Aspectos psicosomaticos; ulcera gastroduodenal
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Este documento discute cómo las emociones como la rabia, la tristeza y la frustración pueden aumentar la actividad estomacal y contribuir al desarrollo de úlceras, mientras que la depresión y el miedo la disminuyen. Explica que las emociones activan los sistemas nervioso simpático y neuroendocrino, lo que detiene la secreción ácida y reduce la protección de la mucosa gástrica, permitiendo la aparición de úlceras. También describe el perfil de personalidad de los pacientes
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Aspectos psicosomaticos; ulcera gastroduodenal
- 1. Aspectos psicosomáticos en la aparición de ulceras gastroduodenales JULIAN CAMILO ESPAÑA UCEVA-MEDICINA 1210150
- 2. RABIA TRISTEZA Emociones como FRUSTRACION IRA se asocian a un aumento de la actividad estomacal, sobre todo si la persona no expresa esas emociones; mientras que la depresión y el miedo producen el efecto contrario, disminuyendo la actividad del estómago
- 3. Cómo influyen las emociones en la aparición de la úlcera Desencadenan actividad Al dar lugar a comportamientos gástrica anormal desadaptativos, como la ingesta de alcohol.
- 4. Sistema Sistema Sistema Nervioso Neuro Endocrino Autonomo endrocrino
- 5. Cuando se percibe una situación como amenazante se produce la activación de un primer eje, el sistema nervioso simpático (que no repercute en el desarrollo de la úlcera). Esta activación prepara al organismo para hacer frente físicamente al estresor. Para ello, este sistema traslada los recursos de aquellos sistemas u órganos implicados en tareas a largo plazo (sistema reproductor, digestivo, de excreción...) a aquellos otros necesarios para la acción de lucha que se necesita en ese momento (brazos, piernas...).
- 6. Cese de los movimientos peristálticos estomacales Cese de la secreción de ácidos y enzimas, lo cual, a su vez provoca una disminución de secreciones mucosas y de bicarbonato, que son factores protectores. Una vez que desaparece el estresor, y vuelven a segregarse los ácidos con normalidad, las paredes del estómago no han recuperado todavía su capacidad para defenderse de los efectos del ácido. Cese de la absorción de sustancias. Disminuye flujo sanguíneo al estómago Disminuye la eliminación de Hipoxia del tejido acido llevando a una acumulación de este
- 7. Es un poco mas lento pero tiene efectos similares al anterior Este sistema implica la activación de las glándulas suprarrenales, con la producción de adrenalina y noradrenalina Llevando esto a efectos similares (cese del peristaltismo, cese de la secreción de ácidos, etc)
- 8. Se segregan glucocorticoides (cortisol y cortisona), que facilitan el incremento de la irritación gástrica La irritación gástrica mantenida da lugar a una gastritis, que hará inflamarse las células mucosas Esta inflamación es un recurso para protegerse de la acción corrosiva del ácido gástrico, pero es bloqueada por la acción continua de los glucocorticoides, produciéndose una acción corrosiva más intensa de los jugos gástricos, favoreciéndose así la aparición de lesiones
- 10. Al mismo tiempo… La acción de los glucocorticoides produce una disminución en la secreción de prostaglandinas (protectoras) Las cuales se encargan de proteger, reparar y cicatrizar la mucosa gástrica; llevando esto a que se disminuya la capacidad de sanar las ulceras Y además los altos niveles de glucocorticoides producen una disminución en la funcionalidad del sistema inmunologico. Eso hace que el estómago esté menos protegido frente a la acción de las bacterias que se encuentran con frecuencia en el estómago, como la Helicobacter pylori.
- 11. Llevándonos a la Ulcera Gastroduodenal
- 12. Características de personalidad en pacientes con úlcera gastroduodenal 1. Hipocondriasis y somatización. Es decir, existe una tendencia a expresar los conflictos mediante el cuerpo. 2. Percepción negativa de los acontecimientos vitales. 3.Dependientes 4. Con falta de iniciativa, de estabilidad y de confianza en el manejo de la realidad. Son también personas muy vulnerables al estrés. 5. Inhibición de la agresividad, con agresividad dirigida hacia sí mismos, con sentimientos de culpa y autocríticas.
