Tratamiento de comorbilidades en IC reduce morbimortalidad
1. XII Congreso Nacional de Cardiología
XXXIII Jornada SOLACI
TRATAMIENTO DE LAS COMORBILIDADES
EN LA INSUFICIENCIA CARDIACA
UN NUEVO RETO TERAPEUTICO PARA DISMINUIR MORBIMORTALIDAD
CARDIOVASCULAR Y REINGRESOS EN LOS PACIENTES CON INSUFICIENCIA CARDIACA
Pablo E Hurtado Núñez MD, FACC, FSIAC, MESC-HF
Instituto de Cardiología y Cirugía Cardiovascular La Habana, Cuba
Consejo de Insuficiencia Cardiaca de la Sociedad Interamericana de Cardiología
Clínica de Insuficiencia Cardiaca e Hipertensión Pulmonar
Jefe Cardiología Hospital Carlos R Huembes
2. Cáncer y anemia
Disfunción Renal
Fibrilación
Auricular
Hipertensión
Arterial
Diabetes MellitusObesidad,
Desnutrición
Dislipidemia,
Hiperuricemia
EPOC, Infecciones
Respiratorias,
Infarto,
Valvulopatías
INSUFICIENCIA
CARDIACA
LAS COMORBILIDADES GENERAN INS CARDIACA Y LA DESCOMPENSAN
El tratamiento adecuado de las comorbilidades permite evitar ingresos e incremento de la muerte
3. Las comorbilidades incrementan el riesgo de
ingreso por IC después de su diagnóstico JACC 2009
Dunlay, et al. Hospitalization after Heart Failure Diagnosis. A community perspective JACC 2009;54:1695
DM
ERC
EPOC
4.
5. Comorbilidades en IC FEVI <40%
REGINIC: Registro Nicaraguense de Ins Cardiaca
n=84( Boaco, Chontales, RAAS, RAAN y Rio San Juan)
60
44
16 19
7
1 6
28
Edad promedio de los pacientes ~73 años
19%
8,3%
7,1%
1,1%
%
Comorbilidades, FEVI y edad promedio
de 84 ptes con FEVIR71%
52%
22%
Com N ptes %
0 6 7,1
1 24 28,5
2 26 30,9
3 17 20,2
4 2 2,3
5 1 1,1
6. La HTA incrementa el riesgo de IC /muerte según PAS/PAD
AHA Statement Circulation. 2016;134:00–00
Incidencia acumulada de IC ajustada como factor de riesgo
basado en la PAS (SBP) categorias de <120, 120 to 139, 140 to
159, and ≥160 mm Hg for women (top), men
Metas todos: < 140/90mmHg
Si > 60 a <150/90 mmHg
7. Tratamiento según los estadíos
clínicos de la IC
ACC/AHA. Circulation 2009;119:e391
En riesgo de ICC Con ICC
Estadío A:
con alto riesgo, pero
sin lesión estructural
cardiaca ni síntomas
Estadío B:
con lesión estructural
cardiaca, pero
sin síntomas
Estadío C:
con síntomas
actuales o
previos de IC
Estadío D:
IC refractaria que
requiere cosas
especiales
HTA
DM
Obesidad
SM, etc
IM
HVI
LVEF,
etc
Disnea,
edemas,
fatiga,
etc
Síntomas
severos
en
reposo
-bloq
IECA
ARA II
-bloq
IECA
ARA II
-bloq
IECA
ARA II
Espirono,
todos
Todos +Inotrópicos +
Dispositivos
Asistencia Circulatoria
Transplante
8. Lancet. 2016;387:435–43
17 Agosto, J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017;70:776–803.
Alto riesgo: Edad >75 years, Enfermedad
Vascular, ERC y Score de Framingham >15%),
IECA/BRA+ BB+ Espirono… Diuréticos Tiazi
Si HTA y no alto riesgo:
< 140/90mmHg
Si > 60 a <150/90 mmHg
ESTADIOS DE LA IC
Estadio A de alto riesgo
PA <130/80mmHg
Estadio C
PAS < 130 mmHg
Sin embargo, estas recomendaciones no vienen de
estudios prospectivos en Ins Cardiaca….
PA <130/80mmHg
9. ¿ Qué relación guarda la PAS y la mortalidad en
pacientes con IC establecida y aguda?
