Factores pronósticos pred y predictivos cáncer renal 2013-3
1.
2. Factor pronóstico Factor predictivo
Característica en al paciente o Marcador clínico, biológico o
la enfermedad asociada con molecular asociado con la
su evolución respuesta a un tratamiento en
independientemente del particular
tratamiento
Funciones
Funciones
-Individualización del
-Identificación grupos de tratamiento
riesgo -Evitar tratamientos ineficaces
-Ensayos clínicos: diseño e -Ensayos con nuevas drogas
interpretación en enfermedad refractaria
-Información
3.
4.
5.
6.
7. FACTORES CLÍNICOS
CATEGORÍA Factor pronóstico
Relacionados con el paciente Síntomas
PS
Crecimiento tumoral Sitio y nº de metástasis
Fosfatasa alcalina
Hiponatremia
LDH
Anemia
Hipercalcemia
Intervalo libre de enfermedad
Marcadores proinflamatorios VSG
PCR
Neutrofilia
Trombocitosis
Tratamiento Nefrectomía citorreductora
8. Suero/tejido
Biomarker Role Comments
VHL alterations Dudas como F. Pron Estudios más grandes
HIF-1 Dudas como F. pron Tinción
citoplasmática/nuclear
VEGF-A Potencial f. pronóstico: Falta definir punto de
VEGF alto asociado con corte
peor SG
CAIX Incierto Niveles de expresión en
mets pueden no ser
representativos
PTEN Incierto
B7-H1 Expresión + se asocia a Se necesitan estudios
peor supervivencia prospectivos
(nefrectomía)
IMP3 Expresión +: peor
supervivencia
9. Interferón: mejoría en la supervivencia en
pacientes nefrectomizados
OS
N=85
17 VS 7 M
Mickisch et al; Lancet 2001; 358:966-70
N=245
12.5 vs 8.1 m
Flanigan RC. NEJM. 2001;345:1655–9
10. En la era de las terapias dirigidas…
N=328
Aben KKH, European Journal of Cancer 2011;47(13):2023–32
11. N=113 N=201
Choueiri et al; J Urol 2011;185:60-66
13. BMI y supervivencia
475 pacientes en primera línea
23.4 m
16.7 m
10 m
Mueller et al; ASCO GU 2013 #454
14. Hiponatremia en pacientes con antiVEGF
87 pacientes
Normal: >138
Mild: 134-137
Severe: >134
Kawashima et al; Int J Urol 2012;19:1050-57
15. VEGF en el RECORD-1
Medido los días de los 4 primeros ciclos
Everolimus mejora PFS independientemente
de los niveles de biomarcadores
Niveles bajos de VEGF-A se asocian a una mejor PFS: HR
1.27
(95% CI 1.03-1.57, p=0.28)
Oudard et al; ASCO GU 2013 #352
16. N=1816
Pronóstico
Clinical Cancer Research. 2013 Feb 14;19(4):929–37
17. 3 pasos: 129 pac con respuesta en fase II; 215 pac del fase II y
344 de fase III
Concentraciones plasmáticas pretratamiento de factores
angiogénicos y citokinas (CAFs)
Fase screening: 17 CAFs; 5 candidatos en el screening inicial: IL-
6, IL-8, HGF, TIMP-1, E-selectine.
