El documento resume los principales cambios en las recomendaciones de tratamiento del asma en la estrategia GINA 2019, incluida la eliminación de la recomendación de tratamiento solo con broncodilatadores de acción corta como rescate para el paso 1 y la recomendación de que todos los pacientes con asma reciban un controlador de dosis baja, marcando un cambio histórico en el manejo del asma.
2. CASO CLÍNICO
Masculino 8 años de edad
Padecimiento actual
• Dificultad respiratoria de 30
minutos de evolución
Exploración Física
• Tiraje, disociación T/A, Posición
en trípode.
• Sibilancias bilaterales
• Madre asmática sin seguimiento
• Dermatitis atópica leve desde los 4
años de edad
• Síntomas de Rinitis Alérgica diarios
• Despertares nocturnos por tos 2
veces por semana
• Limitación a la actividad física
• Eventos de broncoespasmo 3 veces
por año en temporada invernal
Antecedentes
• MNB con Salbutamol en Urgencias
Manejo
3. Epidemiología
IPA (Índice Predictivo de Asma)
• Padres con Asma
• Diagnóstico de eccema
Criterios
Mayores
• Diagnóstico de Rinitis
Alérgica
• Sibilancias no asociadas a
IVR
• Eosinofilia > 4%
Criterios
menores
LACTANTES MENORES DE 3 AÑOS,
CON 3 O MÁS EPISODIOS DE
SIBILANCIAS
VPP
77%
VPN
68%
4. Objetivos a Largo Plazo
Minimizar riesgo de futuras
exacerbaciones, limitación de
flujo y efectos secundarios
Buen control sintomático y
mantener actividad física normal
7. Infrequent
viral wheezing and
no or
few interval
symptoms
Symptom pattern consistent with asthma
and asthma symptoms not well-controlled, or
≥3 exacerbations per year
Symptom pattern not consistent with asthma but wheezing episodes
occur frequently, e.g. every
6–8 weeks.
Give diagnostic trial for 3 months.
Asthma diagnosis, and not well-
controlled on low dose ICS
Not well-
controlled on
double ICS
First check diagnosis, inhaler skills, adherence,
exposures
CONSIDER
THIS STEP FOR
CHILDREN WITH:
RELIEVER
Other
controller
options
PREFERRED
CONTROLLER
CHOICE
As-needed short-acting beta2-agonist (all children)
Leukotriene receptor antagonist (LTRA)
Intermittent ICS
Low dose ICS + LTRA Add LTRA
Inc. ICS
frequency
Add intermitt ICS
Daily low dose ICS
Double
‘low dose’
ICS
Continue controller
& refer for
specialist
assessment
STEP 1 STEP 2
STEP 3
STEP 4
33. Other
controller options
Antagonista del receptor de leucotrienos
(LTRA), o dosis bajas de ICS tomadas cada
vez que se toma SABA*
Low dose
ICS+LTRA
High dose ICS-
LABA, or add-
on tiotropium,
or add-on LTRA
Add-on anti-IL5,
or add-on low
dose OCS,
but consider
side-effects
Dosis bajas de
ICS tomadas cada
vez que se toma
SABA *; o dosis
bajas diarias de
ICS
RELIEVER
* Off-label; separate ICS and SABA inhalers; only one study in children
PREFERRED
CONTROLLER
to prevent exacerbations
and control symptoms
STEP 1
STEP 2
Dosis diaria baja de corticosteroides
inhalados (ICS) (ver tabla de rangos de
dosis de ICS para niños)
STEP 3
Dosis baja ICS-
LABA, o dosis
media ICS
Box 3-5B
Children 6-11 years
Personalized asthma management:
Assess, Adjust, Review response
Asthma medication options:
Adjust treatment up and down for
individual child’s needs
STEP 5
Refer for
phenotypic
assessment
± add-on
therapy,
e.g. anti-IgE
STEP 4
Dosis media
ICS-LABA
Solicite
asesoramient
o experto
Symptoms
Exacerbations
Side-effects
Lung function
Child and parent
satisfaction
Confirmation of diagnosis if necessary
Symptom control & modifiable
risk factors (including lung function)
Comorbidities
Inhaler technique & adherence
Child and parent goals
Treatment of modifiable risk factors
