1. Antitrombóticos en SíndromeAntitrombóticos en Síndrome
Coronario AgudoCoronario Agudo..
Indicaciones al AltaIndicaciones al Alta
Dr. Ernesto A. Duronto
Jefe de Unidad Coronaria
Hospital universitario. Fundacion Favaloro.
Bs.As. Argentina
2. Antitrombóticos en SCAAntitrombóticos en SCA
Indicaciones al AltaIndicaciones al Alta
Planificación del tratamiento antitrombotico
al alta.
• Utilizar del tratamiento de acuerdo a la estrategia
seleccionada. Estrategia invasiva (angioplastia
coronaria) o selectivamente invasiva (tratamiento
farmacológico).
• Adecuar el tratamiento al riesgo isquémico y
hemorrágico del paciente.
3. ESTUDIO CURE
Clopidogrel en SCA Sin ST Elevado
The CURE Trial Investigators. N Engl J Med 2001; 345: 494–502.
0.00
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
0.12
0.14
0 3 6 9 12
Meses de seguimiento
Cummulativehazardrate
AAS
(n = 6,303)
AAS +
Clopidogrel
(n = 6,259)
20% RRR20% RRR
PP < 0.001< 0.001
N= 12562N= 12562
Eventos (IAM, ACV, o Muerte Cardiovascular)
11,4%
9,3%
12562 p. con SCA. Clopidogrel 300 MG carga y 75 MG/día
4. 0 7 14 21 28
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Días desde la randomización
(hasta 28 días)
Clopidogrel
(7.5%)
Placebo
(8.1%)
RRR=7%
p=0.03
Mortalidad(%)
COMMIT/CCS-2
Clopidogrel Redujo la
Mortalidad en un 7%.
NNT= 167
Chen et al. Lancet 2005; 366: 1607–21
Clopidogrel en los SCA con ST Elevado
5. Clopidogrel en los SCA con ST Elevado
Indice probab. y CI 95%
Mejor Clopidogrel Mejor Placebo
Características Clopidogrel Placebo
(n=22,958) (n=22,891)
Tiempo demora (horas)
0-6 776 (9.3%) 904 (10.9%)
7-12 672 (9.7%) 735 (10.7%)
13-24 666 (8.8%) 666 (8.7%)
Lítico administrado
Si 1005 (8.8%) 1123 (9.9%)
No 1120 (9.7%) 1188 (10.3%)
Todos 2125 (9.3%) 2311 (10.1%)
9% SE 3
P=0.002
0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6
Chen et al. Lancet 2005; 366: 1607–21
Reducción
COMMIT/CCS-2 (n= 46000)
NNT 62
NNT 100
NNT 167
NNT 91
6. Clopidogrel en los SCA con Supradesnivel ST
Comparando beneficios (c/1000 p. tratados)
ISIS 2 (AAS 162 mg/día por 1 mes).
Se prevenian 40 muertes, IM no fatales o ACV.
COMMIT (AAS + Clopidogrel 75 mg/día por 2 semanas)
Se previenen 10 muertes, reinfartos o ACV adicionales.
En total se previenen 50 eventos vasculares
mayores tratando 1000 pacientes con AAS y
Clopidogrel por pocas semanas luego de un IAM.
7. Estudios con doble dosis de clopidogrel
Nuevos Antiagregantes enNuevos Antiagregantes en
Síndrome Coronario AgudoSíndrome Coronario Agudo
8. Resultado Estandard Doble RR (95% CI)
Muerte CV, ACV,
IM(n=25 087)
4.4 4.2 0.95 (0.84–1.07)
•Grupo ATC
(n=17 232)
4.5 3.9 0.85(0.74–0.99)
•No ATC
(n=7855)
4.2 4.9 1.17 (0.95–1.44)
Grupo IAM 2.2 1.9 0.86 (0.73–1.03)
•ATC 2.6 2.0 0.78 (0.64–0.95)
•No ATC 1.4 1.7 1.25 (0.87–1.79)
Metha NEJM 2010
CURRENT OASIS 7. Clopidogrel
Dosis Estandar vs Doble (600 + 150/dia x 7 dia
9. Evento Estandard
(n=8684)
Doble
(n=8548)
RR (95% CI)
Trombosis del stent 1.2 0.7 0.58 (0.42–0.79)
Sangrado mayor 1.1 1.6 1.44 (1.11–1.86)
Sangrado severo 0.8 1.1 1.39 (1.02–1.90)
Sangrado fatal 0.15 0.07 0.47 (0.18–1.23)
Intracraneal 0.035 0.046 1.35 (0.30–6.04)
Transfusion GR >2U 0.91 1.35 1.49 (1.11–1.98)
CURRENT: Sangrado y Trombosis del Stent
con Clopidogrel
Metha NEJM 2010
10. CURRENT OASIS 7
Resultados
Por cada 1000 pacientes con SCA que reciben ATC
tratados con doble dosis de clopidogrel por 7 días
se previenen:
6 infartos de miocardio adicionales y 7 trombosis de stent
a expensas de 3 hemorragias severas no fatales.
Los pacientes sin ATC deben continuar con las dosis
estandar establecidas de clopidogrel.
11. A pesar de utilizar doble antiagregación plaquetaria
Hay pacientes que continuan presentando eventos
isquemicos.
Antitrombóticos en SCAAntitrombóticos en SCA
Indicaciones al AltaIndicaciones al Alta
12. ESTUDIO CURE
Clopidogrel en SCA Sin STE
The CURE Trial Investigators. N Engl J Med 2001; 345: 494–502.