Análisis confirmatorio: se añaden VEGF y osteopontina a IL-6, IL-
8, E-selectina y HGF
Lancet Oncol 2012;13:827-37
18. Pazopanib: Tran et al
Lancet Oncol 2012;13:827-37
Fase validatoria: fase III
pac con pazopanib: altas concentraciones de
IL-8, osteopontina, HGF y TIMP-1 se asociaron a menor
SLP
pac con placebo: altas concentraciones de
IL-6, IL-8, osteopontina se asociaron a menor SLP
Tran et al; Lancet Oncol 2012;13:827-37
19. Pazopanib: Tran et al
Lancet Oncol 2012;13:827-37
Tran et al; Lancet Oncol 2012;13:827-37
20. Pazopanib: Tran et al
Lancet Oncol 2012;13:827-37
Niveles de IL-6 y PFS
24 m
9.9 m
Low High
Tran et al; Lancet Oncol 2012;13:827-37
21. Rini ASCO 2010 #4501
N=931
Nefrectomía; RT-PCR
732 genes examinados: 16 asociados a SLP
Entre los 16 genes, la expresión aumentada se asoció a un riesgo
más bajo de recidiva para los genes relacionados con la
angiogénesis (EMCN, NOS3) y la inmunidad (CCL5, CXCL9)
22. Expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition
markers in RCC: impact on prognosis outcomes
N=122; enfermedad localizada
Analizan 11 marcadores de EMT
4 en análisis multivariante: clustering, twist, CRP, invasión microvascular
Harada et al; BJU International. 2012 Jun 19;110(11c):E1131–7
23. AC IX y sunitinib
52 pacientes del ensayo sunitinib vs IFN
OS
CAIX elevada 94 semanas
CAIX baja 115 semanas
p= 0.026
Sunitinib > IFN independientemente de los niveles de CIX
Lamparella et al; ASCO GU 2013 #405
25. MSKCC Group Heng Patil Choueiri
Motzer Français CFC
Patient 463 pac 782 patients 645 patients 375 patients 120 patients
population treated with with with treated with treated with
IFN on inmunoth on suni/sora/be sunitinib beva/sora/su
prospective trials va at multiple ni/axi on
clinical trials NA centers prospective
clinical trials;
single centre
Common KPS <80% ECOG PS KPS <80 ECOG ECOG
prognostic LDH >1.5 ULN Hb level <LLN Ca >ULN LDH Ca < 8.5/>10
factors Calcium>10 DFI > 1 year Hb level <LLN Calcium DFI < 2 years
compared DFI < 1 year Hemoglobin
with Motzer DFI < 1year
criteria
Specific N of met Neutr >ULN Bone mets Neutr >4500
sites Plat >ULN Plat >300
SR >100 or
CRP >50
44. Tras metastasectomía
N=559
5 factores: resección incompleta, mets SNC,
proteína C reactiva >1, PS>1, peor grado nuclear
105 m
24 m
Naito ASCO 2012 #e15702
45. En segunda línea: Heng
321 pacientes Median OS
Riesgo bajo (n=32) NR
Tratamientos en 2ª línea:
Riesgo intermedio (n=179) 13 m
- sunitinib: 32% Riesgo pobre (n=74) 5.5 m
- sorafenib 43%
- temsirolimus 11%
Duración de tratº previo Median OS
- everolimus 6%
> 8 meses 14.3 m
< 8 meses 9.9 m
Heng et al; ASCO 2010 #4523
46. En tercera línea
N=252 pacientes
Análisis multivariante: solo PS >2 juega papel independiente
Cleveland Clinic French Heng MSKCC
Grupo de Pts PFS Pts PFS Pts PFS Pts PFS
riesgo (%) (m) (%) (m) (%) (m) (%) (m)
Good 20 NR 6 NR 32 17.5 21 NR
Intermediate 37 15.3 81 14.3 62 15.2 65 15.2
Poor 43 10.2 13 9.1 6 5.5 19 6.4
p:<0.001 p:0.008 p:<0.001 p:<0.001
Iacovelli et al; ASCO-GU 2013 #470
47.
48. Un factor es predictivo si el efecto del tratamiento
es diferente en pacientes con el marcador positivo
Superv en el grupo M- Superv en el grupo M+
Se comparan pacientes tratados y Se comparan pacientes tratados y
no tratados : EM- no tratados: EM+
100 100
+15%
50 50
-5%
Sv M-T+ Sv M+T+
Sv M-T- Sv M+T-
0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 0 1 2 3 4 5
El marcador es un factor predictivo si EM- & EM+
son significativamente diferentes
52. A cytokine and angiogenic factor (CAF) analysis in
plasma for selection of sorafenib therapy in patients
with metastatic renal cell carcinoma
N=69; 6 marcadores:
OPN, VEGF, sCA9, collagen VI, sVEGFR-2, TNF related apopt-inducing ligand
Zurita AJ, Annals of Oncology. 2012;23(1):46–52.
