Haciendo lo mejor para los niños
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Presentación del Estudio Doing better for children
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Haciendo lo mejor para los niños
- 1. Haciendo lo mejor p ara los niños María del Carmen Huerta División de Política Social OCDE www.oecd.org/els/social México, 22 de enero de 2010
- 5. Dimensiones de bienestar infantil – ningún pa ís se desempeña bien en todas las áreas Notas: 1 es el país mejor clasificado y 30 es el país peor clasificado en la OCDE. Países en gris están significativamente por debajo del promedio, en blanco alrededor del promedio y en azul significativamente por arriba del promedio.
- 6. Pobreza infantil en México aunque ha disminuido continua siendo elevada Data source: Data for this indicator is taken from the OECD Income Distribution Questionnaire , 2007 for the year 2005. The child poverty measure used is the proportion of households with children living on an equivalised income below 50% of the national median income. Children are defined as those aged 0-17 years. Data on child poverty is missing for three countries: Japan, Poland and Switzerland.
- 7. Los logros educativos de los mexicanos de 15 años edad son los más bajos de la OCDE
- 8. ...similar al de otros países de América Latina
- 9. México cuenta con una gran brecha entre estudiantes con altos y bajos logros educativos Data source: Data for educational achievement is mathematics, reading and science literacy as measured in the PISA surveys for 2006 (OECD/PISA, 2008). Mean literacy performance, is the average of the three literacy scores. The second is a measure of country inequality in scores, again averaged across the three dimensions. The measure of inequality used is the ratio of the 90 th to the 10 th percentile. Data is for the 15 year old school population. Reading literacy data was not available for the United States in 2006 results are therefore averages for mathematics and science literacy only.
- 11. Un alto porcentaje de niños mexicanos recibe lactancia materna
- 12. México tiene una de l as más altas tasas de vacunación Tasas de vacunación tosferina, niños 2 años (alrededor 2005)
- 13. La mayor tasa de fecundidad de adolescentes se encuentra en México Adolescent fertility rate: births per 1 000 women aged 15-19, 2005
- 14. Gasto público en la infancia
- 16. México gasta poco en la infancia: gasto público acumulado por niño a lo largo del ciclo de vida infantil
- 17. El gasto infantil en México es más alto en la infancia media
- 18. El patrón de gasto más común es una U invertida, con un predominio en el gasto en educación Source: OECD (2009) Doing Better for Children
- 20. ¿140 Euros o este paquete? Paquete para bebés - Finlandia
- 21. Grandes diferencias en la movilidad intergeneracional de ingresos entre los países de la OCDE Note: The height of each bar represents the best point estimate of the intergenerational earnings elasticity resulting from the meta-analysis carried out by Corak (2006), integrated with estimates from national studies for a few countries. Higher parameters indicate a higher persistence of earnings across generations (i.e. lower intergenerational mobility).
Notas del editor
- Comparado con el resto de la OCDE, México tiene un bajo desempeño en todas las dimensiones analizadas en el reporte. To create the table, each indicator was converted into a standardised distribution. Then a within-dimension average was taken. This within-dimension standardised average was then used to rank countries in each dimension. Using standardised figures each country with half a standard deviation higher than the OECD average is coloured blue on that dimension, whilst countries in dark grey are at least a half standard deviation lower. n.a.: no country data
- El 22 por ciento de los niños mexicanos crece en la pobreza relativa, superando sólo a Turquía en este respecto, pero manteniéndose muy por debajo del promedio de 12.4 por ciento de la organización internacional.
- Compared to other emerging markets with similar spending levels, Mexico performs about average on PISA but better outcomes in some Latin American countries suggest that there is scope for improving the efficiency of spending (Figure 1).
- In education, lower secondary schools enroll only two thirds of the relevant age group and the quality of education is low, as indicated by poor PISA scores. This reflects poor teaching quality, a consequence of non-transparent teacher selection processes until recently, and limited school autonomy in budgeting, instruction and personnel decisions. Accountability to the government and parents is also low as there is no national exit exam after secondary education and the existing evaluation schemes are fragmented. Skill levels of Mexican female workers have increased …
- Tampoco en los indicadores de salud destaca México por su calidad. Por ejemplo, el reporte señala que “la mortalidad infantil es baja o extremadamente baja en la mayoría de los países de la OCDE... México y Turquía están fuera de escala y tuvieron tasas de mortalidad infantil sustancialmente más altas que otros países de la OCDE”. ¿Qué significa sustancialmentemás altas? El antepenúltimo país con el peor dato en este indicador fue la Republica Eslovaca, con 7.2 muertes por mil. De ahí los indicadores saltan hasta 18.8 muertes por cada mil para México, sólo por encima de las 23.6 muertes por cada mil para Turquía.
- Note: Breastfeeding data are for a variety of years. Data is collected using a wide variety of methods, which may affect comparability. Data for Poland is missing. Breastfeeding initiation rates refer to the proportion of mothers who have ever breastfed their newborn. Source: OECD Family database 2008.