0.00
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
0.12
0.14
0 3 6 9 12
Meses de seguimiento
Cummulativehazardrate
AAS
(n = 6,303)
AAS +
Clopidogrel
(n = 6,259)
N= 12562N= 12562
Eventos (IAM, ACV, o Muerte Cardiovascular)
11,4%
9,3%
13. Causa de Reactividad Plaquetaria
Elevada Durante Tratamiento con
Clopidogrel
Factores celulares
• Polimorfismos CYP
• Polimorfismos GPla
• Polimorfismos P2Y12
• Polimorfismos GPIIIa
Factores genéticos
• Up regulation P2Y12,
P2Y1 y P2Y indep.
• Reducción actividad
CYP3A
• Turnover plaquetario
acelerado
Factores clínicos
• Mala compliance
• Mala prescripción
• Absorción inadecuada.
• Diabetes.
• BMI elevado
• Interacción en el
CYP3A4
(Omeprazol)
• SCA
14. Evento
9 meses
Baja respuesta a
clopidogrel (%)
Respondedor a
clopidogrel(%)
p
Muerte total 9.6 3.3 0.005
Muerte
Cardiaca
7.9 2.2 0.004
STEMI 1.7 1.8 1.00
NSTEMI 6.2 4.4 0.39
Trombosis St 8.3 3.3 0.018
MACE 19.7 13.1 0.06
Eventos Cardiovasculares en Malos
Respondedores a Clopidogrel (VASP)
Ghannudi SE et al. JACC Cardiovasc Interv 2010; 3:648–656.
MACE= major adverse cardiovascular events PRI cutoff value of 61%
Vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein flow cytometry test (VASP- FCT)
Pacientes post ATC urgente o electiva
15. 2533 p. en hemodinamia antes de la ATC
Multiplate analyzer test: Valores entre 188 y 468
Hiperrespondedores 38%
Normales 45%
Hiporrespondedores 17%
Trombosis stent alta (2.8%) en hipo respondedores
Sangrado mas alto en hiper respondedores (2.2%)
Normales 60% de reducción de sangrado mas trombosis
respecto al resto 0.40; 95% CI, 0.22 to 0.75; p<0.003).
Sibbing D, Steinhubl S R, Schulz S et al.. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010; 56:317-320
¿Existe una Ventana Terapéutica para Clopidogrel?
16. Nuevas Tienopiridinas: Prasugrel
Ventajas sobre clopidogrel
•Mayor porcentaje de metabolito activo.
•Metabolismo no afectado por variación genética.
•Mas rápido inicio de acción.
Nuevos Antiagregantes enNuevos Antiagregantes en
Síndrome Coronario AgudoSíndrome Coronario Agudo
17. Inhibicion de los Receptores
Purinergicos Plaquetarios
Receptor
Molecular
structure
Secondary
messenger
system
Functional
response
G Protein G Protein
P2X1 P2Y1 P2Y12
Intrinsic ion
channel
GPCR
Gq
GPCR
Gi
Shape change,
aggregation
Shape change,
transient aggregation
Sustained aggregation,
secretion
↑[Na+
/Ca2+
]i
↑PLC/IP3
↑[Ca2+
]i
↓AC
↓[cAMP]
N
S
Cl
R
R
P2Y12 inhibitor
(clopidogrel, prasugrel Ticagrelor)
Adapted from Bhatt DL, Topol EJ. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2003;2(1):15-28
18. Formación de Metabolitos Activos:
Prasugrel and Clopidogrel
Clopidogrel4-8
Prasugrel1-3
6. Lagorce P, et al. J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl 1998;720(1-2):107-117
7. Tang M, et al. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2006;319(3):1467-1476
8. Plavix USPI
9. Mega JL, et al. Circulation 2009;119:19:2553-2560
10. Mega JL, et al. N Engl J Med 2009;360(4):354-362
1. Rehmel JL, et al. Drug Metab Dispos 2006;34(4):600-607
2. Williams ET, et al. Drug Metab Dispos 2008;36(7):1227-1232
3. Farid NA, et al. J Clin Pharmacol 2010;50(2):126-142
4. Savi P, et al. Thromb Haemost 2000;84(5):891-896
5. Kurihara A, et al. Drug Metab Rev 2005;37(S2):99
Alteración del metabolismo por
variacion genetica en CYP2C19 10
Sin efecto relevante en la
variación genetica de CYP2C19 9
Intestino
Hidrolysis
hCE2
Intermedio
Metabolito activo
Intestino
e higado
Oxidación
CYP3A, 2B6,
2C9, 2C19
1st
Oxidacion
CYP1A2,
2B6, 2C19
Intermedio
2nd
Oxidacion
CYP3A, 2B6,
2C9, 2C19
Higado
Higado
Hidrolysis
hCE1
85%
Metabolito
inactivo8
Metabolito activo
Solo 15 % de la dosis administrada de clopidogrel
se transforma en metabolito activo.
19. 80
60
40
20
0
100
0 4 8 12 16
Tiempo desde administración (h)
InhibicionAgregacion(%)
Clopidogrel 300 mg
20 μM ADP
IPA: Prasugrel y Clopidogrel
Dosis de carga e inicio de acción.