53. Evaluation of serum LDH as a predictive biomarker
for mTOR inhibition in patients with mRCC
• LDH is regulated by the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, and is
associated with tumor hypoxia/necrosis
• Pretreatment LDH was assessed in 404 poor-risk mRCC patients
treated with temsirolimus or interferon-alpha in a phase III trial
LDH normal LDH elevada
Armstrong et al. J Clin Oncol 2012;30:3402-3407
56. CTC as early markers
Estudio Circles
CECs/4 ml
Pac que progresan durante 28
el estudio (11 pac)
Pacientes que no 73
progresan (28 pac)
P=0.002
Oyarvides et al; ASCO GU 2013 #436
57.
58. Association of SNPs in IL-8, HIF1α, VEGFA and VEGFR2
with treatment response to pazopanib in RCC
Association between SNPs and efficacy / toxicity
Reference SNP
Endpoint Gene Polymorphism (rs) Number P-value
PFS IL-8 2767A>T rs1126647 0.03
RR HIF1α 1790G>A rs11549467 0.02
MAP VEGFA –2578C>A rs699947 0.04
MAP VEGFA –1498C>T rs833061 0.03
MAP VEGFA –634G>C rs2010963 0.04
MAP VEGFR2 1416T>A (H472Q) rs1870377 0.005
HIF-1α = hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha; MAP = mean arterial pressure
Ball HA, et al. ASCO 2010
59. SNP analysis
397 pacientes tratados con pazopanib
27 polimorfismos en 13 genes
3 pol
3 pol HIF1A
IL-8 PFS
5 pol
RR VEGF A
5 pol
NR1I2 5 pol
HIF1a
Xu et al; J Clin Oncol 2011; 29:2557-64
60. Progression-free survival Kaplan-Meier curves for each genotype group of pazopanib
and placebo-treated patients
Pazopanib Placebo
(A) IL8 2767A>T (rs1126647)
(B) IL8 −251T>A (rs4073)
(C) HIF1A 1790G>A (rs11549467)
61. Evaluation of different polymorphisms as markers of
sunitinib efficacy and toxicity in first line treatment of
renal clear cell carcinoma
VEGFR3 y SLP
García-Donas; Lancet Oncol 2011;12:1143-50
62. Predictive factors for response to treatment in patients
with advanced renal cell carcinoma
Muriel et al; Invest New Drugs 2012;30:2443-2449
63. B7H1 y respuesta a sunitinib
N=20
Expresión de RR PFS
B7H1
Positiva 30% 6.2 m
(55.5%)
Negativa 50% 19.3 m
(44.5%)
p=0.63 p=0.56
Análisis multivariante: no correlación
Kim et al; ASCO GU 2013; #416
64.
65. Marcador Tratamiento SG con SG sin p
toxicidad toxicidad
HTA s Bevacizumab 30.9 m 7.2 m <0.0001
Rini 2010 Sunitinib
HTA d Bevacizumab 32.2 m 14.9 m <0.0001
Rini 2010 Sunitinib
Hipotiroidismo Sorafenib SLP SLP 0.018
Schmidinger Sunitinib 17 m 10.8 m
2010
HFS Sunitinib 38.2 m 18.9 m <0.0001
Michaelson 2011
Neumonitis mTOR inh EE EE
Dabydeen 2011 86% 43%
66. Hypertension as a biomarker in
VEGF-targeted therapy
Disease Anti-VEGF Hypertension
Study Results
(N) agent definition
Rini et al.1 RCC Sunitinib SBP >140 mmHg and OS: 30.9 vs 7.2 months
(n=544) DBP ≥90 mmHg (p<0.0001)
PFS: 12.5 vs 2.5 months
(p<0.0001)
