further complications while minimizing additional surgery.
traumatic optic neuropathy
A 28-year-old male presented with loss of vision in his right eye following a motor vehicle accident where he lost consciousness. On examination, he had no light perception in the right eye and a positive relative afferent pupillary defect. Further workup found injuries including a cerebral hematoma and fractures. Differential diagnoses included traumatic optic neuropathy. The presentation was most consistent with traumatic optic neuropathy given the loss of vision associated with trauma and normal exam findings. The patient was managed conservatively for his eye and underwent neurosurgery for his other injuries.
Nonpenetrating glaucoma surgery
This document discusses non-penetrating glaucoma surgery techniques that facilitate the drainage of aqueous humor through the trabecular meshwork and Schlemm's canal without opening the anterior chamber. It describes several procedures including deep sclerectomy, viscocanalostomy, canaloplasty, ab-externo trabeculectomy, and laser trabecular ablation. The goal is to bypass the highest resistance point to outflow in the juxtacanalicular meshwork. Advantages include lower risks of complications like hypotony compared to penetrating surgeries. Indications and contraindications are provided for various non-penetrating glaucoma procedures.
Sequelae & Complications of Uveitis
www.ophthalclass.blogspot.com has the complete class on uveitis for undergraduate medical students. This presentation is the third in the series and deals with the sequelae and complications of uveitis.
Keratoconus
Keratoconus is a non-inflammatory thinning of the cornea that causes it to assume a conical shape, impairing vision. It is usually bilateral and centered below the visual axis. Other similar conditions include pellucid marginal degeneration, keratoglobus, and post-keratoconus. Keratoconus is associated with genetic disorders and eye diseases and can be diagnosed using signs like Munson's sign, Rizzuti's sign, and scissoring on retinoscopy. As it progresses, the cornea develops thinning, Fleischer's ring, Vogt's striae, and scarring. In severe cases, the cornea can rupture causing hydrops.
Contracted eye socket reconstruction
The document discusses contracted eye socket reconstruction. It defines an eye socket and the causes of eye removal (enucleation and exenteration). Socket contracture can result from scarring or infections and causes difficulty retaining prosthetics. Grades of contracture are described from mild to severe. Reconstruction aims to establish stable fornices using grafts to increase surface area and implants if needed. Prevention involves using conformers after removal and temporary tarsorrhaphy may be used. Autogenous derma-fat grafts can repair implant exposures.
Suprachoroidal haemorrhage
- Holds globe anteriorly
- Applies pressure on globe
Surgeon:
- Makes 3 sclerotomies
- Inserts infusion cannula
- Inserts vitrectomy probe
- Removes blood clots
Air pump
Infusion light pipe
Vitrectomy probe
Sclerotomies
Globe
Assistant
Surgeon
RECOMMENDED SURGICAL
TECHNIQUE (2)
Vitrectomy probe is used to remove any
vitreous haemorrhage and to lyse any
membranes or adhesions
An endolaser is used to seal any retinal
breaks or
Macular hole
This document summarizes macular hole and epiretinal membrane. It discusses the vitreous, macula, OCT imaging, pathogenesis and stages of macular hole. It covers risk factors, signs, differential diagnosis and treatment of macular hole including vitrectomy. It also discusses prevalence, risk factors, pathogenesis and components of epiretinal membrane formation.
Clinical approach to uveitis
This document discusses the classification and clinical approach to uveitis. It begins by classifying uveitis based on the primary site of inflammation - anterior, intermediate, posterior or panuveitis. It then describes the signs and symptoms of different types of uveitis such as anterior uveitis, chronic anterior uveitis, intermediate uveitis and posterior uveitis. It also discusses historical factors, investigations including serology, imaging and biopsy that are useful in diagnosing the cause of uveitis. It provides a flowchart for evaluation of a patient with anterior uveitis.
Keratoplasty
Indication, contraindication, advantage, disadvantage, types of keratoplasty, complication of keratoplasty and management, corneal graft rejection and failure
M.S ophthalmology, sarojini devi eye hospital, regional institute of ophthalmology, osmania medical college, hyderabad, telangana
Recent advances in dcr
The document discusses recent advances in the management of obstruction of the lacrimal drainage system. It describes the history and evolution of various surgical techniques for treating this obstruction, including external dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR), endoscopic endonasal DCR, ultrasonic endoscopic DCR, non-laser endonasal DCR, endocanalicular laser DCR, and balloon-assisted DCR. It then provides details on the surgical procedure for external DCR, including patient preparation, instrumentation, osteotomy creation, flap formation, flap anastomosis, wound closure, and post-operative management. Potential complications are also briefly mentioned.