Brandt JT, et al. Am Heart J 2007;153(1):66.e9-66.e16
Prasugrel 60 mg
20 24
†
P<0.01
Mean ± SD
† †††
†
†
† †
20. Días
80
60
40
20
0
100
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1110 12 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Día 1, Horas
IPAmedio(%)±95%CI
IPA con 20 μM ADP
IPA: Prasugrel y Clopidogrel
Dosis de carga y mantenimiento
Prasugrel 10 mg
Clopidogrel 75 mg
Prasugrel 60 mg
Clopidogrel 300 mg
LD MD
Li YG, et al. Am J Cardiol 2008;102(Suppl):76i(Abstract 174)
* p < 0.0001
******
*
*
* * *
* * * * *
21. 75 mg (MD)
150 mg (MD)
225 mg (MD)
300 mg (MD)
900 mg (RD)
Clopidogrel
10 mg (MD) Prasugrel
1 2 3 4
-20
0
20
40
60
5 6
Time (Minutes)
80
Pena A, et al. Circulation 2009;119(21):2854-2857
Porcentaje de Agregación con Clopidogrel
y Prasugrel en Variante Genetica 2C19
MD=maintenance dose;
RD=reloading dose
22. Triton TIMI 38
Doble Ciego
SCA (IAM-ST o AI/IAM sin ST) Y ATC Planeada
AAS
PRASUGREL
60 mg DC/ 10 mg DM
CLOPIDOGREL
300 mg DC/ 75 mg DM
PF 1o
: Muerte CV, IAM, ACV
PF 2o
: Muerte CV, IAM, ACV, Rehosp. por isquemia
Trombosis Stent (definitiva/prob.)
Seguridad: Sangrado TIMI mayor, Sangrado amenaza vida
Substudios: Farmacocinetico, Genomico
Duración media de terapia- 12 meses
N= 13,600
23. Benefico Clínico NetoBenefico Clínico Neto Muerte CV/ IAM/ACVMuerte CV/ IAM/ACV
Sangrado mayor( No CRM)Sangrado mayor( No CRM)
0
5
10
15
0 30 60 90 180 270 360 450
Dias
Endpoint(%)
HR 0.87
P=0.004
13.9
12.2
Prasugrel
ClopidogrelITT= 13,608ITT= 13,608
-23
6
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
Eventos por 1000 ptsEventos por 1000 pts
MIMI
Sang. mayorSang. mayor
(non CABG)(non CABG)
++
Mortalidad totalMortalidad total
Clop 3.2%Clop 3.2%
Pras 3.0 %Pras 3.0 %
P=0.64P=0.64
24. Seguridad
Aumento
significativo del
sangrado mayor
(32%)
52% Aumento de
sangrado con
amenaza vital
Eficacia
1. Reducción significativa en:
Muerte CV/IM/ACV 19%
Trombosis Stent 52%
Nueva revasc.(VR) 34%
IAM 24%
2. Beneficio precoz y sostenido
3. En todos los SCA
Pacientes con SCA y ATC planeada. N= 13600
Prasugrel 60 mg/10mg d vs Clopidogrel 300 mg / 75 mg día
Prasugrel. Estudio Triton TIMI-38Prasugrel. Estudio Triton TIMI-38
Optimizar Prasugrel en pacientes con riesgo deOptimizar Prasugrel en pacientes con riesgo de
sangrado para evitar complicaciones.sangrado para evitar complicaciones.
N Engl J Med 2007;357:2001-2015
25. Prasugrel (TRITON):Prasugrel (TRITON):
Subgrupos con Alto RiesgoSubgrupos con Alto Riesgo
de Sangradode Sangrado
No alto riesgo.
Beneficio
significativo
80%
DMDM
10 mg10 mg
Reducir DM
?
Edad
>
75 or
Peso
<
60 kg
16%
EvitarPrasugrel
ACV/AIT
4%4%
26. 26
Trombosis del StentTrombosis del Stent
Estudio TRITON-TIMI 38Estudio TRITON-TIMI 38
0
1
2
3
0 30 60 90 180 270 360 450
HR 0.48
P <0.0001
Prasugrel
Clopidogrel
2.4
(142)
NNT= 77
1.1
(68)
Days
Endpoint(%)
Stent en ATC inicialStent en ATC inicial
N= 12,844N= 12,844
Wiviott SD, et al. Lancet 2009;371:1353-63.
27. Trombosis Stent y Mortalidad
N = 210 N = 12,634
HR 13.1
(95% CI 9.8 - 17.5)
P < 0.0001
%Mortalidad
25.9%
2.6%
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Stent trombosis No stent trombosis
Wiviott SD, et al. SCAI-ACCi2 2008
Stent trombosis = Definitiva + Probable
28. Prasugrel. Conclusiones
• Dosis: 60 mg carga, 10 mg/dia.
Preferentemente al momento de la ATC
• Contraindicado: Pacientes con TIA o ACV
previos.
• Cuidado en bajo peso y añosos.
• No hay datos para el uso en paciente que no
van a ATC. (estudio TRILOGY en marcha)
29. • ¿Podemos identificar a los no respondedores
a clopidogrel y tratarlos con prasugrel?
• ¿Se traducirá esto en reducción de eventos
isquemicos?
• ¿Cómo afectará la seguridad el cambio de
droga?
Nuevos Antiagregantes enNuevos Antiagregantes en
Síndrome Coronario AgudoSíndrome Coronario Agudo
30. PF Primario 6 meses
Tiempo a la ocurrencia de infarto o muerte cardiovascular
PF secundario:
Tiempo a la ocurrencia de trombosis stent
Mortalidad por todas las causas o infarto
Ramas Intervención asignada
Prasugrel:
Experimental
Prasugrel
60-mg carga y 10-mg/dia por 6 meses
Clopidogrel: Clopidogrel
75-mg oral/dia por 6 meses.
TRIGGER-PCI (Detenido por no observarse
diferencias)
2150 p. con ATC al menos 1 DES.
Todos con clopidogrel 600 mg dados al menos 12 hs. antes y
Mantenimiento
VerifyNow P2Y12 reaction units > 208 2-7 h luego de la dosis de
clopidogrel de mantenimiento el dia siguiente a la ATC exitosa
31. Ticagrelor (AZD 6140):
reversible P2Y12 antagonista
Ticagrelor is a cyclo-pentyl-
triazolo-pyrimidine (CPTP)
• Acción Directa
– No requiere activación hepatica
– Inicio rápido de accion (P2Y12 receptor)
– Mayor inhibición de agregación que clopidogrel
• Reversible
– De acuerdo al nivel plasmático
– El efecto desaparece en 48 h.
