1. Cirrosis Hepática
Dr. Cristóbal Padilla López
R1 Imagenología Diagnóstica y
Terapéutica
Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad del
Bajío
2. Cirrosis Hepática
Es la consecuencia común de una amplia
variedad de procesos crónicos.
Necrosis hepatocelular
3. Cirrosis
La distribución de la etiología subyacente
puede variar regionalmente.
Hepatitis viral es mucho más alta en el mundo
en desarrollo.
La distribución típica en paises occidentales es
variada.
5. Diagnóstico
Se realiza ya sea en la detección de cirrosis
debido a la enfermedad subyacente conocida
o por sus complicaciones:
Falla hepática
Ascitis
Hipertensión portal
Carcinoma hepatocelular
6. Patología
La necrosis hepatocelular es causada por gran
variedad de agresiones.
Se acompaña de tres características:
Fibrosis
Regeneración nodular
Distorción de la arquitectura hepática
7.
8. Patología
Tadicionalmente la cirrosis se ha dividido en
micro y macronodular.
Muchas comienzan como micronodulares
(<3mm) y progresa a macronodular.
La severidad clínica se baja en la clasificación
Child-Pugh.
10. Child-Pugh
Una puntuación total de 5-6 se considera
grado A (enfermedad bien compensada)
7-9 es grado B (compromiso funcional
significativo)
10-15 es grado C (enfermedad desompensada.
Sobrevida del paciente al año y a los 2 años.
12. Hallazgos por Imagen
No distingue de la gran variedad de etiología
subyacente.
Hallazgos frecuentes en la cirrosis avanzada
son la hipertrofia del lóbulo caudado.
Segmentos laterales del lóbulo izquierdo (II & III)
Atrofia de segmentos posteriores (VI & VII) del
LHD.
13. Placa simple
Tiene un papel
modesto en el
diagnóstico y
manejo de los
pacientes con
cirrosis.
Se usa
principalmente para
valorar ascitis.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18. Ultrasonido
Es la mejor herramienta para valorar cirrosis y
sus complicaciones
Auxiliar en caso de realizar biopsia.
20. Ultrasonido
Signos de hipertensión portal.
Cambios de flujo por Doppler:
Vena porta >13mm
VMS y Vena esplénica >10mm
Pérdida de la variación respiratoria del diámetro de la
VMS y esplénica.
Flujo portal hepatófugo
Trombosis de la porta, transformación cavernomatosa
Portalización de la vena porta
Recanalización y flujo venosos paraumbilical
21. Cambios en la ecotextura
Contorno irregular del LHI
LH
22. Cambios en la ecogenicidad del parénquima Esplenomegalia (>12.95cm)
Trombosis de la VP
23. ujo portal aumentado con velocidad de 255 cm/se
Los IR aumentan en estadios terminales
25. Tomografía Computada
La TC es poso sensible en etapas tempranas.
Ya establecida los hallazgos pueden incluir:
Nodularidad de la superficie y el parénquima.
Nódulos regenerativos son isodensos al
resto del hígado. +
Nódulos sideróticos, hiperdensos debido a
la acumulación de hierro. -
26. Cambios grasos
Hipertrofia/atrofia segmentaria
Parénquima heterogéneo (pre y post contraste IV)
Nódulos regenerativos isodensos/hiperdensos
Nódulos displásicos
En etapas avanzadas, margenes nodulares e hipertrofia/atrofia lobar.
Datos de hipertensión portal:
Vena porta engrosada
Trombosis de la vena porta, +/- transformación cavernomatosa
36. Resonancia Magnética
Hallazgos:
Cambios morfológicos (mismos que en
US/TC)
Nódulos cirroticos
T1
Variables, generalmente isointensos
Ocasional ligeramente hiperintensos
No hay realce.
37. T2
Usualmente isointenso
Hipointenso cuando son sideróticos
Nódulos displásicos
Apariencia variable
Nódulos de bajo grado puden simular
nódulos regenerativos
Nódulos de alto grado pueden simular CHC
47. Síndrome
hepatopulmonar
Se refiere a la combinación de:
Hipoxemia
Falla hepática
Dilatación vascular intrapulmonar
4-29% de los adultos con cirrosis
48. Tratamiento y
Pronóstico
Depende de la causa subyacente
El rol del radiólogo es enfocado hacia el
tratamiento de ls hipertensión portal y sus
complicaciones
TIPS, drenaje de ascitis.
Quimiembolización / ablación por
radiofrecuencia del CHC.
50. Bibliografía
Ito K, Mitchell DG, Siegelman ES. Cirrhosis: MR
imaging features. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N
Am2002 ;10:75 –92 CrossRefMedline.
