L'abús a l'edat pediàtrica, les seves conseqüències sobre el desenvolupament emocional i les seves manifestacions a nivell de trastorn mental. Conseqüencies psicopatològiques i implicacions assistencials.
2. Índice
• Hospital de Día
• Viñeta clínica: caso Laura
• Datos sobre las adversidades en la infancia.
• Consecuencias psicopatológicas de la violencia y negligencia
intrafamiliar en la infancia y la adolescencia.
• Implicaciones asistenciales: Algunas ideas sobre la exploración
10. Adversidades en la infancia y psicopatología
• Las adversidades en la infancia son experiencias extremadamente
comunes en aquellas personas que desarrollan trastornos mentales
graves (Goff, Brotman, Kindlon, Waites & Amico, 1991; Mullen, MarLn,
Anderson, Roamns & Herbison, 1993; Read & Fraser, 1998; Janssen,
Krabbendam, Bak, Hanssen, Vollebergh, de Graaf & Van Os, 2004; Read,
Van Os, Morrison & Ross, 2005; Bendall, Jackson, Hulbert & McGorry,
2008; Shevlin et al., 2008; Sorensen et al., 2010; Varese et al., 2012).
• Hay evidencia clara de que las personas que las han sufrido suelen ser
reacias a revelar sus historias de abuso y los profesionales solemos ser
reacios a explorarlas (Read, Hammersley & Rudegeair, 2007).
12. Adversidades en la infancia y psicopatología
• Estudios realizados en EEUU y el Reino Unido han
descubierto que los profesionales de salud mental
idenLficamos menos de la mitad de los casos de
abuso reportados a los invesLgadores.
• La proporción idenLficada por los clínicos varía de
48% a 0%.
(Jacobson et al, 1987; Craine et al, 1988; Mills, 1993;
Muenzenmaier et al, 1993; Wurr & Partridge, 1996; Read,
Hammersley & Rudegeair, 2007).
15. xxxxx
uropeanreportonpreventingchildmaltreatment
European report
on preventing
child maltreatment
World Health Organization
UN City, Marmorvej 51, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
Tel.: +45 45 33 70 00. Fax: +45 45 33 70 01.
E-mail: contact@euro.who.int. Web site: www.euro.who.int
• La evidencia de la
relación entre el maltrato
en la infancia y el
desarrollo de trastornos
de salud mental es fuerte
e indiscuLble.
• Pocos países cuentan con
sistemas de detección y
vigilancia fiables, pero
incluso cuando lo hacen,
el 90% de maltrato
infanLl pasa
desapercibido.
24. Fundamentación
empírica Childhood Adversities Increase the Risk of Psychosis: A Meta-analysis of
Patient-Control, Prospective- and Cross-sectional Cohort Studies
Filippo Varese ,1,2
, Feikje Smeets ,3
, Marjan Drukker3
, Ritsaert Lieverse3
, Tineke Lataster3
, Wolfgang Viechtbauer3
,
John Read5
, Jim van Os*,3,4
, and Richard P. Bentall1
1
InstituteofPsychology,HealthandSociety;UniversityofLiverpool,UK;2
SchoolofPsychologicalSciences,UniversityofManchester,UK;
3
Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; 4
King’s College London, King’s Health Partners,
Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK; 5
Department of Psychology, University of Auckland, New Zealand
Shared first authorship.
*To whom correspondence should be addressed; PO Box 616 (DRT10), 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; tel: þ31-43-3688683,
fax: þ31-43-3688689, e-mail: j.vanos@maastrichtuniversity.nl
Evidence suggests that adverse experiences in childhood
are associated with psychosis. To examine the association
between childhood adversity and trauma (sexual abuse,
physical abuse, emotional/psychological abuse, neglect,
parental death, and bullying) and psychosis outcome,
MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsychINFO, and Web of Science
were searched from January 1980 through November 2011.
We included prospective cohort studies, large-scale cross-
sectional studies investigating the association between
childhood adversity and psychotic symptoms or illness,
case-control studies comparing the prevalence of adverse
events between psychotic patients and controls using
dichotomous or continuous measures, and case-control
studies comparing the prevalence of psychotic symptoms
between exposed and nonexposed subjects using dichoto-
mous or continuous measures of adversity and psychosis.