32. Ticagrelor Estudio PLATO
Todos los pacientes*
Ticagrelor
(n=9,333)
Clopidogrel
(n=9,291)
HR
(95% CI) p value†
Objectivo Primario, n (%)
Muerte CV + IAM + ACV 864 (9.8) 1,014 (11.7) 0.84 (0.77–0.92) <0.001
Objetivos Secundarios, n
(%) Muerte Total + IAM +
ACV
901 (10.2) 1,065 (12.3) 0.84 (0.77–0.92) <0.001
Muerte Total 399 (4.5) 506 (5.9) 0.78 (0.69–0.89) <0.001
Porcentajes estimados a 12 meses.
34. PLATO. Sangrado Quirurgico y
no Quirurgico
p=0.026
p=0.025
NS
NS
9K-Mestimatedrate(%peryear)
Non-CABG
PLATO major
bleeding
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Non-CABG
TIMI major
bleeding
CABG
PLATO major
bleeding
CABG
TIMI major
bleeding
4.5
3.8
2.8
2.2
7.4
7.9
5.3
5.8
Ticagrelor
Clopidogrel
35. Estudio PLATO: Mortalidad por todas las causas
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
K-Mestimatedrate(%peryear)
4,201 4,005 3,962 3,876 3,150 2,413 1,993
4,229 4,029 3,989 3,912 3,195 2,471 1,980
MonthsNo. at risk
Ticagrelor
Clopidogrel
Clopidogrel
Ticagrelor
4.9
6.0
HR 0.82 (95% CI = 0.68–0.99), p=0.04
18 % de reducción de RR e mortalidad
36.
37. Otros hallazgos
Todos los pacientes
Ticagrelor
(n=4,165)
Clopidogr
el
(n=4,181)
p*
Disnea, %
Discontinuacion del tratamiento
12.9
0.5
8.3
0.1
<0.000
1
0.0003
* Fisher’s exact test
38. Ticagrelor
• Ventajas mayores
.Reversibilidad: Suspendiendo 2 días se puede realizar
cirugía cardiaca.
Reducción de mortalidad.
.Mayor eficacia que clopidogrel.
.No influenciado por factores geneticos o interacciones
farmacológicas
• Desventajas
.Reversibilidad: olvido de 2 dosis igual a riesgo de
trombosis de Stent.
39. Clopidogrel Prasugrel Ticagrelor
Clase
Droga
Tienopiridina Tienopiridina cyclopentyl-
triazolo-pyrimidine
(CPTP)
Actividad Prodroga Prodroga Directa
Reversibilidad NO NO Reversible
Tiempo al pico 5-6 h. 1 h. 2-4 h.
Vida media 4 h. 3,7 h. 12 h.
Duración 5-7 d 5-10 d 1 d.
Estudios CURE TRITON PLATO
Nuevos Antiagregantes enNuevos Antiagregantes en
Síndrome Coronario AgudoSíndrome Coronario Agudo
40. Doble Antiagregacion
¿Cuanto Tiempo?
"...until we have more data, I would recommend ASA [aspirin] and
Plavix "indefinitely"
-- Dr. Salim Yusuf, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario
• "We find that the biggest risk of thrombosis is if somebody
stopped their Plavix. What I always write on my prescriptions
when I send somebody home on Plavix is, "Never stop unless
directed by a physician."
-- Dr. Felix Millhouse,
San Francisco Heart & Vascular Institute
• "We really are counseling the patients -- under no
circumstances allow any other doctor to stop the Plavix without
consulting the cardiologist."
-- Dr. William O'Neill,
University of Miami
41. PTCA with DES (Guideliness AHA-ACC 2011)
ASA* 162 to 325 mg/d for at least 3 months after sirolimus-
eluting stent implantation and 6 months after paclitaxel-
eluting stent implantation (Level of Evidence: B), then
indefinitely 75 to 162 mg per day. (Class I: A).
The duration and maintenance dose of thienopyridine:
a. clopidogrel 75 mg daily or prasugrel 10 mg daily should
be given for at least 12 months. (Class I: B)
b. If the risk of morbidity because of bleeding outweighs the
anticipated benefits afforded by thienopyridine therapy,
earlier discontinuation should be considered. (Class I: C)
c. Continuation of clopidogrel or prasugrel beyond 15 months may be
considered in patients following DES placement. (Class IIb: C) New
recommendation 2011
Circulation 2011;123;2022-2060
50. Droga PPI
(%)
No PPI
(%)
p
Clopidogrel 23.2 35.2 0.02
Prasugrel 69.6 76.7 0.054
PRINCIPLE-TIMI 44: Inhibición
plaquetaria y uso de PPI
O’Donoghue ML et al. Lancet 2009
51. Droga PPI
(%)
No PPI
(%)
OR (95% CI) p
Clopidogrel 11.8 12.2 0.98 (0.84–1.14) 0.80
Prasugrel 10.2 9.7 1.05 (0.89–1.23) 0.58
TRITON-TIMI 38: Punto Final
Primario con y sin PPI
O’Donoghue ML et al. Lancet 2009;
52. End point Placebo, n PPI, n p
Eventos CV 67 69 NS
IAM 37 36 NS
Revascularización 67 69 NS
Eventos GI 67 38 0.007
Bhatt D. TCT 2009; September 24, 2009; San Francisco, CA.
Clopidogrel 12 meses, SCA con y sin ST o stent.
75-mg clopidogrel + 20 mg omeprazol.
3627 p. Seguimiento medio 133 d. (362 d),
136 eventos CV, 105 eventos gastrointestinales.