- Vaccination rates for pertussis, children aged 2 (circa 2005)
- Las tasas de fecundidad de adolescentes mexicanas es 4 veces mayor al del promedio de la OCDE; Se registra un hijo nacido vivo por cada 15 adolescentes de 5 a 19 años de edad
- Social expenditure data and education data Allotted by types from prenatal to age 27 using benefit rules Cash and tax / In kind / Child care / Education que si bien la crisis presiona para que se gaste menos, si se reduce el gasto en educación y salud para los niños luego habrá importantes costos para la sociedad. “ En el caso de los niños desfavorecidos, es particularmente esencial intervenir desde la más tierna infancia, momento en que se construye el futuro, para ayudar a romper el ciclo familiar de la pobreza y la exclusión”, dijo Gurría.
- El gasto publico varia de manera considerable entre paises. La mitad de los paises gasta entre US$ 75 000 y US$ 175 000 - un amplio rango Obviamente, los países con mayor ingreso pueden gastar más. El gasto mayor se observa en Luxemburgo y el menor en Mexico Cabe señalar que las diferencias en ingreso no están completamente asociadas a las diferenceias en gasto entre países
- Los países de la OCDE tienden a priorizar el gasto en la infancia tardía: OCDE 0 a 5:27%, de 6 a 11:40% y de 12 a 17: 45% MEX 0 a 5:19%, de 6 a 11:43% y de 12 a 17: 33%
- Pre-natal policies Universal pre-natal checkups. Typically too many universal checks/scans, lack of evidence-based content Pre-natal benefits (e.g. start child benefits at some point during pregnancy – as in France and the United Kingdom) Pre-natal maternal nutrition vouchers (United Kingdom, USA). Some evidence these are positive for birth weight Pre-natal maternal leave allocation (may be compulsory- Germany - non-compulsory - NZL, low in Poland) Pre-natal maternal health booklets (e.g. Germany, France, Japan) Public health advice (e.g. anti-smoking and drinking campaigns for pregnant women) Birth policies Days in hospital post-birth. Costly, no evidence of benefit Birth grants/baby bonuses – often seen as a mean to promote fertility (e.g. Australia, Belgium, France) Baby friendly hospitals (WHO) to promote breastfeeding (good evidence positive for child health and intelligence) Post-natal period Universal well-child checks Universal or a cascading services intensifying according to risk Home visits (NZL, UK, Denmark) vs. centre-based follow-up (Sweden, France) Child vaccination programme Post-natal maternal, paternal and parental leave (little evidence child outcomes respond to changes in leave duration) Child benefits, which are typically neutral to the age of the child or increase with age Child health booklets (e.g. France, New Zealand) Transition to early childhood education
- Intergenerational income mobility is measured by calculating the intergenerational earnings elasticity . A higher elasticity number implies that it is more difficult for a person to move outside the income class he or she was born into. There are large differences among peer countries. Intergenerational income mobility refers to the extent to which income levels are able to change across generations. If there was no intergenerational mobility at all (that is, the intergenerational income elasticity was equal to 1), all poor children would become poor adults and all rich children would become rich adults. In the case of complete intergenerational mobility (that is, the intergenerational income elasticity was equal to zero), there would be no relationship between family background and the adult income outcomes of children. A child born into poverty would have exactly the same likelihood of earning a high income in adulthood as a child born into a rich family. The U.K. is the worst performer on this indicator, with an earnings elasticity of 0.5. Parents earning $10,000 less than the average will pass on 50 per cent of that difference to their children. The children, in other words, will earn $5,000 less than the average. Why is income mobility important? A study for the OECD notes several reasons why income mobility is important: 2 The ways resources are allocated across generations today may influence social welfare for generations. Increased income mobility may improve equity by reducing economic inequality , promoting social justice, and achieving a more equitable allocation of resource. For example, the likelihood of achieving social cohesion may be higher in a society where people believe they can improve their economic circumstances on merit rather than be limited by a poor socio-economic background. Improving income mobility may be a way to achieve greater economic efficiency, in that the talents of people from disadvantaged backgrounds are not wasted. Although there is no consensus in the literature, some evidence suggests that income mobility is higher in countries with less income inequality . As noted by the OECD, “the more unequal a society is, the more difficult it is to move up the social ladder, simply because children have a greater gap to make up.” 3 Canada and Australia appear to be the exceptions. Despite relatively high levels of income inequality , the two countries also boast relatively high income mobility, which means individuals do not, compared to other peer countries, find themselves stuck in a particular socio-economic class. According to an OECD study, the Australia and Canada anomaly “may be due to immigration—there is evidence that immigration increases both current inequality and income mobility—but also to the interventions made in early education and care and on disadvantaged individuals as well. Another explanation is that this is a temporary situation: it is possible that in future greater immobility between generations could be expected to increase.” 4