The analysis included 18 case-control studies (n 5 2048
psychotic patientsand 1856nonpsychiatriccontrols),10 pro-
spective and quasi-prospective studies (n 5 41 803) and 8
population-based cross-sectional studies (n 5 35 546).
There were significant associations between adversity
and psychosis across all research designs, with an overall
effect of OR 5 2.78 (95% CI 5 2.34–3.31). The integra-
tion of the case-control studies indicated that patients
with psychosis were 2.72 times more likely to have been
exposed to childhood adversity than controls (95%
CI 5 1.90–3.88). The association between childhood ad-
versity and psychosis was also significant in population-
based cross-sectional studies (OR 5 2.99 [95%
CI 5 2.12–4.20]) as well as in prospective and quasi-
prospective studies (OR 5 2.75 [95% CI 5 2.17–3.47]).
The estimated population attributable risk was 33%
(16%–47%). These findings indicate that childhood
adversity is strongly associated with increased risk for
psychosis.
Key words: psychosis/adversity/trauma/meta-analysis/
abuse/neglect
Introduction
Adverse childhood events including trauma is a common
experience worldwide, with some estimates suggesting
that about a third of the general population may be
affected.1
Evidence suggests that its effects in adulthood
may include a range of negative social outcomes, includ-
ing higher criminality,2
a lower educational level3
and
lower general health and well-being. Adverse childhood
events have also been related to a greater risk of psychi-
atric disorder1,4,5
and, especially given its high preva-
lence, it is likely that it is an important determinant of
mental ill-health.6
A growing number of methodologically sound studies
have examined child maltreatment (eg, sexual abuse,
physical abuse, emotional/psychological abuse and ne-
glect), peer victimization (eg, bullying), and experiences
of parental loss and separation as risk factors for psycho-
sis and schizophrenia. Nevertheless, the association be-
tween adverse childhood events and psychosis has been
a topic of enduring controversy. Only narrative reviews
have so far attempted to synthesize these findings, with
inconsistent conclusions.7–9
Therefore, a systematic
quantitative synthesis of the existing data is required.
The present study presents a quantitative review and
meta-analysis of the available empirical literature, exam-
ining the magnitude and consistency of the effects of dif-
ferent, widely-examined types of adversity and trauma
observed in: (i) prospective cohort studies, (ii) large
population-based cross-sectional studies, and (iii) case-
control studies.
Schizophrenia Bulletin
doi:10.1093/schbul/sbs050
Ó The Authors 2012. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Maryland Psychiatric Research Center.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/
by-nc/3.0), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
1
Schizophrenia Bulletin Advance Access published March 29, 2012
byguestonMay19,2012http://schizophreniabulletin.oxfordjournals.org/Downloadedfrom
Primer meta-análisis
llevado a cabo sobre
trabajos de
invesLgación
publicados entre 1980
y noviembre de 2011,
con la idea de
examinar la relación
entre la psicosis y las
adversidades sufridas
en la infancia.
25. Fundamentación
empírica Childhood Adversities Increase the Risk of Psychosis: A Meta-analysis of
Patient-Control, Prospective- and Cross-sectional Cohort Studies
Filippo Varese ,1,2
, Feikje Smeets ,3
, Marjan Drukker3
, Ritsaert Lieverse3
, Tineke Lataster3
, Wolfgang Viechtbauer3
,
John Read5
, Jim van Os*,3,4
, and Richard P. Bentall1
1
InstituteofPsychology,HealthandSociety;UniversityofLiverpool,UK;2
SchoolofPsychologicalSciences,UniversityofManchester,UK;
3
Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; 4
King’s College London, King’s Health Partners,
Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK; 5
Department of Psychology, University of Auckland, New Zealand
Shared first authorship.
*To whom correspondence should be addressed; PO Box 616 (DRT10), 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; tel: þ31-43-3688683,
fax: þ31-43-3688689, e-mail: j.vanos@maastrichtuniversity.nl
Evidence suggests that adverse experiences in childhood
are associated with psychosis. To examine the association
between childhood adversity and trauma (sexual abuse,
physical abuse, emotional/psychological abuse, neglect,
parental death, and bullying) and psychosis outcome,
MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsychINFO, and Web of Science
were searched from January 1980 through November 2011.