Estudio COGENT
53. Estudio FAMOUS
Pacientes con enf. cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, y diabetes.
Aspirina 75 to 325 mg/d
Endoscopia basal normal
Famotidina 20 mg/12 hs (n=204)
Placebo (n=200).
Examen a 12 semanas
Ulceras gástricas 7 (3.4%) pacientes con famotidina y en 30 (15%) con
placebo (OR 0.20, p=0.0002)
U. duodenal 0.5% famotidina y 8.5% placebo (OR 0.05, p=0.0045)
Esofagitis erosiva 9 pacientes (4.4%) con famotidina y 38 (19%) con
placebo (OR 0.20, p<0.0001).
Taha A. Lancet 2009; 374:119-125.
54. ¿Qué drogas utilizar?
Los Inhibidores de bomba de protones
(Omeprazol, Pantoprazol) son seguros en los estudios
con seguimiento clínico. Sin embargo sigue la
controversia hasta la fecha.
Meta-analysis 23 estudios 93278 p.: Effects of proton pump inhibitors
on cardiovascular events and mortality in patients receiving
clopidogrel.
Conclusion: Si el clinico considera que el paciente por su
riesgo, tiene riesgo de presentar ulcera o HDA, se deben
indicar IBP, aunque tenga clopidogrel.
2010 A Pharmacol Ther 31; 810-823.
55. CASO CLINICO
Un paciente con ATC primaria con stent por IAM
anterior presenta 3 episodios de FA paroxistica previo
al alta y se opta luego de la segunda cardioversion
por dejarlo con control de frecuencia permaneciendo
con FA.
¿Como maneja la antiagregación y la
anticoagulación al alta?
56. ACC/AHA/SCAI 2007 Guideline Update
for Percutaneous Coronary
Intervention11
warfarina + clopidogrel 75 mg +
baja dosis de aspirina (75-81 mg).
monitorear INR (2.0–2.5)
Clase IC
El uso de warfarina con aspirina y/o
clopidogrel se asocia a aumento del
riesgo de hemorragia
Clase IB
ACC/AHA 2007 Guidelines for the
Management of Patients with ST-
Elevation Myocardial Infarction12
El uso de warfarina con aspirina y/o
clopidogrel se asocia a aumento del
riesgo de hemorragia
Clase IB
warfarina + clopidogrel 75 mg +
baja dosis de aspirina (75-81 mg).
monitorear INR (2.0–2.5)
Clase IC
Triple Esquema: Niveles de evidencia en las Guías
57. IAM con SST. Antitromboticos al Alta
Stent Implantado
AAS 75 to 162 mg
Clopidogrel 75 mg
Class: I; LOE: B
AAS 75 to 162 mg
Clopidogrel 75 mg
Warfarina
(INR 2.0 to 3.0)
Class: IIb; LOE: C
IAM ST al Alta
Anticoagulacion
no indicada
Indicaciones
de
Anticoagulación
ACC/AHA 2007 Guidelines NSTE ACS
58.
59. • Los estudios existentes son en la mayor parte de los casos
retrospectivos.(pacientes con stent e indicación de ACO
por FA)
•La decisión debe basarse en el juicio clínico.
(Riesgo hemorrágico vs. riesgo isquemico)
•Evaluar el tiempo mínimo de terapia requerido con doble
esquema antiagregante.
Hermosillo. The Annals of Pharmacotherapy: 2008 Vol. 42, No. 6, pp. 790-805
Triple Esquema Antitrombotico
60. SCA. Preguntas Frecuentes.
Un paciente con ATC primaria con stent
por IAM anterior presenta FA paroxistica
¿Como maneja la antiagregación y la
anticoagulación al alta?
Bajo riesgo sangrado: Utilizo triple esquema.
-AAS 75-81 mg/día
-Clopidogrel 75 mg/día
-Warfarina con RIN de 2.
Riesgo de sangrado elevado:
utilizar clopidogrel-warfarina sin evidencia
bibliografica hasta la fecha.
61. • 205. Karjalainen PP, Porela P, Ylitalo A, Vikman S, Nyman K,
Vaittinen MA,
• Airaksinen TJ, Niemela¨ M, Vahlberg T, Airaksinen KE. Safety
and efficacy of combined
• antiplatelet–warfarin therapy after coronary stenting. Eur Heart J
2007;28:
• 726–732.
• 206. Rubboli A, Milandri M, Castelvetri C, Cosmi B. Meta-
analysis of trials comparing
• oral anticoagulation and aspirin versus dual antiplatelet therapy
after coronary
• stenting. Clues for the management of patients with an
indication for long-term
• anticoagulation undergoing coronary stenting. Cardiology
2005;104:101–106.
62. "Scientific evidence underlying the ACC/AHA clinical practice guidelines,"
Tricoci,P Allen, JM Kramer, A February 25, 2009,
Journal of the American Medical Association 301(8), pp. 831-841.
Análisis de las guías cardiologicas en los últimos
24 años (1984-2008)
Solo 11 % de las recomendaciones de las guías
en cardiología son nivel evidencia A,
48 % son nivel C (recomendación de expertos)
1,305 recomendaciones clase I
245 nivel A y 481 nivel C de evidencia.
¿Medicina Basada en la Evidencia?
63. En un estudio de la Clínica Mayo, luego de 3 años solo 44%,
48%, y 43% de los pacientes continuaban con estatinas,
betabloqueantes y IECA o BRA.
Estas cifras mejoran significativamente si el paciente es incluido
en un programa de rehabilitación cardiovascular.
La no adherencia al tratamiento se asocia a mayor mortalidad
La suspensión precoz del clopidogrel, luego de una ATC,
ya sea convencional o liberador de fármacos se asocia
a un aumento significativo de la mortalidad.