Efectos de la PAS basal en todas las causas de
muerte en el : Valsartan Heart Failure Trial.
Todas las causas de mortalidad en relación
a PAS en IC Aguda
FEVI:30-50%
FEVI< 30%
Línea roja: Mortalidad , Línea Azul: Int de confianza
Núñez J,et al Differential prognostic effect of systolic blood pressure on mortality according to left-ventricular function in patients with acute
heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail. 2010;12:38–44.
PAS <
110mmhg
12. LA IC EN LA DIABETES ES MULTIFACTORIAL
(los FR para IC son comunes)
HTA
Enf Coro
(Infarto)
DISFUNCION
RENAL
OBESIDAD
MIOCAR
DIABETICA
HIPERGLICEMIA
INSULINORESISTENCIA
DM
IC
14. Entonces si la glucosa alta
aumenta riesgo de IC
¿La bajamos a lo normal????
15. Paradoja de la HbA1c en ptes diabéticos CON
INSUFICIENCIA CARDIACA
Curva en U de seguimiento de pacientes a 2 años en base a los Quintiles de HbA1c (Q) en ptes
diabeticos con IC ,con el menor riesgo en aquellos pacientes con un modesto control de glucosa
(7.1%<HbA1c≤7.8%).
Circulation. 2016;134:00–00
21. Recomendaciones para el tto de la DM en Estadio
A de Insuficiencia Cardiaca
Control adecuado de
glicemia según las guias
IECAS o BRA en ptes
Diabéticos de alto riesgo
de IC con APP: ASCVD, DM
o HTA + FR
Contributory Risk and Management of Comorbidities of Hypertension, Obesity, Diabetes Mellitus, Hyperlipidemia, and
Metabolic Syndrome in Chronic Heart Failure A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association.
Circulation. 2016;134:00–00
22.
23. Complicaciones cardiacas por terapia para el Cáncer
Enf
coronaria
Disfunción
miocárdica
Enf. de
Válvulas
Pericardio
9
CATEGORIAS Arritmias
HTA e
HTP
Enfermedad
vascular
periférica y
Tromboembolica
Eur J of Heart Failure 2016) (2017) 19, 9–42
24. Incidencia de Disfunción Ventricular asociada a
Quimioterapia
Incidencia %
2016 ESC Position Paper on cancer treatments and cardiovascular toxicity developed under the
auspices of the ESC Committee for Practice Guidelines
Eur J of Heart Failure 2016) (2017) 19, 9–42
25. Valoración conjunta de factores de riesgo por
Onco-Cardiología antes de la Terapia HCRH
En relación a la terapia
(ONCOLOGIA)
Estado del Corazón
(Cardiología)
Factores de riesgo
(Cardio-Onco)
Antecedentes:
Tipo y localización del Cáncer
¿Ha recibido terapia con
Antraciclinas, Radiaciones en el
Tórax izq, mediastino?
Drogas con cardiotoxicidad
Secuelas: dosis y combos, etc
Miocardiopatías
Hipertrofia del VI
Insuf Valvulares, FEVI
Enfermedad Coronaria
Stents, CABG
Arritmias: Qt, FA, Evs
Secuelas por Quimio
Otras comorbilidades
Diabetes, ERC, EPOC, Anemia
FRC: HTA, fumar, Dislipidemias,
tabaquismo, edad.
