2. ABSCESO ANORECTAL
Acumulacion de pus o infeccion de los
espacios perianales secundario
generalmente a la obstruccion de los
orificios de drenaje de las glandulas anales.
DEFINICION
7. EPIDEMIOLOGIA
• Más frecuente en varones 2:1
• Ocupación
• Distribución de vellos
• Mayor sudoración
• Pobre higiene
• Pico de frecuencia entre los 30-50 años de edad
• Relacionado a temperatura ambiental?
• Recurrencia 15-45%
12. MANEJO
Manejo antibiótico solo ( No recomendado)
Drenaje
No se recomienda cierre primario
No se recomienda uso de drenajes
13.
14. ABSCESO ANORECTALES
El mas comun aprox 45 % de los casos
Absceso subcutaneo.
Lesion intensamente dolorosa
Incision en cruz para su drenaje.
Antibioticos en inmunosuprimidos , diabeticos y
valvulopatias
Se recomienda realizar rectoscopia
Fistula anal en un 50% de los pacientes
ABSCESO PERIANAL
17. ABSCESO ANORECTALES
20-25 % de los casos.
Incision para su drenaje.
La punción aspiración constituye una maniobra útil para localizar el
sitio en el que efectuar el drenaje
Realizar la incisión lo más cercana al ano que sea posible
ABSCESO ISQUORECTAL
18. Antibioticos en inmunosuprimidos ,
diabeticos y valvulopatias.
Riesgo de necrosis de fournier.
Antibioticos de amplio espectro en
necrosis tisular o celulitis glutea
extensa.
Se recomienda la realizacion de ano-
rectoscopia.
ABSCESO ISQUORECTAL
21. ABSCESO ANORECTALES
Consecuencia de cripta infectada en el canal anal..
Colección entre el exfinter externo e interno.
Tambien llamado absceso submucoso.
2-5% de los abscesos.
Disconfor anal ,pujo, tenesmo.
Examen bajo anestesia.
Salida de pus o moco. (50%)
ABSCESO INTERESFINTERICO
24. ABSCESO ANORECTALES
Situado por encima de musculos de piso pelvico.
Dolor anal, pelvico. Abdomen agudo,
Enfermedad de crohn, diverticulitis, salpingitis,
apendicitis
Extension proximal de abscesos isquiorectales o
interesfintericos
Drenaje tranrectal o tranvaginal en origen pelvico.
Drenaje externo en tranesfinterico.
ABSCESO SUPRAELEVADOR
27. ABSCESO ANORECTALES
Situado por encima del esfinter externo e inferior al
elevador del ano.
Disconfor rectal, perianal intenso , masa al tacto
rectal.
Puede comunicarse y formar abscesos en herradura
Diagnostico diferencial con: teratome, cordoma
Incision sobre el ligamento anococcigeo e incisiones
laterales sobre fosa isquiorectal.
ABSCESO DEL ESPACIO POSTANAL
30. RELACION ENTRE LOCALIZACION DE LA APERTURA EXTERNA Y
EL CANAL ANAL:
LEY DE GOODSALL
-APERTURA POSTERIOR: FISTULA PROVIENE DE LA
LINEA MEDIA DORSAL
-APERTURA ANTERIOR: FISTULA CORRE
DIRECTAMENTE DE LA CRIPTA MAS CERCANA
-APERTURAS AAMBOS LADOS EL CANAL: CRIPTA DE
LA LINEA MEDIA POSTERIOR CON UNA FISTULA TIPO
HERRADURA
-APERTURA ADYACENTE AL MARGEN ANAL:
TRACTO INTERESFINTERICO
-MAS LATERAL: TRACTO TRANS ESFINTERICO
Notas del editor
Por definición, una fístula es una
comunicación entre dos superficies epiteliales, en este caso la
piel perineal y la mucosa del canal anal o el recto inferior.
Esta comunicación se produciría como consecuencia de la
apertura hacia la piel, de un absceso o foco de supuración que
frecuentemente se origina en una glándula anal e inicialmente se ubica en el espacio interesfinteriano. Esta apertura
puede producirse en forma espontánea o como consecuencia
del drenaje quirúrgico del absceso mencionado.
Anal glands lie between the internal and the external anal sphincters; they communicate with the anal mucosa by ducts that arise from the anal valves at the dentate line
The ducts may terminate in the submucosa or ramify in the internal anal sphincter, but they usually communicate with an anal gland
Estas glándulas que desembocan
en las criptas, se encuentran en número de 6 a 10 alrededor del canal anal, y pueden obstruirse desencadenando
un proceso infeccioso que desemboca en la formación de
un absceso
Most individuals have six glands, the majority lie in the submucosa and they rarely penetrate the external sphincter
In the majority of cases the infective process extends downwards towards the perianal region and the conjoint longitudinal muscle prevents any lateral extension through the external anal sphincter.