Shah ND, Am.J.Med 2009 Oct;122(10):961.e7-13
Ho M., American Heart Journal. 2007;154(5):846-851
El problema de la Adherencia al Tratamiento
64. ¿Como Mejorar la Compliance?
• Dar el alta del paciente con instrucciones
detalladas por escrito (dosis, horarios y potenciales
efectos adversos).
• Iniciar los medicamentos en la fase hospitalaria.
• Incluir a los pacientes en un programa de
rehabilitación cardiovascular.
• Entregar al paciente al alta las dosis de medicación
necesarias hasta la compra de los fármacos.
• Efectuar seguimiento telefónico de los pacientes.
• Asegurar la consulta ambulatoria luego del alta.
• Participar a la familia en el cuidado del paciente.
65. Tabla 2. Errores frecuentes en el manejo farmacológico de los SCA
Droga
Errores en el manejo Consecuencia
Aspirina Dosis mayor a la
recomendada
Hemorragias. Ulcera
gastrica. Gastritis.
Clopidogrel
Prasugrel
Ticagrelor
Dosis mayor a la
recomendada.
Suspensión precoz.
Hemorragias.
Eventos tromboticos
Betabloqueante Uso en pacientes con
bajo gasto o trastornos
de conducción A-V.
Shock cardiogenico.
Bloqueos A-V.
Estatinas Uso con gemfibrozil Aumento del riesgo de
rabdomiolisis
Simvastatina.
Atorvastatina
Uso de drogas con
interaccion en
citocromo 3A4, 3A5
(diltiazem, verapamilo,
amiodarona)
Aumento de niveles
plasmaticos.
Rabdomiolisis. (no ocurre
con rosuvastatina o
pravastatina)
IECA o BRA Uso con inhibidores de
aldosterona en
pacientes con clearance
de creatinina disminuido
basal.
Insuficiencia renal,
hiperkalemia.
Michaels. Circulation 2010;121;1664-1682
References: 1. The CURE Trial Investigators. N Engl J Med 2001; 345: 494 – 502. 2. Data on file, 2002, p73 internal CSR-EFC 3307. The combination of clopidogrel and ASA was also studied in the Clopidogrel in Unstable Angina to Prevent Recurrent Events (CURE) trial. A total of 12,562 patients with acute coronary syndromes without ST-segment elevation were randomized to receive either 75 mg once daily clopidogrel or placebo in addition to ASA (75 mg-325 mg daily) and followed for 12 months. Clopidogrel demonstrated a highly significant 20% relative risk reduction in the primary end point of vascular events of MI, stroke, or vascular death: 95% CI, 0.72–0.90; p = 0.00009. 1,2 Overall, in the placebo group there were 719 (11.4%) vascular events experienced for the first time and 582 (9.3%) in the clopidogrel group. The hazard rate curves began to diverge within the first few hours after initiation of therapy and continued to diverge over the entire 12 months of treatment follow-up period. 1 A significant reduction in relative risk of approximately 20% was observed during the first 30 days with this reduction being similar to the value observed during the chronic phase (from 30 days until the end of follow-up at 12 months). Thus, clopidogrel when used on top of standard therapy (including ASA) provides both an early and a long-term clinical benefit. 1
El ensayo COMMIT demostró que clopidogrel reduce el riesgo relativo del endpoint primario de muerte en un 7% (p=0.03). Por consiguiente, se puede concluir que clopidogrel (75 mg una vez por día) resulta beneficioso, dentro de un contexto de tratamiento estándar que incluye ASA, en una amplia variedad de pacientes con STEMI agudo 1 Los resultados del brazo de metoprolol de COMMIT deben presentarse separados de los resultados de clopidogrel. No existe ninguna interacción significativa entre los dos tratamientos activos en el ensayo. Por lo tanto, todas las comparaciones se realizarán por separado (clopidogrel versus placebo y metoprolol versus placebo) Referencia 1. Chen ZM et al. ACC 2005.
Data from the CRUSADE Registry demonstrate that the most common adverse in-hospital outcome among patients with ACS is bleeding.
References: 1. The CURE Trial Investigators. N Engl J Med 2001; 345: 494 – 502. 2. Data on file, 2002, p73 internal CSR-EFC 3307. The combination of clopidogrel and ASA was also studied in the Clopidogrel in Unstable Angina to Prevent Recurrent Events (CURE) trial. A total of 12,562 patients with acute coronary syndromes without ST-segment elevation were randomized to receive either 75 mg once daily clopidogrel or placebo in addition to ASA (75 mg-325 mg daily) and followed for 12 months. Clopidogrel demonstrated a highly significant 20% relative risk reduction in the primary end point of vascular events of MI, stroke, or vascular death: 95% CI, 0.72–0.90; p = 0.00009. 1,2 Overall, in the placebo group there were 719 (11.4%) vascular events experienced for the first time and 582 (9.3%) in the clopidogrel group. The hazard rate curves began to diverge within the first few hours after initiation of therapy and continued to diverge over the entire 12 months of treatment follow-up period. 1 A significant reduction in relative risk of approximately 20% was observed during the first 30 days with this reduction being similar to the value observed during the chronic phase (from 30 days until the end of follow-up at 12 months). Thus, clopidogrel when used on top of standard therapy (including ASA) provides both an early and a long-term clinical benefit. 1
PRESENTATION TIP This slide provides a mechanistic description of how thienopyridines inhibit platelet activation and aggregation by irreversibly binding to the P2Y12 receptor. KEY POINTS Ticlopidine, clopidogrel, and prasugrel are thienopyridines, a class of oral antiplatelet therapy that selectively and irreversibly binds to the platelet P2Y12 receptor. Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) blockade of the platelet P2Y12 receptor with a thienopyridine provides antiplatelet action and is synergistic with other pharmacological antiplatelet treatments (eg, aspirin). BACKGROUND There are 3 subtypes of P2 receptors: P2X1, P2Y1, and P2Y12. The P2X1 is an intrinsic ion channel while the P2Y1 and P2Y12 are G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). Once activated, the second messenger systems initiate functional responses and thrombus formation. Activation of the P2X1 and P2Y1 receptors leads to changes in platelet shape and transient platelet aggregation. The P2Y12 receptor is responsible for sustained platelet aggregation and secretion. Amplification of platelet aggregation is crucial for thrombus formation. Activated platelets secrete ADP, platelet-derived growth factor, and thromboxane A2 (TXA2). ADP and TXA2 cause circulating platelets to change shape and become activated. REFERENCE Bhatt DL, Topol EJ. Scientific and therapeutic advances in antiplatelet therapy. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2003;2:15-28.