We included prospective cohort studies, large-scale cross-
sectional studies investigating the association between
childhood adversity and psychotic symptoms or illness,
case-control studies comparing the prevalence of adverse
events between psychotic patients and controls using
dichotomous or continuous measures, and case-control
studies comparing the prevalence of psychotic symptoms
between exposed and nonexposed subjects using dichoto-
mous or continuous measures of adversity and psychosis.
The analysis included 18 case-control studies (n 5 2048
psychotic patientsand 1856nonpsychiatriccontrols),10 pro-
spective and quasi-prospective studies (n 5 41 803) and 8
population-based cross-sectional studies (n 5 35 546).
There were significant associations between adversity
and psychosis across all research designs, with an overall
effect of OR 5 2.78 (95% CI 5 2.34–3.31). The integra-
tion of the case-control studies indicated that patients
with psychosis were 2.72 times more likely to have been
exposed to childhood adversity than controls (95%
CI 5 1.90–3.88). The association between childhood ad-
versity and psychosis was also significant in population-
based cross-sectional studies (OR 5 2.99 [95%
CI 5 2.12–4.20]) as well as in prospective and quasi-
prospective studies (OR 5 2.75 [95% CI 5 2.17–3.47]).
The estimated population attributable risk was 33%
(16%–47%). These findings indicate that childhood
adversity is strongly associated with increased risk for
psychosis.
Key words: psychosis/adversity/trauma/meta-analysis/
abuse/neglect
Introduction
Adverse childhood events including trauma is a common
experience worldwide, with some estimates suggesting
that about a third of the general population may be
affected.1
Evidence suggests that its effects in adulthood
may include a range of negative social outcomes, includ-
ing higher criminality,2
a lower educational level3
and
lower general health and well-being. Adverse childhood
events have also been related to a greater risk of psychi-
atric disorder1,4,5
and, especially given its high preva-
lence, it is likely that it is an important determinant of
mental ill-health.6
A growing number of methodologically sound studies
have examined child maltreatment (eg, sexual abuse,
physical abuse, emotional/psychological abuse and ne-
glect), peer victimization (eg, bullying), and experiences
of parental loss and separation as risk factors for psycho-
sis and schizophrenia. Nevertheless, the association be-
tween adverse childhood events and psychosis has been
a topic of enduring controversy. Only narrative reviews
have so far attempted to synthesize these findings, with
inconsistent conclusions.7–9
Therefore, a systematic
quantitative synthesis of the existing data is required.
The present study presents a quantitative review and
meta-analysis of the available empirical literature, exam-
ining the magnitude and consistency of the effects of dif-
ferent, widely-examined types of adversity and trauma
observed in: (i) prospective cohort studies, (ii) large
population-based cross-sectional studies, and (iii) case-
control studies.
Schizophrenia Bulletin
doi:10.1093/schbul/sbs050
Ó The Authors 2012. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Maryland Psychiatric Research Center.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/
by-nc/3.0), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
1
Schizophrenia Bulletin Advance Access published March 29, 2012
byguestonMay19,2012http://schizophreniabulletin.oxfordjournals.org/Downloadedfrom
Abuso sexual
Maltrato ssico
M. psicológico/emocional
Negligencia parental
Muerte parental
Bullying
26. Fundamentación
empírica Childhood Adversities Increase the Risk of Psychosis: A Meta-analysis of
Patient-Control, Prospective- and Cross-sectional Cohort Studies
Filippo Varese ,1,2
, Feikje Smeets ,3
, Marjan Drukker3
, Ritsaert Lieverse3
, Tineke Lataster3
, Wolfgang Viechtbauer3
,
John Read5
, Jim van Os*,3,4
, and Richard P. Bentall1
1
InstituteofPsychology,HealthandSociety;UniversityofLiverpool,UK;2
SchoolofPsychologicalSciences,UniversityofManchester,UK;
3
Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; 4
King’s College London, King’s Health Partners,
Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK; 5
Department of Psychology, University of Auckland, New Zealand
Shared first authorship.