The spread of anorectal sepsis. An infected anal gland in the intersphincteric plane may spread: (1) downwards towards the perineum; (2) upwards into the supralevator space; (3) through the external anal sphincter, either to the perianal region, or to the ischiorectal fossa; or (4) internally towards the anal canal along the duct to the dentate line to the submucosal space.
Once the abscess has become localised to a specific anatomical site, further extension may take place around the anal canal. Circumferential spread is particularly common in the ischiorectal fossa The large potential space of the ischiorectal fossa may accommodate considerable volumes of pus, and extension from one side to the other across the midline posteriorly results in the typical horseshoe abscess
Gut-specific anaerobes and Escherichia coli were identified significantly more frequently in patients with a fistula than in the remaining patients. By contrast, there were only nine isolates of S. aureus , eight in patients without fistula and only one (very few colonies present) in the remaining case.
La presencia de organismos cutáneos tambien están relacionada a la menor recurrencia
épocas del año de mayor temperatura, dado que la frecuencia se incrementa en primavera y verano.
occupation, distribution of hair, increased sweating and poor anal hygiene
The highest incidence of fistula complicating anorectal sepsis seems to be in patients with intersphincteric and supralevator abscesses
In our experience most suprasphincteric abscesses are secondary to pelvic rather than anal pathology. High supralevator abscesses may be subdivided into retrorectal, rectovesical, pelvirectal and retroperitoneal. Unlike some groups, we recognise the submucous abscess as an extension through the original track of the anal gland to the submucosal plane of the anus
Antibiotics are sometimes prescribed in the hope that a small abscess will resolve; however, this treatment may allow the abscess to expand into a huge collection associated with extensive tissue necrosis, which may be complicated by synergistic gangrene of the entire perineum
Antibiotics may be used during surgical drainage in order to avoid an episode of septicaemia and they are definitely advised in patients with valvular disease of the heart or those with a prosthetic implant.
healing time was significantly longer (8.9 days) following drainage and primary suture than following drainage alone (7.8 days). Furthermore, 35% of wounds broke down after primary closure despite the use of antibiotics. Thus we have abandoned primary suture for anorectal sepsis; furthermore, we do not advise curettage or the use of drainage tubes for fear of creating a high fistula, and merely teach that simple drainage alone without extensive skin excision is all that is necessary
Drainage of a perianal abscess. ( a ) An incision is made over the perianal swelling. ( b ) A finger is inserted into the abscess cavity to break down all loculi. ( c ) An ellipse of skin is excised around the drainage site to facilitate discharge of all purulent material.
El examen
proctológico completo suele ser imposible debido al
intenso dolor
la existencia de dolor intenso implica la presencia de pus, y por lo tanto la inevitable necesidad de efectuar un drenaje quirúrgico
base sobre la cual tratar un eventual progresión perineal del proceso infeccioso, sino también predecir la posibilidad de que se desarrolle una fístula. Si el cultivo revela el crecimiento de una escherichia
coh esta probabilidad es mayor que si desarrolla un
estafilococo aureus
if no internal opening is found, the abscess should simply be drained by incising the skin over the most prominent area of the abscess, pus is sent for culture, the index finger is gently introduced into the cavity, the skin edges are trimmed and a dressing applied . If the cultures grow a faecal organism, a second EUA by an experienced person should be arranged 7–10 days later. If a fistula is found it should be laid open, provided the anatomy of the track can be accurately defined; if not, a seton should be inserted.
con el fin de minimizar la herida que será necesaria en el
momento de tratar la fistula, lo que es preferible efectuar
en un tiempo.
Drainage of an ischiorectal abscess. On the left is an ischiorectal abscess. On the right the abscess has been completely excised, leaving a large disc of skin to facilitate further drainage
internal sphincterectomy should be performed by excising a strip of internal sphincter.
Drainage of an intersphincteric abscess. On the left is an intersphincteric abscess. On the right is shown the preferred method of drainage irrespective of the presence of a coexisting fistula: laying open the abscess cavity and incising the internal anal sphincter at that site
may be due to pelvic pathology, such as diverticular disease, salpingitis, Crohn's disease, appendicitis, malignancy of the large bowel or foreign-body trauma.
ntrarectal drainage of a anorectal supralevator abscess. The pelvic abscess has been identified, and a pair of Roberts’ artery forceps have been advanced into the abscess cavity through the posterior rectal wall. A soft drainage tube is then inserted into the abscess cavity.