ORR: 55% vs 9% (p<0.0001)
Harzstark et al.2 RCC Bevacizumab ≥CTC Grade 2 OS: 41.6 vs 16.2 months
(n=366) (+IFN) (p<0.0001)
PFS: 13.2 vs 8.0 months
(p=0.0009)
ORR: 13% vs 9% (p=ns)
Escudier et al.3 RCC Bevacizumab ≥CTC Grade 2 PFS: 10.2 vs 8.4 months (p=ns)
(n=337) (+IFN)
Schneider et al.4 Breast Ca Bevacizumab ≥CTC Grade 3 OS: 38.7 vs 25.3 months
(n=345) (+chemo) (p=0.002)
Dahlberg et al.5 NSC Lung Ca Bevacizumab >150/100 mmHg, OR OS: 15.9 vs 11.5 months
(n=741) (+chemo) >20 mmHg increase (p=0.0002)
vs baseline by end of C#1 PFS: 7.0 vs 5.5 months
(p<0.0001)
1. Rini B, et al. J Natl Cancer Inst 2011 (Epub ahead of print); 2. Harzstark AL, et al. ASCO GU 2010
3. Escudier B, et al. ASCO 2008; 4. Schneider BP, et al. J Clin Oncol 2008 5. Dahlberg SE, et al. J Clin Oncol 2010
67. Comparative assesment of sunutinib-associated Aes as potential
biomarkers of efficacy in mRCC
Endpoint AE at any time point AE by the 12-wk landmark
HR (95% CI) p HR (95% CI) p
HTN during treatment
PFS 0.291 (0.220-0.399) <0.0001 - NS
OS 0.296 (0.237-0.427) <0.0001 0.654 (0.511- 0.0008
0.838)
HFS during treatment
PFS 0.750 (0.595-0.945) 0.0148 - NS
OS 0.578 (0.437-0.766) 0.0001 0.674 (0.462- 0.0415
0.985)
Asthenia/fatigue during treatment
PFS 0.491 (0.375-0.644) <0.0001 - NS
OS 0.720 (0.541-0.959) 0.0245 - NS
Donskov et al; ESMO 2012 #785
68. Subpoblación de pacientes a tratº con sunitinib
y larga supervivencia
Experiencia SOG-GU
N=46 PFS
Con HTA 44.8
Sin HTA 31.1
Con astenia 35.5
Sin astenia 32.3
Con hipotiroidismo 44.8
Sin Hipotiroidismo 31.0
Esteban E, et al. ESMO 2012 #862
69.
70. MASS criteria (CECT)
Morphology, attenuation, size and structure
Response category MASS criteria description
Favorable response No new lesions and either of the following:
1. Decrease in tumor size of ≥20%
2. One or more predominantly solid enhancing lesions with
marked central necrosis or marked decreased
attenuation (≥40 HU)
Indeterminate response Does not fit criteria for favorable response or unfavorable
response
Unfavorable response Either of the following:
1. Increase in tumor size of ≥20% in the absence of marked
central necrosis or marked decreased attenuation
2. New metastases, marked central fill-in, or new
enhancement of a previously homogeneously
hypo-attenuating non-enhancing mass
MASS = morphology, attenuation, size and structure
Smith A, et al. Am J Roentgenol 2010;194:1470-8
71. 89 pacientes a tratº con sunitinib y sorafenib
Performance PFS > 250 días
measure for
identifying patients MASS SCAT Mod Choi RECIST
with a good clinical Favorable Favorable Good Partial
outcome response response response response
Sensibilidad 86 75 93 16
Especificidad 100 100 44 100
VPP 100 100 89 100
VPN 60 45 57 20
Exactitud 89 79 85 30
72.