- 13. Tratamiento • Convencional: Fármacos anti ulcerosos y antibióticos para H pilory. • Psicológico: ayudar a estas personas a tener percepciones correctas de los acontecimientos estrategias de afrontamiento adecuadas una adecuada expresión de emociones técnicas para controlar la activación fisiológica, como técnicas de relajación, etc.
- 14. Recordar que… • Cuando pienses en dolor, piensa en el amor y veras la solución (BOB MARLEY) • El dolor es inevitable pero el sufrimiento es opcional (BUDA) • Felicidad no es hacer lo que uno quiere, sino querer lo que uno hace (JEAN PAUL SARTRE) GRACIAS…
Notas del editor
- SmartArt custom animation effects: pictures peek-in(Basic)To reproduce the SmartArt effects on this page, do the following:On the Home tab, in the Slides group, click Layout, and then clickBlank. On the Insert tab, in the Illustrations group, click SmartArt.In the Choose a SmartArt Graphic dialog box, in the left pane, click Matrix. In the Matrix pane, double-click Titled Matrix (second option from the left) to insert the graphic into the slide. Select the graphic. Under SmartArt Tools, on the Format tab, click Size, and then do the following:In the Height box, enter 5.67”.In the Width box, enter 8.5”.Under SmartArt Tools, on the Format tab, click Arrange, click Align, and then do the following:Click Align to Slide.Click Align Middle. Click Align Center. Select the graphic, and then click one of the arrows on the left border. In the Type your text here dialog box, enter text in the top-level bullet only (text for the rounded rectangle at the center of the graphic). To remove the [Text] placeholder in the second-level bullets, select each bullet and press SPACE.On the slide, select the graphic. Under SmartArtTools, on the Design tab, in the SmartArtStyles group, click More, and then under Best Match for Document click Moderate Effect.Select the rounded rectangle at the center of the graphic. On the Home tab, in the Font group, select 28 from the Font Size list, click the arrow next to Font Color, and then click White, Background 1 (first row, first option from the left).With the rounded rectangle selected, under SmartArtTools, on the Format tab, in the bottom right corner of the ShapeStyles group, click the FormatShape dialog box launcher. In the FormatShape dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, select Gradient fill in the Fill pane, and then do the following:In the Type list, select Linear.In the Direction list, select LinearUp (second row, second option from the left).Under Gradient stops, click Add or Remove until three stops appear in the drop-down list.Also under Gradient stops, customize the gradient stops as follows:Select Stop 1 from the list, and then do the following:In the Stop position box, enter 0%.Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme ColorsclickWhite, Background 1, Darker 35% (fifth row, first option from the left).Select Stop 2 from the list, and then do the following: In the Stop position box, enter 80%.Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme ColorsclickWhite, Background 1, Darker 35% (fifth row, first option from the left).Select Stop 3 from the list, and then do the following: In the Stop position box, enter 100%.Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme ColorsclickWhite, Background 1, Darker 15% (third row, first option from the left).Right-click the top left shape in the graphic, and then click Format Shape. In the Format Shape dialog box, in the left pane, click Fill. In the Fill pane, click Picture or texture fill,and then under Insert from, click File.In the Insert Picture dialog box, select a picture and then click Insert. Right-click the top right shape in the graphic, and then click Format Shape. In the Format Shape dialog box, in the left pane, click Fill. In the Fill pane, click Picture or texture fill,and then under Insert from, click File.In the Insert Picture dialog box, select a picture and then click Insert. Right-click the bottom left shape in the graphic, and then click Format Shape. In the Format Shape dialog box, in the left pane, click Fill. In the Fill pane, click Picture or texture fill,and then under Insert from, click File.In the Insert Picture dialog box, select a picture and then click Insert. Right-click the bottom right shape in the graphic, and then click Format Shape. In the Format Shape dialog box, in the left pane, click Fill. In the Fill pane, click Picture or texture fill,and then under Insert from, click File.In the Insert Picture dialog box, select a picture and then click Insert. To reproduce the animation effects on this slide, do the following:On the Animations tab, in the Animations group, click CustomAnimation.On the slide, select the graphic, and then do the following in the CustomAnimation task pane: Click Add Effect, point to Entrance, and then click MoreEffects. In the Add Entrance Effect dialog box, under Subtle, click Expand. Under