PRESENTATION TIP This slide shows the pathway of prasugrel to active metabolite formation compared with clopidogrel. Note: Any difference in the pharmacokinetics of prasugrel compared with other antiplatelet agents has not been correlated to clinical outcomes. KEY POINTS Like clopidogrel, prasugrel is an orally administered thienopyridine prodrug that requires cytochrome P450 (CYP)-mediated biotransformation to the active form. 1,2 Prasugrel is transformed by esterases in the gastrointestinal tract into a thiolactone intermediate that can be used as a substrate by various cytochrome P450 enzymes to form the active compound. Prasugrel requires only a single CYP-mediated oxidative step to form its active metabolite from the thiolactone intermediate. 2 Clopidogrel has two competing metabolic pathways, with the major metabolic pathway leading to the formation of an inactive metabolite. The minor pathway requires two CYP-mediated oxidative steps to form the active metabolite Reduced function of CYP2C19 is primarily related to the presence of the CYP2C19*2 and CYP2C19*3 alleles (Includes CYP2C19*1/*2, CYP2C19*1/*3, CYP2C19*2/*2, CYP2C19*2/*3, CYP2C19*3/*3), which have been reported to occur in populations at the following frequencies 4 : 28% of whites 33% of blacks 64% of Chinese Effient can be administered with drugs that are inducers (such as rifampicin, carbamazepine) or inhibitors (such as ketoconazole, verapamil, diltiazem, indinavir, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, and grapefruit juice) of cytochrome P450 enzymes. 5 BACKGROUND The biotransformation of prasugrel to its active metabolite involves rapid de-esterification to a thiolactone intermediate followed by a single CYP-mediated oxidative step. 2 By contrast, the biotransformation of clopidogrel to its active metabolite involves two CYP-mediated oxidative steps. 2 Clopidogrel is first converted to 2-oxo-clopidogrel 3 and then hydrolyzed to the active metabolite, with structure similar to the active metabolite of prasugrel. 1 REFERENCES Rehmel JL, Eckstein JA, Farid NA, et al. Interactions of two major metabolites of prasugrel, a thienopyridine antiplatelet agent, with the cytochromes P450. Drug Metab Dispos . 2006;34:600-607. Williams ET, Jones KO, Ponsler D, et al. The biotransformation of prasugrel, a new thienopyridine prodrug, by the human carboxylesterases 1 and 2. Drug Metab Dispos . 2008;36:1227-1232. Savi P, Pereillo JM, Uzabiaga MF, et al. Identification and biological activity of the active metabolite of clopidogrel. Thromb Haemost. 2000:84:891-896. Xie HG, Kim RB, Wood AJ, Stein CM. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol . 2001;41:815-850. Effient USPI.
PRESENTATION TIPS There is faster onset of inhibition of platelet aggregation with the prasugrel 60-mg loading dose (LD) compared with a clopidogrel 300-mg LD. Within 30 minutes of the LD administration and at all subsequent time points, prasugrel 60-mg LD achieved greater inhibition of platelet aggregation (IPA) to a 20- μ M adenosine diphosphate (ADP) stimulus than the clopidogrel 300-mg LD. Similar results were obtained with 5 µmol/L ADP. 1 The relationship between IPA and clinical activity has not been established. KEY POINTS A 60-mg LD of prasugrel achieved faster onset and greater levels of IPA than a 300-mg LD of clopidogrel. 1 The 60-mg dose of prasugrel was associated with a rapid onset of IPA, with approximately 90% of the patients having at least 50% IPA by 1 hour and maximum platelet inhibition was about 80%. 1 The IPA peak after dosing with prasugrel achieved a mean of 84.1% ± 9.5% for 5 µmol/L ADP (data not shown) and 78.8% ± 9.2% for 20 µmol/L ADP. 1 Platelet aggregation gradually returns to baseline values over 5–9 days after discontinuation of prasugrel, this time course being a reflection of new platelet production rather than the pharmacokinetics of prasugrel. 2 The relationship between IPA and clinical activity has not been established. 2 BACKGROUND The studies from which the data for these graphs were obtained used light transmittance aggregometry. Similar results have been obtained using VerifyNow P2Y12 assay. 3 REFERENCES Brandt JE, et al. Am Heart J . 2007;153:66.e9-16. Effient USPI. Daiichi Sankyo, Inc. and Lilly USA, LLC. Jakubowski JA, Payne CD, Li YG, et al. The use of the VerifyNow P2Y12 point-of-care device to monitor platelet function across a range of P2Y12 inhibition levels following prasugrel and clopidogrel administration. Thromb Haemost . 2008;99:409-415.