Trastornos Ionicos ,
deshidratación
PROTOCOLO DE IDENTIFICACION DE PACIENTES EN ALTO RIESGO: ECO, Tn, BNP
TRATAMIENTO PREVENTIVO VIGILANCIA
Prever cardiotoxicidad
Identificar ptes con daño
subclínico o evidente
Control de FRC y
comorbilidades
26. PROTOCOLO DE VALORACION ONCO-CARDIO
Cancer Therapy–Related Cardiac Dysfunction and Heart Failure: Prevention, Treatment, Guidelines,
and Future Directions. Hamo et al. Circ Heart Fail. 2016;9:e002843
29. La ERC es un factor de riesgo para presentar IC Aguda y se asocia a mortalidad elevada
30. El empeoramiento del IFG no aumento mortalidad de los ptes tratados
Sin diferencias en Mortalidad en los ptes bajo tto con Espironolactona e IC
Severa que mostraron vs no mostraron empeoramiento del IFG
37. La anemia debe tratarse… Hb 13 g/dl
Existen dudas si el hierro oral es efectivo y no se debe administrar
Eritropoyetina por riesgo de Ins Cardiaca
38. • El número de ingresos se
incrementa a medida que
se acerca el momento de
la muerte. Un 60% de los
ptes ingresa por causas no
cardiovasculares
Dunlay, et al. Hospitalization after Heart Failure Diagnosis. A community perspective JACC 2009;54:1695
La mayoría de los ingresos, 1 año antes de la
muerte no fueron por IC descompensada
Una vez diagnosticada la IC las mismas comorbilidades son causa de descompensacion e ingresos por IC Aguda
Comorbilidades mas frecuentes en IC Aguda del Registro ADHERE
A, In patients with heart failure (HF) with mild to moderate left ventricular systolic dysfunction (left ventricular ejection fraction
≥30% and <50%) showing a nonlinear U-shaped association of systolic blood pressure (SBP) with increased all-cause mortality
at both the lower and upper ranges of SBP. The red line represents the estimated logarithmic hazard ratio (HR) of all-cause
mortality; the blue lines represent the 95% pointwise confidence bands.
B, In patients with HF with severe left ventricular systolic
dysfunction (left ventricular ejection fraction <30%) showing a relatively linear association of SBP with all-cause mortality. The red
line represents the estimated logarithmic HR of all-cause mortality; the blue lines represent the 95% pointwise confidence bands.
HFrEF indicates heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; and EPRP,
Basados en el Framingham : The hazard ratios (HRs) for developing HF in hypertensives compared with normotensives were 2-fold higher in men and
3-fold higher in women. Tanto la PAS como la PAD causa simliares complicaciones. Cabe señalar que esta curva no refleja la expectativa de los ptes bajo los tratamientos actuales pero si nos sugiere como causa complicaciones la HTA sin tto
En estadio IV generalmente se quita los BB por ser ptes terminales. No medicar por ninguna razon: espironolactona e Ivabradina son idicados si continuan los sintomas y por eso solo en etpa III o IV. Por otra parte conocer que hay ptes asintomaticos con DSVI nos aclara que debemos de h
A large RCT demonstrated that in those with increased cardiovascular risk (defined as age >75 years, established vascular disease, chronic renal
disease, or a Framingham Risk Score >15%), control of blood pressure to a goal systolic pressure of <120 mm Hg, as determined by blood pressure
assessment as per research protocol, was associated with a significant reduction in the incidence of HF (191) and an overall decrease in cardiovascular
death. Blood pressure measurements as generally taken in the office setting are typically 5 to 10 mm Hg higher than research measurements; thus,
the goal of <130/80 mm Hg is an approximation of the target blood pressure in conventional practice. Targeting a significant reduction in systolic
blood pressure in those at increased risk for cardiovascular disease is a novel strategy to prevent HF
A, In patients with heart failure (HF) with mild to moderate left ventricular systolic dysfunction (left ventricular ejection fraction
≥30% and <50%) showing a nonlinear U-shaped association of systolic blood pressure (SBP) with increased all-cause mortality
at both the lower and upper ranges of SBP. The red line represents the estimated logarithmic hazard ratio (HR) of all-cause
mortality; the blue lines represent the 95% pointwise confidence bands.
B, In patients with HF with severe left ventricular systolic
dysfunction (left ventricular ejection fraction <30%) showing a relatively linear association of SBP with all-cause mortality. The red
line represents the estimated logarithmic HR of all-cause mortality; the blue lines represent the 95% pointwise confidence bands.
HFrEF indicates heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; and EPRP,
Multiple observational studies have demonstrated that diabetes mellitus is associated with an increased risk for the development of HF.94–98 In the Framingham Heart Study, diabetes mellitus was associated with a nearly 2-fold greater risk of HF in men and a nearly 4-fold increased
risk of HF in women independently of the presence of hypertension, coronary artery disease, LV hypertrophy, and valvular heart disease.
commentary
A strong reciprocal relationship clearly exists between diabetes mellitus and chronic heart failure. This interaction is characterised through mutual aggravation
of both conditions in a vicious feedback loop. Diabetes mellitus has been found to be associated with multiple pathophysiological changes in the cardiovascular system, including endothelial dysfunction, impaired energetic efficiency, lipotoxicity, inflammatory activation, reactive oxygen
species accumulation and cardiomyopathy induced by hyperglycaemia.