*To whom correspondence should be addressed; PO Box 616 (DRT10), 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; tel: þ31-43-3688683,
fax: þ31-43-3688689, e-mail: j.vanos@maastrichtuniversity.nl
Evidence suggests that adverse experiences in childhood
are associated with psychosis. To examine the association
between childhood adversity and trauma (sexual abuse,
physical abuse, emotional/psychological abuse, neglect,
parental death, and bullying) and psychosis outcome,
MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsychINFO, and Web of Science
were searched from January 1980 through November 2011.
We included prospective cohort studies, large-scale cross-
sectional studies investigating the association between
childhood adversity and psychotic symptoms or illness,
case-control studies comparing the prevalence of adverse
events between psychotic patients and controls using
dichotomous or continuous measures, and case-control
studies comparing the prevalence of psychotic symptoms
between exposed and nonexposed subjects using dichoto-
mous or continuous measures of adversity and psychosis.
The analysis included 18 case-control studies (n 5 2048
psychotic patientsand 1856nonpsychiatriccontrols),10 pro-
spective and quasi-prospective studies (n 5 41 803) and 8
population-based cross-sectional studies (n 5 35 546).
There were significant associations between adversity
and psychosis across all research designs, with an overall
effect of OR 5 2.78 (95% CI 5 2.34–3.31). The integra-
tion of the case-control studies indicated that patients
with psychosis were 2.72 times more likely to have been
exposed to childhood adversity than controls (95%
CI 5 1.90–3.88). The association between childhood ad-
versity and psychosis was also significant in population-
based cross-sectional studies (OR 5 2.99 [95%
CI 5 2.12–4.20]) as well as in prospective and quasi-
prospective studies (OR 5 2.75 [95% CI 5 2.17–3.47]).
The estimated population attributable risk was 33%
(16%–47%). These findings indicate that childhood
adversity is strongly associated with increased risk for
psychosis.
Key words: psychosis/adversity/trauma/meta-analysis/
abuse/neglect
Introduction
Adverse childhood events including trauma is a common
experience worldwide, with some estimates suggesting
that about a third of the general population may be
affected.1
Evidence suggests that its effects in adulthood
may include a range of negative social outcomes, includ-
ing higher criminality,2
a lower educational level3
and
lower general health and well-being. Adverse childhood
events have also been related to a greater risk of psychi-
atric disorder1,4,5
and, especially given its high preva-
lence, it is likely that it is an important determinant of
mental ill-health.6
A growing number of methodologically sound studies
have examined child maltreatment (eg, sexual abuse,
physical abuse, emotional/psychological abuse and ne-
glect), peer victimization (eg, bullying), and experiences
of parental loss and separation as risk factors for psycho-
sis and schizophrenia. Nevertheless, the association be-
tween adverse childhood events and psychosis has been
a topic of enduring controversy. Only narrative reviews
have so far attempted to synthesize these findings, with
inconsistent conclusions.7–9
Therefore, a systematic
quantitative synthesis of the existing data is required.
The present study presents a quantitative review and
meta-analysis of the available empirical literature, exam-
ining the magnitude and consistency of the effects of dif-
ferent, widely-examined types of adversity and trauma
observed in: (i) prospective cohort studies, (ii) large
population-based cross-sectional studies, and (iii) case-
control studies.
Schizophrenia Bulletin
doi:10.1093/schbul/sbs050
Ó The Authors 2012. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Maryland Psychiatric Research Center.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/
by-nc/3.0), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
1
Schizophrenia Bulletin Advance Access published March 29, 2012
byguestonMay19,2012http://schizophreniabulletin.oxfordjournals.org/Downloadedfrom
Las adversidades en la
infancia aumentan el
riesgo de psicosis: el
metanálisis demuestra
que existe una relación
estadísLcamente
significaLva entre las
adversidades sufridas en
la infancia y un aumento
del riesgo de psicosis
(podemos incluir TMG).