The Anophthalmic socket
The document discusses anophthalmia, which refers to the complete absence of the eye and orbital tissues. Anophthalmia can be congenital or acquired through procedures like enucleation, evisceration, and exenteration. These procedures require orbital implants, conformers, and prosthetics to rehabilitate the socket. Long-term complications can include socket contracture, eyelid malpositions, and implant exposure or migration. Proper surgical planning and techniques aim to minimize complications and provide stable, comfortable sockets that allow for good prosthetic motility and cosmesis.
Diagnosis of pre perimetric glaucoma
This document discusses the diagnosis of pre-perimetric glaucoma. It begins by defining pre-perimetric glaucoma as optic nerve abnormalities seen on structural tests with normal visual fields. It then discusses the need for early diagnosis before functional changes occur. Various functional tests are described like standard automated perimetry, short wavelength automated perimetry, frequency doubling technology, and others. Structural tests like confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy, optical coherence tomography, and their principles are summarized.
Complications of cataract surgery
This document discusses complications that can occur during and after cataract surgery. It begins by providing background on the increasing rates of cataract surgery worldwide. It then describes potential intraoperative complications related to anesthesia blocks, surgical wounds, capsulotomies, and more. Postoperative complications that can occur early or late after surgery are also reviewed. The document aims to help surgeons understand and prevent complications by selecting appropriate patients, maintaining sterility, performing safe surgery, and properly correcting refractive errors post-op.
Anterior chamber associated immune deviation (acaid)
1. The document discusses Anterior Chamber Associated Immune Deviation (ACAID), where antigens injected into the anterior chamber lead to a suppression of delayed hypersensitivity responses but preservation of humoral immunity.
2. Specialized macrophages in the iris take up antigens and migrate to the spleen, where they alter CD4 T cell responses to downregulate delayed hypersensitivity to the antigen.
3. The major mechanism of ACAID is expression of Fas Ligand on iris and corneal endothelium tissues, which can trigger apoptosis and downregulate inflammation to ocular antigens.
Anophthalmic socket
Anophthalmia is the absence of the eyeball and can be congenital or acquired. The optimal management of an anophthalmic socket involves maintaining adequate volume with a well-positioned implant, healthy conjunctiva, and symmetric eyelids. Complications after enucleation like enophthalmos, eyelid deformities, and socket contracture can be addressed through procedures like dermis fat grafts, fornix deepening sutures, and implant replacement. Proper prosthesis fitting and care is also important for optimal cosmetic and functional results.
Uveitis classification & clinical features 1
Uveitis is inflammation of the uvea, which includes the iris, ciliary body, and choroid. It is classified based on anatomy, clinical course, etiology, and histology. The Standardization of Uveitis Nomenclature (SUN) Working Group developed standardized classifications including anatomical (anterior, intermediate, posterior, panuveitis), descriptors (onset, duration, course), and grading systems. Clinical features depend on the involved area and can include symptoms like pain, photophobia, blurred vision, and floaters. Signs on examination may reveal cells and flare in the anterior chamber, keratic precipitates, hypopyon, synechiae, and lesions of the iris, retina, or
DSAEK
This document summarizes corneal anatomy and transplantation techniques. It provides an in-depth review of Descemet's stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty (DSAEK), including indications, surgical technique, outcomes, complications, and future directions. DSAEK involves stripping the recipient's Descemet's membrane and inserting a donor posterior corneal graft to treat endothelial dysfunction. It has advantages over penetrating keratoplasty like faster visual recovery and less astigmatism. Complications include graft dislocation and failure. Newer techniques like DMEK may provide better outcomes.