Heart failure in diabetic patients maydevelop and/or progress as the result ofthese pathophysiologic aspects of diabetes.
It should be noted, however, that the true underlying pathophysiology of the feedback loop between diabetes mellitus and chronic heart failure is insulin resistance,
while hyperglycaemia represents a
subsequent mechanism that contributes
only to half of this feedback interaction.1
references
1. Bauters C, Lamblin N, Mc Fadden E P,
Van Belle E, Millaire A, de Groote P.
Influence of diabetes mellitus on heart
failure risk and outcome. Cardiovasc
Diabetol. 2003;2:1
commentary
The significance of insulin resistance asa characteristic of heart failure pathophysiology
is underscored by the prognostic
implication that it has in heart failure
patients. This was shown in a study published
in 2005 where the interaction of
insulin sensitivity and outcome was analysed
in a heart failure population over a
four-year follow-up period. These patients,
none of whom were diagnosed with diabetes,
were divided into two groups: those
with severe insulin resistance and those
with normal insulin sensitivity. It was
observed that advanced insulin resistance
was highly independent of other established
prognostic factors in heart failure
patients.1 references
1. Doehner W, Rauchhaus M, Ponikowski P,
et al. Impaired insulin sensitivity as an
independent risk factor for mortality in
patients with stable chronic heart failure.
J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;46:1019–26.
commentary
The level of glycosylated haemoglobin does not only reflect the severity of diabetes. It is also a strong linear predictor of the risk
of developing heart failure. High levels of glycosylated haemoglobin can be indicative of microvascular and neuropathic complications.
Macrovascular complications can also arise from poor glycaemic control which can result in an increased risk of heart failure
in type-2 diabetes patients. The UK Prospective Diabetes Study reported heart failure incidence rates of 2.3 to 11.9 per 1000 patient-years over 10 years of followup.
A study carried out by Iribarren et al. in 2001 examined the association between glycosylated haemoglobin levels and the
incidence of heart failure in diabetic patients. The results suggested that an association between glycaemic control
and the rate of hospitalisation or death due to heart failure did indeed exist. This trend seemed to be somewhat stronger
in men than in women. The association still existed after adjustment for cardio-vascular risk factors, use of beta-blockers
and ACE inhibitors at baseline, diabetes related factors and development of interim myocardial infarction.1
references
1. Stratton IM, Adler AI, Neil HA, et al. Association
of glycaemia with macrovascular
and microvascular complications of type 2
diabetes (UKPDS 35): prospective observational
study. BMJ. 2000;321:405–12.
2. Iribarren C, Karter AJ, Go AS, et al. Glycemic
control and heart failure among
adult patients with diabetes.
Circulation. 2001;103:2668–73.
3. Nichols GA, Gullion CM, Koro CE, Ephross
SA, Brown JB. The incidence of congestive
heart failure in type 2 diabetes: an
update. Diabetes Care. 2004;27:1879–84.
Curva en U
Es segura y no causa daño y disminucion de mortalidad
10% de los ptes del estudio teneian IC previa
Debido a la eleada mortalidad de la IC en los ptes diabeticos debemos de procurar evitar el desarrollo de la IC : controlando la presion arterial y evitando los infartos.
La metformina es segura y disminuye mortalidad
La metformina es segura y disminuye mortalidad
Dexrazoxane, a derivative of the metal-chelating agent EDTA, is thought to attenuate anthracycline cardiac toxicity through
iron chelation and decrease in production of free radicals
ADHF: acute descompensated Heart Failure.
Registro SUECO de mineracorticoides. En FEV reducida si hay beneficios y tambien en ptes con Ins renal es mejor
A pesar de los beneficios de los bloqueadores de mineralocorticoides sino vigilamos los niveles de Potasio la mortalidad se puede incrementar, existe una curva en U. tambien se incrementan los MACE. No podemos reducir los farmacos que han demostrado reduccion de mortalidad debemos de evitar las fuentes del K ,etc
The FAIR-HF (Ferric Carboxymaltose Assessment in Patients With Iron Deficiency and Chronic Heart Failure) trial (173) demonstrated improvements
in NYHA class and functional capacity over a short-term exposure. The CONFIRM-HF (Ferric Carboxymaltose Evaluation on Performance in Patients
With Iron Deficiency in Combination with Chronic Heart Failure) trial