27. Fundamentación
empírica
Significant associations between retrospectively reported
childhood adversities and adult mental disorders have been
documented in numerous epidemiological studies.1–6
Most of
these studies, however, either considered only a single childhood
adversity7,8
or a composite measure that did not allow differential
effects of multiple childhood adversities to be examined.9
Only a
few studies compared associations of childhood adversities with
different types of mental disorders or examined changes in
childhood adversities’ effects over the life course.10,11
Few studies
examined cross-national variation in exposure12,13
or effects14,15
of childhood adversities. Furthermore, lack of comparability of
measures across countries raises questions about accuracy of the
few existing cross-national comparisons.12
The present study
addresses these problems by examining the prevalence and
associations of retrospectively reported childhood adversities with
first onset of a wide variety of mental disorders across the life
course in epidemiological surveys in 21 countries in the World
Health Organization (WHO) World Mental Health (WMH)
Survey Initiative.16
Method
Sample
The WMH surveys were administered in nine countries classified
by the World Bank as high income (Belgium, France, Germany,
Israel, Italy, Japan, The Netherlands, Spain, USA), six high-middle
income (Brazil, Bulgaria, Lebanon, Mexico, Romania, South
Africa), and six low/lower-middle income (Colombia, India, Iraq,
Nigeria, People’s Republic of China, Ukraine)17
(online Table
DS1). A total of 51 945 adults (age 18 and older) participated in
these surveys. Most featured nationally representative household
samples. Two (Colombia and Mexico) were representative of
urban areas, one of selected states (Nigeria) and the remaining
four of selected metropolitan areas (Brazil, India, Japan, People’s
Republic of China). Informed consent was obtained before
administering interviews. The samples that are not nationally
representative all focus on urban areas. The institutional review
board of the organisations that coordinated the surveys approved
and monitored compliance with procedures for informed consent
and protecting participants. Weights were used to adjust samples
for differential probabilities of selection and to match the sample
with population sociodemographic distributions. The weighted
(by sample size) average response rate was 73.1% (range 45.9–
98.8). Further details about WMH survey methodology are
available elsewhere.18
Measures
Mental disorders
Mental disorders were assessed with the WHO Composite
International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) Version 3.0,19
a fully-
structured lay-administered interview that generated diagnoses
for 20 commonly occurring mood disorders (major depressive
disorder, dysthymic disorder, bipolar I disorder, bipolar II
378
Childhood adversities and adult psychopathology
in the WHO World Mental Health Surveys
Ronald C. Kessler, Katie A. McLaughlin, Jennifer Greif Green, Michael J. Gruber, Nancy A. Sampson,
Alan M. Zaslavsky, Sergio Aguilar-Gaxiola, Ali Obaid Alhamzawi, Jordi Alonso, Matthias Angermeyer,
Corina Benjet, Evelyn Bromet, Somnath Chatterji, Giovanni de Girolamo, Koen Demyttenaere,
John Fayyad, Silvia Florescu, Gilad Gal, Oye Gureje, Josep Maria Haro, Chi-yi Hu, Elie G. Karam,
Norito Kawakami, Sing Lee, Jean-Pierre Le´ pine, Johan Ormel, Jose´ Posada-Villa, Rajesh Sagar,
Adley Tsang, T. Bedirhan U¨ stu¨ n, Svetlozar Vassilev, Maria Carmen Viana and David R. Williams
Background
Although significant associations of childhood adversities with
adult mental disorders are widely documented, most studies
focus on single childhood adversities predicting single
disorders.
Aims
To examine joint associations of 12 childhood adversities
with first onset of 20 DSM–IV disorders in World Mental
Health (WMH) Surveys in 21 countries.
Method
Nationally or regionally representative surveys of 51 945
adults assessed childhood adversities and lifetime DSM–IV
disorders with the WHO Composite International Diagnostic
Interview (CIDI).
Results
Childhood adversities were highly prevalent and interrelated.
Childhood adversities associated with maladaptive family
functioning (e.g. parental mental illness, child abuse, neglect)
were the strongest predictors of disorders. Co-occurring
childhood adversities associated with maladaptive family
functioning had significant subadditive predictive associations
and little specificity across disorders. Childhood adversities
account for 29.8% of all disorders across countries.