73. Central fill-in or new enhancement
signals eventual radiographic PD
New metastasis group Never progresses group
(N=6 patients) (N=21 patients)
Patients with central fill-in or
change from homogeneously 83% 14%
low density to enhancing
Pre-PD = 236 days PD = 343 days
Central fill-in
Smith A, et al. AJR Am J Roentgenol
74. Sequential FDG-PET/CT as a surrogate marker of
response to sunitinib in met clear cell renal cancer
FDGPET response at 16 weeks predicts outcome
Powles J Clin Oncol 29: 2011 (suppl 7; abstr 301)
75. Predicting survival in metastatic RCC on sunitinib using
MASS criteria: evaluation of a large multicenter
prospective phase III trial
Respuesta por:
N=213 RECIST 1.1
5 target lesions Choi
PRIMER TAC DE EVALUACIÓN Choi mod
MASS
Correlacionan mejor/peor respuesta en cada sistema con PFS y OS
PFS (HR) OS (HR)
CHOI mod MASS RECIST MASS
0.6/2.6 0.46/14.8 0.46/9.78 0.56/7.18
Smith et al; ASCO GU 2013 #407
76. Exactitud para detectar una buena evolución clínica
(PFS > 250 días)
RECIST 1.1 51%
Choi 62%
Choi mod 67%
MASS 76%
Exactitud para detectar una mala evolución clínica
(PFS < 250 días)
RECIST 1.1 58%
Choi 57%
Choi mod 58%
MASS 58%
Smith et al; ASCO GU 2013 #407
77. DCE-US
N=539 (157 con CCR)
DCE-US en los días: basal-7-14-30-60
Disminución en el AUC>40% al mes fue
predictivo de TTP y OS
Lassau et al; ASCO 2012 #4618
79. VEGF SNP-634 predicts incidence of hypertension in
sunitinib-treated mRCC patients
Frequency of hypertension (%)
p=0.03
94%
81%
67%
Genotype (# of pts)
Kim JJ, et al. ASCO 2009
82. Evaluation of different polymorphisms as markers of
sunitinib efficacy and toxicity in first line treatment of
renal clear cell carcinoma
García-Donas; Lancet Oncol 2011;12:1143-50
Both high and low VEGF pts benefit from sorafenib; The pts with high VEGF – i.e. poorer prognosis – may derive more
Evaluation of serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) as a predictive biomarker for mTOR inhibition in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Background: To date, no biomarkers are known that select for patients with cancer who are more likely to benefit from mTOR inhibition. LDH is a metabolic enzyme detectable in serum that is often elevated in multiple cancers including RCC, has prognostic importance, is regulated by the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, and is associated with tumor hypoxia/necrosis. We sought to evaluate pretreatment total LDH as a predictive biomarker of overall survival (OS) in patients with RCC. Methods: We evaluated pretreatment serum total LDH in 404 poor-risk RCC subjects treated with temsirolimus or interferon alpha in an international phase III randomized trial. Survival curves were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier estimator and differences in survival distributions between the two treatment arms were evaluated by LDH categories using the log-rank test and proportional hazards model. Interaction between treatment effect and baseline LDH elevation was assessed by the proportional hazards model. Results: The mean baseline serum normalized LDH in this study was 1.23 times the upper limit of normal (range 0.05 to 28.5). LDH was prognostic in univariate analysis. Controlling for treatment group, the hazard ratio (HR) for death was 1.98 (95% confidence interval [CI]=1.6-2.5, p<0.0001) for patients with LDH >1 ULN compared to patients whose LDH ≤ 1ULN. Adjusting for known prognostic factors, the HR for death was 2.01 for patients with LDH >1 ULN (95% CI=1.6-2.6, p<0.0001) compared to patients whose LDH ≤ 1ULN. There was a statistically significant interaction effect noted between normalized LDH and treatment group (p=0.031). Among 264 subjects with normal LDH, OS was not improved with temsirolimus as compared to interferon therapy (11.7 vs. 10.4 months, log-rank p=0.514). Among 140 subjects with elevated LDH, OS was significantly improved with temsirolimus (6.9 vs. 4.2 months, HR 0.51, log-rank p<0.002). Conclusions: Serum LDH is a potential predictive biomarker for the survival benefit conferred by mTOR inhibition in poor risk RCC. Further investigation of mechanism, alterations in LDH levels with therapy, and the predictive role of LDH for mTOR inhibition in other tumor types is warranted.
P significativa
Gene polymorphism and clinical endpoints: IL8 + 276A >T was associated with PFS ( P =0.03): Wildtype (AA): 49 weeks Heterozygote (AT): 41 weeks TT: 28 weeks HIF1A+ 1790G>A (Ala588Thr) polymorphism was associated with better ORR ( P =0.02): Wildtype (GG): 43% Heterozygote (AG): 30% VEGFR2 +1416T>A (His472Gln) polymorphism was associated with average MAP ( P =0.005) AA: Experienced higher MAP change than wildtype (TT) and heterozygote AT genotypes Similar findings were also observed for polymorphisms of VEGFA gene ( P <0.05)
Concuerda con los artículos de Signoretti y Choueiri
B7H1 ha demostrado asociarse a respuesta con antiPD1 en diferentes tumores
target tumor vasculature and thus parameters derived from contrast-enhanced imaging have been evaluated as biomarkers. The simplest incorporation of these observations Coronal (C) T2-weighted and (D) perfusion images of the same patient obtained 8 days after initiation of antiangiogenic therapy with sorafenib and bevacizumab revealed a minimal decrease in the size of the lesion but a marked decrease in tumor vascularity.
are the Morphology, Attenuation, Size and Structure (MASS) criteria. Post treatment lesions are evaluated for central necrosis or decreased attenuation as well as size. MASS criteria favorable response is better correlated with progression and disease specific survival than standard RECIST response.