Vogt koyanagi harada
Este documento describe la enfermedad de Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada (VKH), un trastorno autoinmune multisistémico que afecta los ojos, el sistema nervioso central, los oídos y la piel. Se caracteriza por una uveítis granulomatosa bilateral con compromiso extraocular. Su etiología se presume autoinmune mediada por células. Sus manifestaciones clínicas incluyen signos oculares, cutáneos, auditivos y del sistema nervioso central. El diagnóstico se basa en los hallazgos
Uveitis
El documento describe las diferentes formas de uveítis, incluyendo la anatomía de la úvea, síntomas, signos, pruebas de diagnóstico, tratamiento y complicaciones de la uveítis anterior, intermedia y posterior. Explica en detalle varios tipos específicos de uveítis como la asociada con artritis, de Fuchs, inducida por cristalino, intermedia, posterior, tuberculosa, sarcoidosis y VIH/SIDA.
Más contenido relacionado
La actualidad más candente
MIVS
This document summarizes information about different gauge vitrectomy systems including 20 gauge, 23 gauge, and 25 gauge. It provides details on the instrumentation, techniques, advantages and disadvantages of each system as well as indications for microincision vitrectomy surgery. Key points include that 23 gauge combines benefits of 20 and 25 gauge, has better flow rates and maneuverability than 25 gauge, and is considered a potential future gold standard. Smaller gauge systems allow for reduced trauma, faster recovery, and greater flexibility for complex procedures.
Malignant glaucoma - Dr Shylesh B Dabke
This document discusses malignant glaucoma, a condition characterized by a shallow anterior chamber and elevated intraocular pressure despite a patent iridectomy. It occurs most commonly after glaucoma surgery. Several theories exist for its pathogenesis, involving aqueous misdirection posteriorly due to cilio-lenticular or cilio-vitreal blocks. Clinical features, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, and management approaches are described, including medical therapy with cycloplegics and hyperosmotics, laser treatments, and surgical interventions like vitrectomy. Preventing recurrence in the fellow eye is also addressed.
Mgmt of pcr
This document discusses posterior capsule tears that can occur during cataract surgery. It covers the predisposing factors, mechanisms, identification, and management strategies for posterior capsule tears with or without vitreous loss. Key points include identifying tears early, stabilizing the anterior chamber with viscoelastic, deciding whether to continue phacoemulsification or convert to extracapsular extraction based on the situation, performing anterior vitrectomy when needed with caution to minimize further vitreous disturbance, and properly placing an IOL. The goal is to remove all lens material and prevent further complications while minimizing additional surgery.
traumatic optic neuropathy
A 28-year-old male presented with loss of vision in his right eye following a motor vehicle accident where he lost consciousness. On examination, he had no light perception in the right eye and a positive relative afferent pupillary defect. Further workup found injuries including a cerebral hematoma and fractures. Differential diagnoses included traumatic optic neuropathy. The presentation was most consistent with traumatic optic neuropathy given the loss of vision associated with trauma and normal exam findings. The patient was managed conservatively for his eye and underwent neurosurgery for his other injuries.
Nonpenetrating glaucoma surgery
This document discusses non-penetrating glaucoma surgery techniques that facilitate the drainage of aqueous humor through the trabecular meshwork and Schlemm's canal without opening the anterior chamber. It describes several procedures including deep sclerectomy, viscocanalostomy, canaloplasty, ab-externo trabeculectomy, and laser trabecular ablation. The goal is to bypass the highest resistance point to outflow in the juxtacanalicular meshwork. Advantages include lower risks of complications like hypotony compared to penetrating surgeries. Indications and contraindications are provided for various non-penetrating glaucoma procedures.
Sequelae & Complications of Uveitis
www.ophthalclass.blogspot.com has the complete class on uveitis for undergraduate medical students. This presentation is the third in the series and deals with the sequelae and complications of uveitis.
Keratoconus
Keratoconus is a non-inflammatory thinning of the cornea that causes it to assume a conical shape, impairing vision. It is usually bilateral and centered below the visual axis. Other similar conditions include pellucid marginal degeneration, keratoglobus, and post-keratoconus. Keratoconus is associated with genetic disorders and eye diseases and can be diagnosed using signs like Munson's sign, Rizzuti's sign, and scissoring on retinoscopy. As it progresses, the cornea develops thinning, Fleischer's ring, Vogt's striae, and scarring. In severe cases, the cornea can rupture causing hydrops.
Contracted eye socket reconstruction
The document discusses contracted eye socket reconstruction. It defines an eye socket and the causes of eye removal (enucleation and exenteration). Socket contracture can result from scarring or infections and causes difficulty retaining prosthetics. Grades of contracture are described from mild to severe. Reconstruction aims to establish stable fornices using grafts to increase surface area and implants if needed. Prevention involves using conformers after removal and temporary tarsorrhaphy may be used. Autogenous derma-fat grafts can repair implant exposures.