Conclusions
Childhood adversities have strong associations with all
classes of disorders at all life-course stages in all groups of
WMH countries. Long-term associations imply the existence
of as-yet undetermined mediators.
Declaration of interest
R.C.K. has been a consultant for GlaxoSmithKline, Kaiser
Permanente, Pfizer, Sanofi-Aventis, Shire Pharmaceuticals
and Wyeth-Ayerst; has served on advisory boards for Eli Lilly
& Company and Wyeth-Ayerst; and has had research support
for his epidemiological studies from Bristol-Myers Squibb, Eli
Lilly & Company, GlaxoSmithKline, Johnson & Johnson
Pharmaceuticals, Ortho-McNeil Pharmaceuticals, Pfizer and
Sanofi-Aventis.
The British Journal of Psychiatry (2010)
197, 378–385. doi: 10.1192/bjp.bp.110.080499
Estudio epidemiológico
de Kessler et al. (2010):
Las adversidades en la
infancia asociadas con
un funcionamiento
familiar des-adaptaLvo
son los predictores más
fuertes de trastornos
mentales en la edad
adulta.
28. Jurisprudencia
Home | Databases | WorldLII | Search | Feedback
New Zealand Accident
Compensation Appeals - ACC
Appeal Decisions
You are here: NZLII >> Databases >> New Zealand Accident Compensation Appeals - ACC Appeal Decisions >> 2013 >> [2013]
NZACC 385
Database Search | Name Search | Recent Decisions | Noteup | LawCite | Download | Context | No Context | Help
LS v Accident Compensation Corporation [2013]
NZACC 385 (22 November 2013)
Last Updated: 5 December 2013
IN THE DISTRICT COURT
AT WELLINGTON
[2013] NZACC 385 ACR 25/12
UNDER THE ACCIDENT COMPENSATION ACT 2001
IN THE MATTER OF AN APPEAL UNDER SECTION 149 OF THE ACT
BETWEEN L S
Appellant
AND ACCIDENT COMPENSATION
CORPORATION
Respondent
Hearing: 5 November 2013
Appearances: M C Bagnall for the appellant
L M Hansen for the respondent
Judgment: 22 November 2013
RESERVED JUDGMENT OF JUDGE L G POWELL
[1] The issue in this appeal is whether the respondent's decision of 23 February 2011 was correct in
declining the appellant's claim for potential earnings entitlements on the grounds that the cause of the
appellant's incapacity, schizophrenia, was not linked to the appellant's covered sensitive injury.
[2] It is not in dispute that the appellant had a significant history of sexual abuse between the ages of 5
El juez dio la razón al
demandante,
otorgándole la
compensación
entendiendo que hay
una relación causal
entre los abusos sufridos
y la esquizofrenia que
padece, citando algunos
trabajos de Read y
colaboradores, así como
una sentencia similar de
un juez del Reino Unido.
29. Jurisprudencia
Home | Databases | WorldLII | Search | Feedback
New Zealand Accident
Compensation Appeals - ACC
Appeal Decisions
You are here: NZLII >> Databases >> New Zealand Accident Compensation Appeals - ACC Appeal Decisions >> 2013 >> [2013]
NZACC 385
Database Search | Name Search | Recent Decisions | Noteup | LawCite | Download | Context | No Context | Help
LS v Accident Compensation Corporation [2013]
NZACC 385 (22 November 2013)
Last Updated: 5 December 2013
IN THE DISTRICT COURT
AT WELLINGTON
[2013] NZACC 385 ACR 25/12
UNDER THE ACCIDENT COMPENSATION ACT 2001
IN THE MATTER OF AN APPEAL UNDER SECTION 149 OF THE ACT
BETWEEN L S
Appellant
AND ACCIDENT COMPENSATION
CORPORATION
Respondent
Hearing: 5 November 2013
Appearances: M C Bagnall for the appellant
L M Hansen for the respondent
Judgment: 22 November 2013
RESERVED JUDGMENT OF JUDGE L G POWELL
[1] The issue in this appeal is whether the respondent's decision of 23 February 2011 was correct in
declining the appellant's claim for potential earnings entitlements on the grounds that the cause of the
appellant's incapacity, schizophrenia, was not linked to the appellant's covered sensitive injury.