Gupta AA, Kim DC, Krinsky GA et-al. CT and
MRI of cirrhosis and its mimics. AJR Am J
Roentgenol. 2004;183 (6): 1595-601.
Notas del editor
A 51-year-old male who has cirrhosis with massive ascites. On kidney, ureters, bladder (KUB), and digital scout view, small bowel loops are seen primarily in the midabdomen. The abdomen appears hazy. A computed tomography (CT)–scan axial view confirms the presence of small bowel loops floating centrally in ascitic fluid and of the existence of fluid in paracolic
Shunts may occur by way of the retroperitoneum and azygos pathways. A chest radiograph on a patient with such a configuration demonstrates an enlarged azygos vein at the level of the azygos arch (arrow). This can also be appreciated on a localizer magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan in the sagittal plane.
A 48-year-old male with cirrhosis from hepatitis C with intractable ascites and pleural effusion. Chest radiograph obtained 1 day prior to a scintigraphic study shows right-sided pleural effusion.
An abnormal soft-tissue density is seen (arrow) in the lower mediastinum, superimposed over the shadow of the descending aorta. This density represents massively dilated esophageal varices on the corresponding computed tomography (CT) scan (arrow), just above the level of the left hemidiaphragm, immediately adjacent to the aorta
Varices at the gastroesophageal junction (arrow), demonstrated on an upper GI series. The varices become more prominently seen on Valsalva maneuver. A computed tomography (CT) scan in the same patient shows enhancing collateral vessels.
Patient with cirrhosis showing tortuous hepatic arteries in addition to enlarged left lobe and caudate (C)
More advanced cirrhosis. Computed tomography (CT) scan with a portal venous–phase image shows a markedly enlarged left lobe (L) and caudate (C), with an area of focal fibrosis and atrophy of the posterior right lobe, deforming contour (open arrow). Incidental note of prominent collaterals in lesser curvature region (white arrow)
Computed tomography (CT) scan demonstrates irregularity of the external contour of the left lobe.
Secondary manifestations of cirrhosis include thickening and edema of the small and large bowel, as well as of the gallbladder wall, which is more common in the setting of ascites and hypoproteinemia. A thickened small bowel is demonstrated here in a 51-year-old patient who has cirrhosis with marked ascites.
A patent, collateral paraumbilical vein (arrow) arising in the ligamentum teres is an indication of the early development of portal hypertension in a 56-year-old female patient with cirrhosis. This can be traced to the umbilicus and its anastomosis with systemic, superficial abdominal wall vessels in image below.
In this computed tomography (CT) scan of a patient with long-standing cirrhosis, the arterial-phase image is indicated by enhancement of the aorta and hepatic arteries (enlarged, tortuous right hepatic artery [RHA], arrow). The intrahepatic left portal vein also is opacified (arrow), as are numerous enlarged paraumbilical collaterals. Simultaneous enhancement of arterial and portal structures on the early arterial-phase images indicates the presence of a large arterioportal venous shunt. Marked splenomegaly is present. Note also the prominent superficial veins in the abdominal wall.
Splenorenal shunt. Collateral vessels are identified medial to splenic hilum and anterior to upper pole left kidney (arrow). Note gallstones, which are frequently present in patients with cirrhosis.
Fig. 1A. —33-year-old man with viral cirrhosis. Axial breath-hold gradient-echo T1-weighted MR image shows diffuse nodules with distinct larger nodules that are hyperintense to background parenchyma (arrows). Patient also had evidence of portal hypertension: splenomegaly and esophageal varices (not shown).
Fig. 1B. —33-year-old man with viral cirrhosis. Axial breath-hold T2-weighted turbo STIR MR image shows larger nodules (arrows) are hypointense. Linear areas of fibrosis (arrowheads) are present.
Fig. 1C. —33-year-old man with viral cirrhosis. Axial breath-hold contrast-enhanced fat-suppressed 3D MR image obtained in portal venous phase shows nodules are now slightly hyperintense to background parenchyma (arrows). Arterial phase MR images (not shown) failed to show enhancement of nodules, consistent with diagnosis of either large regenerative or dysplastic nodules.
Fig. 2A. —53-year-old woman with cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Axial breath-hold T2-weighted turbo STIR MR image shows enlargement of caudate (arrows). Hepatocellular carcinoma is visible as mildly hyperintense mass in right lobe (arrowhead).
— 53-year-old woman with cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Axial breath-hold contrast-enhanced fat-suppressed 3D MR image obtained in hepatic arterial dominant phase shows enhancement of hepatocellular carcinoma (arrowhead