Suprachoroidal haemorrhage
- Holds globe anteriorly
- Applies pressure on globe
Surgeon:
- Makes 3 sclerotomies
- Inserts infusion cannula
- Inserts vitrectomy probe
- Removes blood clots
Air pump
Infusion light pipe
Vitrectomy probe
Sclerotomies
Globe
Assistant
Surgeon
RECOMMENDED SURGICAL
TECHNIQUE (2)
Vitrectomy probe is used to remove any
vitreous haemorrhage and to lyse any
membranes or adhesions
An endolaser is used to seal any retinal
breaks or
Macular hole
This document summarizes macular hole and epiretinal membrane. It discusses the vitreous, macula, OCT imaging, pathogenesis and stages of macular hole. It covers risk factors, signs, differential diagnosis and treatment of macular hole including vitrectomy. It also discusses prevalence, risk factors, pathogenesis and components of epiretinal membrane formation.
Clinical approach to uveitis
This document discusses the classification and clinical approach to uveitis. It begins by classifying uveitis based on the primary site of inflammation - anterior, intermediate, posterior or panuveitis. It then describes the signs and symptoms of different types of uveitis such as anterior uveitis, chronic anterior uveitis, intermediate uveitis and posterior uveitis. It also discusses historical factors, investigations including serology, imaging and biopsy that are useful in diagnosing the cause of uveitis. It provides a flowchart for evaluation of a patient with anterior uveitis.
Keratoplasty
Indication, contraindication, advantage, disadvantage, types of keratoplasty, complication of keratoplasty and management, corneal graft rejection and failure
M.S ophthalmology, sarojini devi eye hospital, regional institute of ophthalmology, osmania medical college, hyderabad, telangana
Recent advances in dcr
The document discusses recent advances in the management of obstruction of the lacrimal drainage system. It describes the history and evolution of various surgical techniques for treating this obstruction, including external dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR), endoscopic endonasal DCR, ultrasonic endoscopic DCR, non-laser endonasal DCR, endocanalicular laser DCR, and balloon-assisted DCR. It then provides details on the surgical procedure for external DCR, including patient preparation, instrumentation, osteotomy creation, flap formation, flap anastomosis, wound closure, and post-operative management. Potential complications are also briefly mentioned.
The Anophthalmic socket
The document discusses anophthalmia, which refers to the complete absence of the eye and orbital tissues. Anophthalmia can be congenital or acquired through procedures like enucleation, evisceration, and exenteration. These procedures require orbital implants, conformers, and prosthetics to rehabilitate the socket. Long-term complications can include socket contracture, eyelid malpositions, and implant exposure or migration. Proper surgical planning and techniques aim to minimize complications and provide stable, comfortable sockets that allow for good prosthetic motility and cosmesis.
Diagnosis of pre perimetric glaucoma
This document discusses the diagnosis of pre-perimetric glaucoma. It begins by defining pre-perimetric glaucoma as optic nerve abnormalities seen on structural tests with normal visual fields. It then discusses the need for early diagnosis before functional changes occur. Various functional tests are described like standard automated perimetry, short wavelength automated perimetry, frequency doubling technology, and others. Structural tests like confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy, optical coherence tomography, and their principles are summarized.
Complications of cataract surgery
This document discusses complications that can occur during and after cataract surgery. It begins by providing background on the increasing rates of cataract surgery worldwide. It then describes potential intraoperative complications related to anesthesia blocks, surgical wounds, capsulotomies, and more. Postoperative complications that can occur early or late after surgery are also reviewed. The document aims to help surgeons understand and prevent complications by selecting appropriate patients, maintaining sterility, performing safe surgery, and properly correcting refractive errors post-op.
Anterior chamber associated immune deviation (acaid)
1. The document discusses Anterior Chamber Associated Immune Deviation (ACAID), where antigens injected into the anterior chamber lead to a suppression of delayed hypersensitivity responses but preservation of humoral immunity.
2. Specialized macrophages in the iris take up antigens and migrate to the spleen, where they alter CD4 T cell responses to downregulate delayed hypersensitivity to the antigen.