[2] It is not in dispute that the appellant had a significant history of sexual abuse between the ages of 5
John Read, dijo que era
alarmante que los
primeros dos psiquiatras o
bien no sabían nada acerca
de los muchos estudios
que documentan la
relación causal entre el
abuso infanLl y la psicosis
o bien estaban tratando de
engañar al juez.
58. Barreras para preguntar y responder
(Read, Hammersley y Rudegeair, 2007)
• Otras necesidades y preocupaciones más inmediatas.
• Preocupación por ofender o angusLar a los pacientes.
• Miedo a la traumaLzación indirecta.
• Miedo a inducir “falsos recuerdos”.
• El paciente es un hombre.
• El paciente Lene más de 60 años.
• El paciente Lene un diagnósLco indicaLvo de psicosis, parLcularmente
cuando el clínico Lene fuertes creencias causales biogenéLcas.
• El clínico es un psiquiatra, especialmente uno con fuertes creencias
causales biogenéLcas.
• Fuertes creencias causales biogenéLcas en general, tanto en psiquiatras
como en psicólogos.
• El clínico es un hombre o del otro género que el paciente.
• Falta de formación en cómo preguntar y cómo responder.
58 58
61. Maltrato y Abusos Intrafamiliares
insuficientmente explorados
Evaluating and overcoming barriers to taking abuse
histories. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice,
32, 407–414.
ZUBIN, J. Y SPRING, B. (1977) Vulnerability. A new
view of schizophrenia. Journal of Abnormal Psychology,
86, 103–126.
Anexos
Tabla 1. Revelación del abuso por parte de pacientes hospitalizados
Divulgación del maltrato, %
Tipo de maltrato Si se preguntó durante la admisión Si no se preguntó durante la admisión
Abuso sexual infantil
Maltrato físico infantil
Agresión sexual adulta
Agresión física adulta
Al menos, uno de los cuatro tipos de
maltrato
47
30
12
35
82
6
0
0
3
8
Tabla 2. Principios del preguntar
1. Preguntar a todos los clientes/pacientes
2. Preguntar en una valoración inicial (o si es una crisis, tan pronto como la persona esté disponible)
3. En el contexto de la historia general psicosocial
4. Prefacio con una breve declaración normalizadora
5. Usar preguntas específicas, con ejemplos claros sobre lo que se está preguntando
Por qué, cuándo y cómo preguntar sobre el abuso infantil
61 61
62. InvesOgación Independiente sobre
el Abuso Sexual InfanOl
• La invesLgación de la medida en que las insLtuciones han
fallado en proteger a los niños del abuso sexual.
• InvesLga si los organismos públicos y otras insLtuciones no
estatales han tomado en serio su deber de diligencia para
proteger a los niños del abuso sexual en Inglaterra y Gales.
• La invesLgación es independiente del gobierno: no forma
parte del gobierno y no depende de ningún departamento
gubernamental.
TERMS OF REFERENCE
VICTIMS AND SURVIVORS’ CONSULTATIVE PANEL
The role of the Inquiry is:
“To consider the extent to which State and non-State institutions have failed in their
duty of care to protect children from sexual abuse and exploitation;; to consider the
extent to which those failings have since been addressed;; to identify further action
needed to address any failings identified;; to consider the steps which it is necessary
for State and non-State institutions to take in order to protect children from such
abuse in future;; and to publish a report with recommendations.”
The role of the Victims and Survivors’ Consultative Panel is to provide consultative
advice on the above matters to the Inquiry throughout its duration.
The eight members of the VSCP have been selected for their ability to bring a
representative cross-section of experience and opinion to the Inquiry's work.
The VSCP members are expected to be available for Inquiry business for a total of
four days per month, to include a half day monthly meeting with the Inquiry Panel or
an individual Panel member.
The members of the VSCP are invited to select a Chair and alternate from among
their number if they wish. Alternatively, they may wish to nominate a spokesperson
and alternate.
