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Nutrición y digestión en 40
- 1. Ciencias Biológicas 1 © 2006 Teresa Audesirk Gerald Audesirk Bruce E. Byres
- 6. Úlcera sangrante en el Estómago
- 7. Digestión Intracelular en Esponja Célula en collar a. Esponja b. Célula en collar H 2 O H 2 O con alimento entra por poros ósculo Alimento filtrado por célula collar Entra por endocitosis Fusión con lisosoma Desechos expulsados por exocitosis
- 8. Digestión en un Saco: Hydra Crustáceo Ingerido Células Glandulares Células nutritivas Boca Cavidad Gastrovascular Tentáculos
- 9. Tracto Digestivo Tubular: Lumbricus Intestino Ano Boca Faringe Esófago Buche Molleja
- 10. Adaptaciones en el sistema digestivo de Vertebrados: Aves Intestino Ano Esófago buche hígado Estómago (molleja) Recto
- 11. Adaptaciones en el sistema digestivo de Vertebrados: Rumiantes Intestino delgado Esófago Estómago Recto Rumen Ano El alimento tragado pasa al rumen y al retículo El bolo se remastica El bolo se almacena. Digestión final
- 13. El tracto digestivo humano Esófago Faringe Glándulas Salivales Epiglotis Hígado Vesícula biliar Estómago Colon: Ascendente Transverso Descendente Páncreas Recto Intestino delgado
- 15. El estómago Capa de músculos Esfínter pilórico Duodeno
- 18. Dientes adaptados a diferentes dietas Omnívoros Carnívoros Herbívoros Incisivos Caninos Premolares Molares
- 19. El desafío de tragar
- 20. Peristaltismo
- 21. Area superficial intestino delgado 1° y 2º niveles Intestino Pliegue de la mucosa intestinal Vellosidades
- 22. Area superficial intestino delgado 2º nivel Vellosidades Red Capilar Quilífero Arteriola Linfático Vénula Glándula intestinal
- 23. Area superficial intestino delgado: 2º y 3° niveles una célula epitelial Una vellosidad Microvellosidad
- 24. Fin
Notas del editor
- Recommended by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, this chart shows suggested daily servings
- An illustration of a bleeding ulcer in the stomach as it would be seen through a fiber-optic viewing device called an endoscope. The stomach lining has been digested away, and blood seeps through the opening.
- (a) Internal anatomy of a simple sponge, showing the direction of water flow and the location of the collar cells. (b) Enlargement of a single collar cell showing digestion of single-celled organisms, which are filtered from the water, trapped on the outside of the collar, engulfed, and digested.
- A Hydra has just captured and ingested a waterflea (Daphnia, a microscopic crustacean). a. Sponge Within the gastrovascular cavity of Hydra, gland cells secrete enzymes that digest the prey into smaller particles and nutrients. Elongated cells lining the cavity ingest these particles by intracellular digestion (see Fig. 29-4), and digestion is completed intracellularly. Undigested waste is then expelled through the single opening.
- The earthworm has a one-way digestive system that passes food through a series of compartments, each specialized to play a specific role in breaking down food and absorbing it.
- The digestive system of birds is adapted to the demands of flight. The expandable crop serves as a storage organ, allowing the bird to store food to meet the enormous caloric demands of flight. The gizzard replaces the teeth, using muscular action and small stones that are stored in this organ to break down the hard seeds and insect exoskeletons prevalent in the diet of many birds. Undigested food is expelled.
- The stomach of the cow has several chambers. The rumen and reticulum house a flourishing population of microorganisms that digest the cellulose in the cow’s vegetarian diet. Arrows trace the path of food through the digestive tract.
- The digestive system includes both the digestive tube and organs such as the salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas, all of which produce and store digestive secretions. The stomach has a muscular wall and folds that allow expansion.
- (a) The varied, omnivorous diet of humans has fostered the evolution of an unspecialized dentition that includes flat incisors for biting, pointed canines for tearing, premolars for grinding, and molars for crushing and chewing. (b) Carnivores (such as the lion) have modest incisors but greatly enlarged canines for stabbing and tearing flesh. Carnivores also have a reduced set of cheek teeth (molars and premolars) that are specialized for shearing through tendon and bone. (c) Herbivores (such as the cow) have incisors that are specialized for snipping leaves, and their canines have been reduced in size and moved forward to help with that job. The cheek is filled with a full set of wide, flat premolars and molars that grind up the tough, cellulose-containing plant material.
- (a) Swallowing is complicated by the fact that both the esophagus (part of the digestive system) and the larynx (part of the respiratory system) open into the pharynx. (b) During swallowing, the larynx moves upward beneath a small flap of cartilage, the epiglottis. The epiglottis folds down over the larynx, sealing off the opening to the respiratory system and directing food down the esophagus instead.
- Food is propelled through the digestive system by the rhythmic contractions of circular and longitudinal muscles.
- The folds of the small intestine maximize the surface area available to absorb nutrients. Macroscopic folds in the intestinal lining are themselves carpeted in (b) tiny, fingerlike projections called villi.
- Villi enclose a network of capillaries and lymph vessels.
- If we use a microscope to zoom in on one villus, we see that the epithelial cells on its surface are sheathed in plasma membranes that have yet another level of microscopic projections, microvilli.