1. www.dnsa.es
REQUISITOS MÍNIMOS DE CALIDAD PARA LA REUTILIZACIÓN
DEL AGUA EN LA U.E. PARA RIEGO AGRÍCOLA
Ana Allende
Investigadora científica CSIC y Miembro Panel BIOHAZ de la EFSA
(Autoridad Europea de Seguridad Alimentaria)
11. www.dnsa.es
54321
•Animal rearing,
seasonality and
climatic conditions
•Domestic animals
and wildlife
Environmental
factors incl.
Animal reservoirs
•Use of untreated
or unsuficiently
untreated organic
ammendents:
manure/compost
Fertilizers and
phytosanitary
products
•Use of
contaminated
water for irrigation
or application of
pesticides
•Water submersion
Water
•Contamination by food handlers and
equipment at harvest or on-farm post
harvest
Staff hygiene and
health status
Hygiene
conditions at
primary
production
CROSS CONTAMINATION
Riesgos en la Producción Primaria
12. www.dnsa.es
Muestra Valores máx Positivos
Fertilizantes - 0/27
Semillas - 0/27
Suelo enmendado 3.02 log CFU/g 18/120 (21%)
Espinaca baby 2.3 log CFU/g 6/108 (5.6%)
Agua 2.1 log CFU/100 mL 78/150 (72%)
Superficies - 0/108
El agua y el suelo tratado con fertilizantes orgánicos principales factores.
Samples
Manure
Manured soil
Seeds
Irrigation water
Contact surfaces
Worker' hands
Baby spinach
E.colilevels
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
Riesgos en la Producción Primaria
13. www.dnsa.es
A, a
A
W
ater reservoirs
Drainage ditches
Canals
LogE.colicfu/100mL
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
C, a
B, a
A, a
B
W
ater reservoirs
Drainage ditches
Canals
LogE.colicells/100mL
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
B, a
C, b
FUENTES DE AGUA DE RIEGO
28. www.dnsa.es
El enfoque incluido en esta nueva guía / legislación se engloba dentro de un marco de
gestión de riesgos.
Desarrollo de
una evaluación
de riesgos
Establecer
controles o
medidas
preventivas
Implementación
de Puntos
Críticos de
Control y
Programas de
Monitorización
Verificación del
Sistema
36. www.dnsa.es
Desarrollo de
una evaluación
de riesgos
Establecer
controles o
medidas
preventivas
Implementación
de Puntos
Críticos de
Control y
Programas de
Monitorización
Verificación del
Sistema
38. www.dnsa.es
(adapted from Luning et al, 2010, 2011)
QMEM
Sowing
Growing
Harvesting
- Seeds*
- Manure-amended soil
-Wild life*
-Irrigation water quality/method
-Solar radiation
-Seasonality (rainfall, time of cultivation)
-Workers’ hands*
-Contact surfaces*
E. coli concentration on
leafy greens during
growing cycle
Factors included/excludedContamination and decay
E. coli decay rate in soil
0.014 Log CFU/day (Franz et al., 2014)
Soil splash
contaminatio
Irrigation
contaminatio
E. coli decay rate in leafy greens
0.52 Log CFU/day (Ottoson et al., 2011)
E. coli concentration in soil
(223.9±1.3 CFU/g)
(4% positive samples)
(Castro - Ibáñez et al., 2015a)
E. coli concentration in water
(4.0±2.0 CFU/ 100 mL)
(35% positive samples)
(Castro - Ibáñez et al., 2015a)
E. coli concentration on leafy
greens after harvest
39. www.dnsa.es
QMEM Scenario: Different Irrigation Systems
Percentile (%)
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100
E.coli(logCFU/g)atharvestlevel
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
All waters
Treated water
Non treated water
Potable water
Drip irrigation
41. www.dnsa.es
REQUISITOS MÍNIMOS DE CALIDAD PARA LA REUTILIZACIÓN
DEL AGUA EN LA U.E. PARA RIEGO AGRÍCOLA
Ana Allende
Investigadora científica CSIC y Miembro Panel BIOHAZ de la EFSA
(Autoridad Europea de Seguridad Alimentaria)
Notas del editor
Companies have to translate the requirements of different stakeholders into their own specific FSMS.
This pictures shows what we call the primary QA standards and guidelines. They have a different focus; the first Codex, GMP and PRP aim at production environment, HACCP on production system, and ISO 9001:200 on organisation. There are nowadays many QA standards and guidelines in place, most use various elements of these QA standards and guidelines, that is why we called them primary.