The responsibilities of the VSCP include the provision of consultative advice and
expertise in the following areas of the Inquiry’s work:
The way in which the Inquiry engages with victims and survivors
In particular, ensuring that appropriate support is in place and consideration is given
to the needs of victims and survivors at every stage of the Inquiry. By way of
example, in the following areas:
63. InvesOgación Independiente sobre
el Abuso Sexual InfanOl
TERMS OF REFERENCE
VICTIMS AND SURVIVORS’ CONSULTATIVE PANEL
The role of the Inquiry is:
“To consider the extent to which State and non-State institutions have failed in their
duty of care to protect children from sexual abuse and exploitation;; to consider the
extent to which those failings have since been addressed;; to identify further action
needed to address any failings identified;; to consider the steps which it is necessary
for State and non-State institutions to take in order to protect children from such
abuse in future;; and to publish a report with recommendations.”
The role of the Victims and Survivors’ Consultative Panel is to provide consultative
advice on the above matters to the Inquiry throughout its duration.
The eight members of the VSCP have been selected for their ability to bring a
representative cross-section of experience and opinion to the Inquiry's work.
The VSCP members are expected to be available for Inquiry business for a total of
four days per month, to include a half day monthly meeting with the Inquiry Panel or
an individual Panel member.
The members of the VSCP are invited to select a Chair and alternate from among
their number if they wish. Alternatively, they may wish to nominate a spokesperson
and alternate.
The responsibilities of the VSCP include the provision of consultative advice and
expertise in the following areas of the Inquiry’s work:
The way in which the Inquiry engages with victims and survivors
In particular, ensuring that appropriate support is in place and consideration is given
to the needs of victims and survivors at every stage of the Inquiry. By way of
example, in the following areas:
Dirigida por la juez Lowell
Goddard (Nueva Zelanda),
que es apoyada por un
grupo especial de
profesionales expertos, el
Panel ConsulLvo de
personas que han sufrido
abusos y otros asesores
expertos.
66. Consecuencias psicopatológicas de
las adversidades en la infancia
• No han desarrollado un proceso de pensamiento, sino
que sólo han sido capaces de desarrollar mecanismos de
supervivencia.
• Una coraza que los sosLene y que esconde un espacio
mental muy dañado, con déficits en las esferas
emocional, relacional, cogniLva y cultural, en las
habilidades sociales y viviendo ansiedades abrumadoras.
71. Consecuencias psicopatológicas de las
adversidades en la infancia
• A la gran canLdad de senLmientos contradictorios
que puede senLr, se añade la vivencia de no tener a
nadie: “¡No tengo a nadie!”.
• También, la creencia de que este es su lugar en el
mundo: “¡No tengo a nadie y nunca lo tendré!”.
77. Ideas sobre límites del
tratamiento desde el HD
• A menudo tenemos la sensación de que llegamos
tarde.
• Jóvenes muy dañados y con alto riesgo
psicopatológico, social y a menudo vital.
• Falta una buena prevención e intervención precoz.
82. Ideas sobre límites del
tratamiento desde el HD
• Hospital de Día como parte de una experiencia de
relación con la red asistencial:
Intervienen múlLples servicios, a menudo de forma
poco coordinada, provocando que el joven y su
familia sean tratados por profesionales de diferentes
servicios, que trabajan con objeLvos no coincidentes,
uLlizando diversos modelos de tratamiento o
intervención.
104. Tabla 4. Embudo de las preguntas generales a las específicas
Hábleme un poco de su infancia
¿Cúal es su mejor recuerdo? ¿Y el peor?
¿Cómo se llevaba con su madre?
¿Y con su padre?
¿Cómo gestionaban la disciplina?
Preguntas específicas sobre el abuso
John Read, Paul Hammersley y Thom Rudegeair
110. Exploración diagnósLca
• Valorar que lo haya contado.
• No tratar de reunir todos los detalles.
• Preguntar si lo ha explicado a alguien antes y si es así como
fue.
• Ofrecer apoyo a diferentes niveles.
• Preguntar si cree que lo que nos ha contado Lene que ver con
sus dificultades actuales.
• Explorar y valorar la protección ante posibles abusos en la
actualidad.
• Valorar el estado emocional al final de la entrevista.
• Ofrecer nueva entrevista breve.
(Read, Hammersley & Rudegeair, 2007) 110