PRESENTATION TIPS This slide cannot be shown independently. It should be shown with the loading dose only IPA slide. There is early divergence of the prasugrel and clopidogrel curves, indicating faster onset of inhibition of platelet aggregation with the prasugrel 60-mg loading dose (LD). Within 30 minutes of the LD administration and at all subsequent time points, prasugrel achieved greater inhibition of platelet aggregation (IPA) to a 20- μ M adenosine diphosphate (ADP) stimulus than the clopidogrel 300-mg LD. Similar results were obtained with 5 μ M ADP. 1 The more potent antiplatelet effect of the maintenance dose of prasugrel (10-mg) continued through during the 9-day follow-up period of the study compared with the clopidogrel 75-mg maintenance dose. 1,2 It is important to speak to the disclaimer language on this slide before moving on, as follows: Any difference in the effect on IPA by prasugrel compared with other antiplatelet agents has not been correlated to clinical outcomes . KEY POINTS A 60-mg LD of prasugrel achieved faster onset and greater levels of IPA than a 300-mg LD of clopidogrel. 1,2 IPA profiles determined with 20 μ M and 5 μ M ADP were qualitatively similar for both prasugrel and clopidogrel. 1,2 Mean steady-state IPA was about 70% following 3 to 5 days of dosing at 10 mg daily after a 60-mg loading dose of Effient. BACKGROUND The studies from which the data for these graphs were obtained used light transmittance aggregometry. Similar results have been obtained using VerifyNow P2Y12 assay. 3 REFERENCES Li GY, Ni L, Brandt JT, et al. Inhibition of platelet aggregation with prasugrel and clopidogrel: an integrated analysis in 750 subjects. Am J Cardiol. 2008;102(suppl):76i. Abstract 174. Effient USPI. Daiichi Sankyo, Inc. and Lilly USA, LLC. Jakubowski JA, Payne CD, Li YG, et al. The use of the VerifyNow P2Y12 point-of-care device to monitor platelet function across a range of P2Y12 inhibition levels following prasugrel and clopidogrel administration. Thromb Haemost . 2008;99:409-415.
Patients were candidates for the trial if they were moderate-high risk, had an acute coronary syndrome, and there was a plan to perform PCI. A sample size of 13, 600 was considered necessary to provide at least 90 % power to test the primary hypothesis All patients were to receive ASA. Randomization was stratified by UA/NSTEMI vs STEMI DB study drug therapy consisted either of - standard dosing with clopidogrel with a LD of 300 mg and MD of 75 mg - OR prasugrel with a LD of 60 mg and MD of 10 mg DB study drug was to be given for a median of at least 12 months with a minimum of 6 mos and maximum of 15 months The primary composite EP was CV death, MI, or Stroke through the end of the study Key secondary EPs are listed here and among these was Stent thrombosis Key safety Eps included: TIMI major (non CABG) bleeds, and life-threatening bleeds Two key substudies are evaluating pharmacokinetics and genomics
The balance of efficacy and safety was assessed using a prespecified net clinical benefit composite endpoint of: All cause Death / MI / Stroke/ or Major bleed Through the end of the study this occurred in 13.9% of clopidogrel and 12.2% of prasugrel patients. 109 events were prevented with prasugrel corresponding to a 13% reduction in the HR with P =0.004. There was no difference in all cause mortality. (ANIMATE) We estimate that, on average, for every 1000 patients treated with prasugrel compared with clopidogrel 23 MI ‘ s would be prevented and 6 more major bleeds would occur.
We draw the following conclusions with respect to a test of a regimen producing higher IPA to support PCI. <Slide Text>
On the basis of these observations we have formulated several potential therapeutic considerations. 1. The 4% of p atients with a prior stroke, shown in red are at increased risk for bleeding and had worse outcomes--they should not receive prasugrel 2. Patients age >= 75 or with a weight < 60 kg, shown in yellow and representing 16% of the trial may benefit from a reduced MD to minimize bleeding. 3. The 80% of remaining patients had a significant net clinical benefit with prasugrel at 10 mg MD.
Among the 12,844 patients receiving a stent at the index PCI, PRASUGREL REDUCED the rate of stent thrombosis from 2.4% in the clopidogrel group to 1.1% . The prevention of 74 stent thromboses with prasugrel represented a highly significant 52% reduction in the HR. Although not shown on the slide, there was a significant reduction of about 50% in stent thrombosis in both BMS and DES-treated patients.
Source: Wiviott SD et al SCAI-ACCi2 2008
Data from the CRUSADE Registry demonstrate that the most common adverse in-hospital outcome among patients with ACS is bleeding.
Data from the CRUSADE Registry demonstrate that the most common adverse in-hospital outcome among patients with ACS is bleeding.
Data from the CRUSADE Registry demonstrate that the most common adverse in-hospital outcome among patients with ACS is bleeding.
Data from the CRUSADE Registry demonstrate that the most common adverse in-hospital outcome among patients with ACS is bleeding.
Data from the CRUSADE Registry demonstrate that the most common adverse in-hospital outcome among patients with ACS is bleeding.
Long-term antithrombotic therapy at hospital discharge after STEMI for patients who have had a stent implanted.
Data from the CRUSADE Registry demonstrate that the most common adverse in-hospital outcome among patients with ACS is bleeding.
Data from the CRUSADE Registry demonstrate that the most common adverse in-hospital outcome among patients with ACS is bleeding.
Definimos a la IC avanzada como la disfuncion sistólica severa (FEVI <30% y un MxVO2 menor a 14 ml/Kg/min) y sintomas de disnea a mínimos esfuerzos o en reposo más la presencia de retencion de liquido, generalmente asociado a reiteradas internaciones. La mort anual de este grupo de pac en CF III-IV es de alrededor del 40-50% y 90% a los 2años . El objetivo del tratamiento de la IC avanzada es prolongar la vida mientras se mejora la calidad de vida, mejorar la capacidad funcional y que la mortalidad de estos pac es muy alta apesar de la terapeutica máxima.