Modify: Expand, in the Speed list, select Fast.Under Modify: Expand, in the Start list, select After Previous.Also in the Custom Animation task pane, click the arrow to the right of theanimation effect, and then click EffectOptions. In the Expand dialog box, on the SmartArt Animation tab, in the Group Graphic list, select One by one.Also in the Custom Animation taskpane, click the double-arrow below the animation effect to expand the list of effects, and then do the following:Press and hold CTRL, and then select all five animation effects in the Custom Animation task pane. Under Modify: Expand, in the Start list, select With Previous.Press and hold CTRL, select the second, third, fourth, and fifth animation effects (expand effects for the picture-filled rectangles), and then do the following:Click Change, point to Entrance, and then click MoreEffects. In the Change Entrance Effect dialog box, under Basic, click Peek In. Under Modify: Peek In, in the Speed list, select Fast.Select the second animation effect. Under Modify: Peek In, in the Start list, select After Previous.Select the third animation effect. Under Modify: Peek In, in theDirection list, select From Left.Select the fourth animation effect. Under Modify: Peek In, in the Direction list, select From Right.Select the fifth animation effect. Under Modify: Peek In, in the Direction list, select From Top.To reproduce the background effects on this slide, do the following:Right-click the slide background area, and then click Format Background. In the Format Background dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, select Gradient fill in the Fill pane, and then do the following:In the Type list, select Radial.Click the button next to Direction, and then click From Corner (fifth option from the left).Under Gradient stops, click Add or Remove until two stops appear in the drop-down list.Also under Gradient stops, customize the gradient stops as follows:Select Stop 1 from the list, and then do the following:In the Stop position box, enter 0%.Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme ColorsclickWhite, Background 1 (first row, first option from the left).Select Stop 2 from the list, and then do the following: In the Stop position box, enter 71%.Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme ColorsclickWhite, Background 1, Darker 15% (third row, first option from the left).
- SmartArt custom animation effects: horizontal bullet list(Intermediate)To reproduce the SmartArt effects on this slide, do the following:On the Home tab, in the Slides group, click Layout, and then clickBlank. On the Insert tab, in the Illustrations group, click SmartArt. In the Choose a SmartArt Graphic dialog box, in the left pane, click List. In the List pane, click Horizontal Bullet List (second row, first option from the left), and then click OK to insert the graphic into the slide.On the slide, in the graphic, select the third “topic” rectangle from the left. Under SmartArtTools, on the Design tab, in the CreateGraphic group, click the arrow next to AddShape, and then click AddShapeAfter.Select the graphic, and then click one of the arrows on the left border. In the Type your text here dialog box, enter text for the topic headings and bullet points. (Note: To create a bulleted list below the new, fourth “topic” rectangle, select the topic heading text box in the Type your text here dialog box, and then under SmartArtTools, on the Design tab, in the CreateGraphic group, click AddBullet. Enter text into the new bullet text box. Repeat the process to add a second bullet.)Select the graphic. Under SmartArt Tools, on the Format tab, click Size, and then do the following:In the Height box, enter 4.44”.In the Width box, enter 9.47”.Under SmartArt Tools, on the Format tab, click Arrange, click Align, and then do the following:Click Align to Slide.Click Align Middle. Click Align Center. On the slide, select the graphic. On the Design tab, in the Themes group, click Colors,and then under Built-in click Technic.(Note: if this action is taken in a PowerPoint presentation containing more than one slide, the color scheme will be applied to all of the slides.)Under SmartArtTools, on the Design tab, in the SmartArtStyles group, do the following:Click ChangeColors and then under Colorful click Colorful Range – Accent Colors 5 to 6 (fifth option from the left).Click More, and then under Best Match for Document click Intense Effect (fifth option from the left).Press and hold SHIFT, and then select all four “topic” rectangles. Under SmartArtTools, on the Format tab, in the Shapes group, click ChangeShape, and then under Rectangles click Round Single Corner Rectangle (seventh option from the left).On the Home tab, in the Font group, select Gill Sans MT Condensed from the Font list.On the Home tab, in the Paragraph group, click Align Text Left. On the Home tab, in the bottom right corner of the Drawing group, click the Format Shape dialog