3. The major mechanism of ACAID is expression of Fas Ligand on iris and corneal endothelium tissues, which can trigger apoptosis and downregulate inflammation to ocular antigens.
Anophthalmic socket
Anophthalmia is the absence of the eyeball and can be congenital or acquired. The optimal management of an anophthalmic socket involves maintaining adequate volume with a well-positioned implant, healthy conjunctiva, and symmetric eyelids. Complications after enucleation like enophthalmos, eyelid deformities, and socket contracture can be addressed through procedures like dermis fat grafts, fornix deepening sutures, and implant replacement. Proper prosthesis fitting and care is also important for optimal cosmetic and functional results.
Uveitis classification & clinical features 1
Uveitis is inflammation of the uvea, which includes the iris, ciliary body, and choroid. It is classified based on anatomy, clinical course, etiology, and histology. The Standardization of Uveitis Nomenclature (SUN) Working Group developed standardized classifications including anatomical (anterior, intermediate, posterior, panuveitis), descriptors (onset, duration, course), and grading systems. Clinical features depend on the involved area and can include symptoms like pain, photophobia, blurred vision, and floaters. Signs on examination may reveal cells and flare in the anterior chamber, keratic precipitates, hypopyon, synechiae, and lesions of the iris, retina, or
DSAEK
This document summarizes corneal anatomy and transplantation techniques. It provides an in-depth review of Descemet's stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty (DSAEK), including indications, surgical technique, outcomes, complications, and future directions. DSAEK involves stripping the recipient's Descemet's membrane and inserting a donor posterior corneal graft to treat endothelial dysfunction. It has advantages over penetrating keratoplasty like faster visual recovery and less astigmatism. Complications include graft dislocation and failure. Newer techniques like DMEK may provide better outcomes.
La actualidad más candente (20)
Anterior chamber associated immune deviation (acaid)
Anterior chamber associated immune deviation (acaid)
Destacado
Vogt koyanagi harada
Este documento describe la enfermedad de Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada (VKH), un trastorno autoinmune multisistémico que afecta los ojos, el sistema nervioso central, los oídos y la piel. Se caracteriza por una uveítis granulomatosa bilateral con compromiso extraocular. Su etiología se presume autoinmune mediada por células. Sus manifestaciones clínicas incluyen signos oculares, cutáneos, auditivos y del sistema nervioso central. El diagnóstico se basa en los hallazgos
Uveitis
El documento describe las diferentes formas de uveítis, incluyendo la anatomía de la úvea, síntomas, signos, pruebas de diagnóstico, tratamiento y complicaciones de la uveítis anterior, intermedia y posterior. Explica en detalle varios tipos específicos de uveítis como la asociada con artritis, de Fuchs, inducida por cristalino, intermedia, posterior, tuberculosa, sarcoidosis y VIH/SIDA.
Musculos extraoculares y paralisis iii,iv,vi
Este documento describe la anatomía y función de los músculos extrínsecos e intrínsecos del ojo y de los nervios craneales (III, IV y VI) que los inervan. Resume las características de los seis músculos rectos y de los dos músculos oblicuos del ojo, así como de la cápsula de Tenon, vainas osteomusculares y ganglio ciliar. También describe las manifestaciones clínicas típicas de las parálisis de los nervios oculomotor, troclear y abducens.
Uveitis anterior, media y posterior
La uveítis es la inflamación de la capa media del ojo llamada úvea, que puede afectar al iris, cuerpo ciliar, coroides o retina. Puede ser anterior (afectando al iris y cuerpo ciliar), intermedia o posterior (afectando a la coroides). Los síntomas incluyen dolor ocular, enrojecimiento, visión borrosa y fotofobia. El diagnóstico se realiza mediante exploración oftalmológica y el tratamiento depende de la zona afectada, utilizando colirios, inyecciones o
Conjuntivitis
Este documento proporciona información sobre la conjuntivitis, que es la inflamación de la membrana que recubre el ojo y los párpados. Explica que existen diferentes tipos de conjuntivitis como la bacteriana, viral y alérgica, y que se puede contagiar a través de manos contaminadas, gotas en el aire o objetos compartidos. Finalmente, detalla los síntomas, tratamiento y medidas de prevención para esta afección ocular común.