MATERIALS AND METHODS. Tumor long-axis measurements and volumetric mean tumor attenuation of target lesions on CECT images were correlated with time to progression in 53 patients with metastatic clear cell RCC treated with first-line sorafenib or sunitinib. The frequencies of specific patterns of tumor progression were assessed. The data were used to develop new imaging criteria, the size and attenuation CT (SACT) criteria. CECT findings were evaluated using the SACT criteria, Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST), and modified Choi criteria, and the Kaplan-Meier method was used to estimate survival functions. RESULTS. One or more target metastatic lesions had decreased attenuation of 40 HU in 59% of patients with progression-free survival of > 250 days ( n = 44) after initiating targeted therapy; 0% of patients with earlier disease progression ( n = 9) had this finding. A favorable response based on SACT criteria had a sensitivity of 75% and specificity of 100% for identifying patients with progression-free survival of > 250 days, versus 16% and 100%, respectively, for RECIST and 93% and 44% for the modified Choi criteria. CONCLUSION. Objectively measuring changes in both tumor size and attenuation on the first CECT study after initiating targeted therapy for metastatic RCC markedly improves response assessment. Distinct patterns of disease recurrence are seen in patients with metastatic RCC on targeted therapy.
Sequential FDG-PET/CT as a surrogate marker of response to sunitinib in metastatic clear cell renal cancer. Background: The purpose of this study was to investigate sequential FDG PET-CT as a correlative marker in metastatic clear cell renal cancer (mRCC) patients treated with first line sunitinib. Three sequential scans were performed to determine the importance of the timing of scans. Methods: Forty-four untreated mRCC patients with MSKCC intermediate risk and poor risk disease were enrolled into a prospective study. FDG PET-CT scans were performed before (n=44), after 4 weeks (n=43) and 16 weeks (n=40) of sunitinib given at standard doses as the translational aspect of this trial (NCT01024205). The primary endpoint was to determine whether 18 F-FDG PET-CT response (defined as a 20% reduction in SUVmax) correlated with survival. Results: Forty-three (98%) patients had FDG PET-CT avid lesions at diagnosis (median SUVmax 6.8 range: <2.5-18.4). In multivariate analysis a high SUVmax and increased number of PET positive lesions correlated with worse overall survival (OS) (HR: 3.30 (95%CI: 1.36-8.45) and 3.67 (95%CI: 1.43-9.39) respectively[p<0.05]). After 4 weeks of sunitinib, metabolic responses occurred in 24 (57%) patients at 4 weeks, but this did not correlate with progression-free survival [PFS] (HR for responders= 0.87 [95%CI: 0.40-1.99]) or OS (HR for responders= 0.80 [95%CI: 0.34-1.85]) (p>0.05 for both). After 16 weeks of treatment, FDG PET-CT demonstrated disease progression in 28% (n=12) patients. At this time point, the FDG PET-CT correlated with both OS and PFS (HR 5.96 [95%CI: 2.43-19.02] and HR 12.13 [95%CI: 3.72-46.45] respectively). Conclusions: Baseline FDG PET prior to sunitinib yields prognostically significant data. FDG PET response at 16 weeks predicts outcome, which is not the case at 4 weeks. This subsets of patients with a poor prognosis at 16 weeks could be investigated within the context of a randomized clinical trial.
In contrast, vEGF SNP 1498 genotype frequencies in the study cohort was more congruent with the expected frequencies reported in the NCBI database for caucasian populations Multivariate analysis adjusting for baseline HTN and use of antihypertensive meds Importance of duration???
Polibromo-1: encontrado en el 41% de los CCR, es un gen que codifica un complejo de remodelación de la cromatina Proteína 1 asociada a BRCA1: presente en el 15% Solo 7 pacientes tienen las 2 alteraciones