box launcher. In the Format Shape dialog box, in the left pane, click Text Box. In the Text Box pane, under Text layout, in the Vertical alignment list, select Bottom. Press and hold SHIFT, and then select all four bulleted-list rectangles. On the Home tab, in the Font group, select Gill Sans MT Condensed from the Font list, and then enter 22 in the Font Size box.On the Home tab, in the bottom right corner of the Drawing group, click the Format Shape dialog box launcher. In the Format Shape dialog box, in the left pane, click Text Box. In the Text Box pane, under Internal margin, do the following:In the Left box, enter 0.1”.In the Top box, enter 0.2”.In the Right box, enter 0.1”.In the Bottom box, enter 0.1”.Select the first bulleted-list rectangle from the left. Under SmartArtTools, on the Format tab, in the Shape Styles group, click the arrow next to Shape Fill, point to Gradient, and then click More Gradients. In the Format Shape dialog box, in the left pane, click Fill, select Gradient fill in the Fill pane, and then do the following:In the Type list, select Linear.Click the button next to Direction, and then click Linear Down (first row, second option from the left).Under Gradient stops, click Add or Remove until two stops appear in the drop-down list.Also under Gradient stops, customize the gradient stops as follows:Select Stop 1 from the list, and then do the following:In the Stop position box, enter 0%.Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 225, Green: 222, Blue: 215.In the Transparency box, enter 0%.Select Stop 2 from the list, and then do the following: In the Stop position box, enter 100%.Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 225, Green: 222, Blue: 215.In the Transparency box, enter 100%.Select the second bulleted-list rectangle from the left. Under SmartArtTools, on the Format tab, in the Shape Styles group, click the arrow next to Shape Fill, point to Gradient, and then click More Gradients. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, select Gradient fill in the Fill pane, and then do the following:In the Type list, select Linear.Click the button next to Direction, and then click Linear Down (first row, second option from the left).Under Gradient stops, click Add or Remove until two stops appear in the drop-down list.Also under Gradient stops, customize the gradient stops as follows:Select Stop 1 from the list, and then do the following:In the Stop position box, enter 0%.Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 222, Green: 225, Blue: 219.In the Transparency box, enter 0%.Select Stop 2 from the list, and then do the following: In the Stop position box, enter 100%.Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 222, Green: 225, Blue: 219.In the Transparency box, enter 100%.Select the third bulleted-list rectangle from the left. Under SmartArtTools, on the Format tab, in the Shape Styles group, click the arrow next to Shape Fill, point to Gradient, and then click More Gradients. In the Format Shape dialog box, in the left pane, click Fill, select Gradient fill in the Fill pane, and then do the following:In the Type list, select Linear.Click the button next to Direction, and then click Linear Down (first row, second option from the left).Under Gradient stops, click Add or Remove until two stops appear in the drop-down list.Also under Gradient stops, customize the gradient stops as follows:Select Stop 1 from the list, and then do the following:In the Stop position box, enter 0%.Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 214, Green: 220, Blue: 218.In the Transparency box, enter 0%.Select Stop 2 from the list, and then do the following: In the Stop position box, enter 100%.Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 214, Green: 220, Blue: 218.In the Transparency box, enter 100%.Select the fourth bulleted-list rectangle from the left. Under SmartArtTools, on the Format tab, in the Shape Styles group, click the arrow next to Shape Fill, point to Gradient, and then click More Gradients. In the Format Shape dialog box, in the left pane, click Fill, select Gradient fill in the Fill pane, and then do the following:In the Type list, select Linear.Click the button next to Direction, and then click Linear Down (first row, second option from the left).Under Gradient stops, click Add or Remove until two stops appear in the drop-down list.Also under Gradient stops, customize the gradient stops as follows:Select Stop 1 from the list, and then do the following:In the Stop position box, enter 0%.Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 216, Green: 217, Blue: 218.In the Transparency box, enter 0%.Select Stop 2 from the list, and then do the following: In the Stop position box, enter 100%.Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 216, Green: 217, Blue: 218.In the Transparency box, enter 100%.To reproduce the animation effects on this slide, do the following:On the Animations tab, in the Animations group, click CustomAnimation.On the slide, select the graphic. In the CustomAnimation task pane, do the following:Click Add Effect, point to Entrance, and then click MoreEffects. In the Add Entrance Effect dialog box, under Basic, click Peek In.Under Modify: Peek In, in the Direction list, select From Bottom.Under Modify: Peek In, in the Speed list, select Fast.Also in the CustomAnimation task pane, select the animation effect. Click the arrow to the right of the animation effect, and then click EffectOptions. In the Expand dialog box, on the SmartArtAnimation tab, in the Group graphic list, select One by one.Also in the Custom Animation task pane, click the double arrow under the animation effect to expand the contents of the list of effects, and then do the following:Select the first animation effect, and then under Modify: Peek In, in the Start list, select With Previous.Press and hold CTRL, select the second, fourth, sixth, and eighth animation effects (peek-in effects for the bulleted lists), and then do the following: Under Modify: Peek In, in the Start list, select With Previous.Under Modify: Peek In, in the Direction list, select From Top. To reproduce the background effects on this slide, do the following:Right-click the slide background area, and then click Format Background. In the Format Background dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, select Gradient fill in the Fill pane, and then do the following:In the Type list, select Radial.Click the button next to Direction, and then click From Center (third option from the left).Under Gradient stops, click Add or Remove until two stops appear in the drop-down list.Also under Gradient stops, customize the gradient stops that you added as follows:Select Stop 1 from the list, and then do the following:In the Stop position box, enter 0%.Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click White, Background 1 (first row, first option from the left). Select Stop 2 from the list, and then do the following: In the Stop position box, enter 100%.Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click White, Background 1, Darker 35% (fifth row, first option from the left).
- SmartArt custom animation effects: continuous picture list(Basic)To reproduce the SmartArt effects on this slide, do the following:On the Home tab, in the Slides group, click Layout, and then clickBlank. On the Insert tab, in the Illustrations group, click SmartArt. In the Choose a SmartArt Graphic dialog box, in the left pane, click List. In the List pane, double-click Continuous Picture List (third row, fourth option from the left) to insert the graphic into the slide.On the slide, select the graphic. Under SmartArt Tools, on the Format tab, click Size, and then do the following:In the Height box, enter 5.05”.In the Width box, enter 7.57”.Under SmartArt Tools, on the Format tab, click Arrange, click Align, and then do the following:Click Align to Slide.Click Align Middle. Click Align Center. Select the graphic, and then click one of the arrows on the left border. In the Type your text here dialog box, enter text.Select the graphic. Under SmartArtTools, on the Design tab, in the SmartArtStyles group, click More, and then under Best Match for Document clickselect Moderate Effect (fourth option from the left).Click each of the three picture placeholders in the SmartArt graphic, and then in the Insert Picture dialog box, select a picture and click Insert.Press and hold CTRL, and then select the three circle pictures on the slide.Under PictureTools, on theFormat tab, in the PictureStyles group, click PictureEffects, point toGlow, and then do the following:Under Glow Variations, click Accent color 1, 8 pt glow(second row, first option from the left).Point to MoreGlowColors,and then under Theme Colors click Orange, Accent 6, Lighter 80% (second row, 10th option from the left).Select the left-right arrow at the bottom of the SmartArt graphic. Under SmartArtTools, on the Format tab, in the ShapeStyles group, click the arrow next to ShapeFill, point to Gradient, and then click MoreGradients. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Fill in the left pane,select Gradient fill in the Fill pane, and then do the following:In the Type list, select Linear.Click the button next to Direction, and then select Linear Right (first row, fourth option from the left).Under Gradient stops, click Add or Remove until three stops appear in the drop-down list.Also under Gradient stops, customize the gradient stops as follows:Select Stop 1 from the list, and then do the following:In the Stop position box, enter 0%.Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme ColorsclickOrange, Accent 6, Darker 25% (fifth row, 10th option from the left).Select Stop 2 from the list, and then do the following: In the Stop position box, enter 50%.Click the button next to Color, and then click MoreColors. In the Colors dialog box,on theCustom tab, enter values for Red: 255, Green: 192, Blue: 0.Select Stop 3 from the list, and then do the following: In the Stop position box, enter 100%.Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme ColorsclickOrange, Accent 6, Darker 25% (fifth row, 10th option from the left).Press and hold CTRL, and then select the three rounded rectangles on the slide. On the Home tab, in the Font group, select Gill Sans MT from the Font list, enter 30 pt in the Font Size box, click the arrow next to Font Color, and then click White, Background 1 (first row, first option from the left).Under SmartArtTools, on the Format tab, in the ShapeStyles group, click Shape Effects, point to Reflection, and then under ReflectionVariations click Tight reflection, touching (first row, first option from the left).Under SmartArtTools, on the Format tab, in the ShapeStyles group, click Shape Fill, point to Gradient, and then click More Gradients. In the Format Shape dialog box, in the left pane, click Fill, select Gradient fill in the Fill pane, and then do the following:In the Type list, select Linear.In the Direction list, select Linear Down (first row, second option from the left).Under Gradient stops, click Add or Remove until two stops appear in the drop-down list.Also under Gradient stops, customize the gradient stops as follows:Select Stop 1 from the list, and then do the following:In the Stop position box, enter 19%.Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme ColorsclickBlack, Text 1 (first row, second option from the left). Select Stop 2 from the list, and then do the following: In the Stop position box, enter100%.Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme ColorsclickBlack, Text 1, Lighter 50% (second row, second option from the left).To reproduce the animation effects on this slide, do the following:On the Animations tab, in the Animations group, click CustomAnimation.On the slide, select the graphic. In the Custom Animation task pane, do the following:Click Add Effect, point to Entrance, and then clickMoreEffects. In the Add Entrance Effect dialog box, underModerate, clickStretch. Under Modify: Stretch, in the Speed list, selectFast.Also in the CustomAnimation task pane, click the arrow to the right of the animation effect, and then click Effect Options. In the Stretch dialog box, on the SmartArtAnimation tab, in the Group graphic list, select One by One.Also in the CustomAnimation task pane, click the double arrows under the animation effect to expand the list of effects. Press and hold CTRL, and then select all of the animation effects in the Custom Animation task pane. Under Modify: Stretch, in the Start list, selectWith Previous.Select the first animation effect (stretch effect for the left-right arrow) in the CustomAnimation task pane. Under Modify: Stretch, click the arrow to the right of the effect, and then click Timing. In the Stretch dialog box, on the Timing tab, do the following: In the Delay box, enter 0.5.In the Speed box, enter 1.5 seconds.Press and hold CTRL, and then select the second and third animation effects (stretch effects for the left panel) in the CustomAnimation task pane. Under Modify: Stretch, in the Direction list, select From Right. Also in the Custom Animation task pane, with the second and third animation effects still selected, click the arrow to the right of one of those effects, and then click Timing. In the Stretch dialog box, on the Timing tab, in the Delay box, enter 1, and then click OK.Press and hold CTRL, and then select the sixth and seventh animation effects (stretch effects for the right panel) in the Custom Animation task pane. Under Modify: Stretch, in the Direction list, select From Left. Also in the Custom Animation task pane, with the sixth and seventh animation effects still selected, click the arrow to the right of one of those effects, and then click Timing. In the Stretch dialog box, on the Timing tab, in the Delay box, enter 1.To reproduce the background effects on this slide, do the following:Right-click the slide background area, and then click Format Background. In the Format Background dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, select Gradient fill in the Fill pane, and then do the following:In the Type list, select Radial.Click the button next to Direction, and then click From Center(third option from the left). Under Gradient stops, click Add or Remove until two stops appear in the drop-down list.Also under Gradient stops, customize the gradient stops as follows:Select Stop 1 from the list, and then do the following:In the Stop position box, enter 0%.Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click White, Background 1 (first row, first option from the left).Select Stop 2 from the list, and then do the following: In the Stop position box, enter 100%.Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click Black, Text 1, Lighter 25% (fourth row, second option from the left).