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- 7. Copyright ©2004 BMJ Publishing Group Ltd. English, P et al. Postgrad Med J 2004;80:253-261 Figure 1 Pathogenesis of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and hyperglycaemic hyperosmolar state (HHS) (FFA, free fatty acids).
- 26. DKA vs HHS P English and G Williams Hyperglycaemic crises and lactic acidosis in diabetes mellitus Postgrad. Med. J., May 2004; 80: 253 - 261 Parameters Mild Moderate Severe HHS Plasma glucose (mmol/l) 350 350 350 600 Arterial pH 7.25–7.35 7.0 – 7.24 <7.0 >7.3 Serum bicarbonate (mmol/l) 15–18 10–14 <10 >15 Urine ketones ++ ++ ++ + Plasma ketones ++ ++ ++ + Total osmolality (mOsm/kg)* Variable Variable Variable 340 Anion gap >10 >12 >12 <12 Level of consciousness Alert Alert/drowsy Stupor/coma Stupor/coma
- 27. Table 3 Typical water and electrolyte deficits DKA* HHS* Water (ml/kg) 100 (7 litres) 100–200 (10.5 litres) Sodium (mmol/kg) 7–10 (490–700) 5–13 (350–910) Potassium (mmol/kg) 3–5 (210–300) 5–15 (350–1050) Phosphate (mmol/kg) 1–1.5 (70–105) 1–2 (70–140) Magnesium (mmol/kg) 1–2 (70–140) 1–2 (70–140)