1. Novedades en riesgo cardiovascular
Dr. Cèsar Morcillo Serra
Servicio de Medicina Interna
18 / 04 / 2017
2. Sanitas
Iceberg de las enfermedades cardiovasculares
- Enfermedades cardiovasculares son la principal causa de morbimortalidad
- >4,000,000 Muertes cada año en Europa
- 1 muerte cada 8 segundos
Novedades en riesgo cardiovascular
3. Sanitas
Novedades en riesgo cardiovascular
Iceberg de las enfermedades cardiovasculares
- Enfermedades cardiovasculares son la principal causa de morbimortalidad
- >4,000,000 Muertes cada año en Europa
- 1 muerte cada 8 segundos
7. Sanitas
Caso clínico
Paciente de 50 años, no fumador, que consulta
para revisión, con antecedentes de:
-Diabetes mellitus tipo 2
-Hipercolesterolemia e hipertrigliceridemia
-Hiperuricemia
-Hipertensión arterial esencial
-Hernia de hiato
-Sobrepeso
-Tratamiento habitual:
– Metformina 850mg 1 comprimido al día.
– Omeprazol 20mg 1 comprimido al día.
14. Sanitas
• 243 patients without known atherosclerosis.
54% patients had coronary atherosclerosis.
• Detection of silent coronary atherosclerosis
increases the risk of having an event 7,2 times.
• 76% low-intermediate SCORE risk patients
should be reclassified to high risk.
Coronariografía por TAC
23. Sanitas
Fasting Is Not Routinely Required for Determination of a Lipid Profile!
A Joint Consensus Statement from the European Atherosclerosis Society and European Federation of Clinical
Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine. DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2016.258897 Published June 2016
Hipercolesterolemia
24. Sanitas
Possibly beneficial:
Stanol/sterol ester margarines (2 g per day) [IID]
Not recommended:
Vitamin C, vitamin E, and beta-carotene supplementation in patients with ischemic heart disease [IIIA]
Treatment of elevated homocysteine with folate or vitamins B6 & B12 in patients with ischemic heart disease [IIIA]
Garlic, coenzyme Q10, selenium and chromium [IIID]
Chelating therapy [IIID]
Not recommended and possibly harmful:
Estrogen therapy in post-menopausal women with stable IHD and or history of stroke [IIIA]
Testosterone in men with ischemic vascular disease (IVD) [IIIB]
Hipercolesterolemia
29. Sanitas
Insuficiencia renal
Proton Pump Inhibitor Use and the Risk of Chronic Kidney Disease
JAMA Intern Med. 2016;176(2):238-246
Use of proton-pump inhibitors (PPIs) is associated with a 20% to 50% increased risk for developing chronic kidney
disease (CKD), suggests an observational study in JAMA Internal Medicine.
In the main, population-based cohort, researchers followed over 10,000 people without CKD at baseline. Over roughly 14
years, nearly 14% developed CKD. Rates of CKD were higher among patients using PPIs at baseline, compared with
nonusers (14.2 vs. 10.7 events per 1000 person-years). PPI users also had higher rates of acute kidney injury than did
nonusers. Similar associations were observed in a larger replication cohort.
Recommend monitoring renal function and magnesium levels in patients taking PPIs, switching to H2 receptor
antagonists when feasible,
30. Sanitas
Hipercolesterolemia
Estatinas % pacientes que experimentan
síntomas musculares 1
Pravastatina 10.9%
Atorvastatina 14.9%
Simvastatina 18.2%
Fluvastatina 5.1%
TOTAL 10.5%
Acontecimientos Adversos
Hepáticos
Elevación transaminasas2 0.5-2.0%
Elevación de la Aminotransferasa3 < 1%
Elevación de la Aminotransferasa en
pacientes con atorvastatina 80mg/
día o ezetimiba y una estatina3
2-3%
La Intolerancia a las estatinas conlleva a una discontinuación o disminución de
las dosis y limita la prevención del riesgo CV
31. Sanitas
Hipercolesterolemia
- Decreasing the statin dose may be considered when 2 consecutive values of LDL-C levels are <40 mg/dL
- If unexplained muscle symptoms or fatigue develop during statin therapy:
1º: Discontinue the statin.
2º: If muscle symptoms resolve, give the patient the original dose of the same statin to establish a
causal relationship between the muscle symptoms and statin therapy.
3º: If a causal relationship exists, discontinue the original statin. Once muscle symptoms resolve,
use a low dose of a different statin.
38. Sanitas
Hipercolesterolemia
Los anticuerpos completamente humanos son menos inmunogénicos que
aquellos que contienen elementos murinos
Murino
(0% humano)
Completamente humano
(100% humano)
Humanizado
(> 90% human)
Quimérico
(65% humano)
-umab-zumab-ximab-omab
BajoAlto
Infliximab Trastuzumab Evolocumab
39. Sanitas
Hipercolesterolemia
• Este año, la Agencia Europea del Medicamento ha aprobado la comercialización de
dos anticuerpos monoclonales humanos contra PCSK9, evolocumab y alirocumab.
• Se administran por vía subcutánea cada dos semanas. Se consiguen reducciones
entre 60-70% del colesterol de LDL.
• La principal indicación es:
- Hipercolesterolemia con mal control pese a estatinas o en pacientes intolerantes.
- Hipercolesterolemia familiar homocigota.
47. Sanitas
Aspirina
Aspirin for the Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Events
A Systematic Evidence Review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force; 2015.
In primary prevention populations, aspirin modestly reduces nonfatal MI/coronary events and major CVD events, but also increases
major GI bleeding risk. At some absolute risk for 10-year CVD events, this absolute CVD benefit could potentially outweigh the
bleeding risks
51. Sanitas
Conclusiones: paciente con alto riesgo vascular
• DIAGNÓSTICO:
• 1º estratificar riesgo: SCORE
• 2º si riesgo intermedio o dudas hacer: albuminuria, Doppler TSA, Calcio coronario o ITB.
• TRATAMIENTO:
• Diabetes: metformina e inhibidor SGLT2 (si IFG>60).
• Hiperuricemia >6mg/dl: alopurinol o febuxostat.
• Hipercolesterolemia:
• Fitoesteroles.
• Estatinas si LDL >100 mg/dL o >70 mg/dL si muy alto riesgo. Valorar Ezetimiba.
• Si aparace DM pasar a estatina menos diabetogénica (pitavastatina).
• Si IFG<60: pita, fluva o atorvastatina. Para TG: Omega3 o gemfibrozilo solo.
• Fenofibrato si TG >150 y HDL<40.
• Anti PCSK9 en hipercolesterolemia con mal control pese a estatinas o en
intolerantes e hipercolesterolemia familiar homocigota.
• Hipertensión arterial: tratar en función de comorbilidad.
• Valorar aspirina.