Cristalino y Cataratas
El cristalino es una lente intraocular que pierde transparencia en la catarata. Esta puede ser congénita, desarrollarse en la infancia o aparecer en la vejez. Las causas incluyen factores genéticos, metabólicos, traumatismos o radiación. Provoca opacidad gradual del cristalino y pérdida de visión si no se trata mediante cirugía de extracción del cristalino opaco e implante de lente intraocular.
Conjuntivitis
El documento proporciona información sobre diferentes tipos de conjuntivitis, incluyendo:
1) Conjuntivitis bacterianas agudas que presentan ojo rojo, secreción verdosa y párpados adheridos. Los principales patógenos son estafilococos.
2) Conjuntivitis virales que cursan con ojo rojo, secreción escasa y linfadenopatía regional. Los adenovirus son una causa frecuente.
3) Conjuntivitis alérgicas como la primaveral que se caracteriza por papilas gig
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El documento proporciona información sobre uveítis. Define la uveítis como la inflamación de la úvea, que está formada por el iris, cuerpo ciliar y coroides. Clasifica la uveítis según su localización anatómica en anterior, intermedia y posterior. Describe los signos y síntomas de cada tipo, así como las pruebas diagnósticas utilizadas para diagnosticar la uveítis y determinar su causa.
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Preseentación en la que se expone la anatomía e histología de la conjuntiva, así como el principal problema clínico de ésta: la conjuntivitis. Se habla de las tres priciplaes causas etiológicas, bacteriana, viral y alérgica. Múltiples imagenes.
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Uveítis
Este documento proporciona una descripción general de la uveítis. Define la uveítis como la inflamación de la úvea, que está formada por el iris, cuerpo ciliar y coroides. Describe la clasificación anatómica, clínica y etiológica de la uveítis, así como sus síntomas, signos, complicaciones y tratamientos más comunes que incluyen midriáticos, corticoides, antimetabolitos e inhibidores de células T.
Uveitis
Uveitis is an interesting disease of the with such a varied and diverse pathogenesis, various systemic causes and Dangerous complications in relation to the eye which makes it difficult and challenging to treat in a proper way. I hope this share will help.
Glaucoma
El documento resume la información sobre el glaucoma, incluyendo que es la segunda causa de ceguera en el mundo, afecta a alrededor de 70 millones de personas y es más frecuente en personas mayores de 40 años. Explica los diferentes tipos de glaucoma, factores de riesgo, exámenes para diagnosticarlo, tratamientos médicos y quirúrgicos, y daños que puede causar si no es tratado, llevando a la ceguera irreversible.
Trauma ocular
Este documento describe diferentes tipos de traumas oculares, incluyendo traumas cerrados y abiertos. Los traumas cerrados incluyen contusiones, heridas lamelares y estallidos oculares, mientras que los traumas abiertos incluyen heridas penetrantes, perforantes y cuerpos extraños intraoculares. Las complicaciones potenciales incluyen desprendimientos de retina, cataratas traumáticas y glaucoma. El pronóstico depende de factores como la localización y gravedad de la lesión.
Generalidades de Uveitis
Este documento proporciona una descripción general de la uveítis. Define la uveítis, discute su clasificación, epidemiología, manifestaciones clínicas, causas y tratamiento. La uveítis involucra inflamación dentro del ojo y puede ser causada por varias enfermedades. Su tratamiento se enfoca en eliminar la inflamación y preservar la visión, generalmente mediante medicamentos antiinflamatorios como corticoesteroides.
Presión Intraocular y Glaucoma
El documento habla sobre la presión intraocular y el glaucoma. Explica que la presión intraocular se mantiene a través del balance entre la producción y absorción del humor acuoso. Una presión intraocular elevada puede dañar el nervio óptico y causar pérdida del campo visual. Describe los diferentes tipos de glaucoma como el crónico de ángulo abierto, de ángulo cerrado y congénito, así como sus síntomas, exámenes y tratamientos.
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Uveitis
- 1. Uveitis anterior intermedia posterior panuveitis
- 3. ETIOLOGÍA
- 7. CELULARIDAD Y DESTELLOS EN CA
- 8. UVEÍTIS GRANULOMATOSA inflamación crónica intento celular de aislar un cuerpo extraño que no puede ser fagocitado activación de linfocitos T, activación de macrófagos Etiología: Por cuerpo extraño Inmunitario Enfermedades asociadas: Tuberculosis, sífilis, vasculitis, sarcoidosis o la enfermedad de Crohn
- 16. ????