& comorbidities
Non-pharmacological strategies
Education & skills training
Asthma medications
As-needed short-acting β2 -agonist (SABA)
42. IDM o MDI
(Inhalador Dosis Medida)
V E N TA J A S
• Dosis controlada, exacta
• Partícula de 2-4 micras
• Fácil transporte
• Esterilidad medicamento
• El paciente percibe su inhalación
• Adaptable a circuitos de
ventiladores
• Limpieza y mantenimiento
sencillos
D E S V E N TA J A S
• Dificultad de la coordinación entre
la inspiración y el disparo (2-
8m/sec)
• Favorece el choque de las
partículas en la orofaringe
• Efecto frío del freón
• Efecto de los CFC en la capa de
ozono
• Abuso del fármaco
• J Allergy Clin Immunol 2002;109:S447-60
50. Dr. Jorge Alemán Zapata Dr. Jorge Alemán Zapata
Cel. 82409972
Clinica Galo
23113626
Notas del editor
Dispositivos Nebulizadores.- El mas común en crisis, deposito pulmonar menor al 10% de la dosis,
IDM.- 40 años, dispotivo mas común en manejo, requiere coordinación disparo-inhalación, deposito orofaringeo en 80%
IDM + cámara, el chido
Comment that we have made the figure in landscape orientation, so that the arrowed circle will always be seen
Dusser D, Montani D, Chanez P, de Blic J, Delacourt C, Deschildre A, Devillier P, et al. Mild asthma: an expert review on epidemiology, clinical characteristics and treatment recommendations. Allergy 2007;62:591-604.
Reddel HK, Ampon RD, Sawyer SM, Peters MJ. Risks associated with managing asthma without a preventer: urgent healthcare, poor asthma control and over-the-counter reliever use in a cross-sectional population survey. BMJ open 2017;7:e016688.
Hancox RJ, Cowan JO, Flannery EM, Herbison GP, McLachlan CR, Taylor DR. Bronchodilator tolerance and rebound bronchoconstriction during regular inhaled beta-agonist treatment. Respir Med 2000;94:767-71.
Aldridge RE, Hancox RJ, Robin Taylor D, Cowan JO, Winn MC, Frampton CM, Town GI. Effects of terbutaline and budesonide on sputum cells and bronchial hyperresponsiveness in asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000;161:1459-64.
Stanford RH, Shah MB, D’Souza AO, Dhamane AD, Schatz M. Short-acting β-agonist use and its ability to predict future asthma-related outcomes. Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology 2012;109:403-7.
Suissa S, Ernst P, Boivin JF, Horwitz RI, Habbick B, Cockroft D, Blais L, et al. A cohort analysis of excess mortality in asthma and the use of inhaled beta-agonists. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994;149:604-10.
Reddel HK, Ampon RD, Sawyer SM, Peters MJ. Risks associated with managing asthma without a preventer: urgent healthcare, poor asthma control and over-the-counter reliever use in a cross-sectional population survey. BMJ open 2017;7:e016688.
Hancox RJ, Cowan JO, Flannery EM, Herbison GP, McLachlan CR, Taylor DR. Bronchodilator tolerance and rebound bronchoconstriction during regular inhaled beta-agonist treatment. Respir Med 2000;94:767-71.
Aldridge RE, Hancox RJ, Robin Taylor D, Cowan JO, Winn MC, Frampton CM, Town GI. Effects of terbutaline and budesonide on sputum cells and bronchial hyperresponsiveness in asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000;161:1459-64.
Stanford RH, Shah MB, D’Souza AO, Dhamane AD, Schatz M. Short-acting β-agonist use and its ability to predict future asthma-related outcomes. Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology 2012;109:403-7.
Suissa S, Ernst P, Boivin JF, Horwitz RI, Habbick B, Cockroft D, Blais L, et al. A cohort analysis of excess mortality in asthma and the use of inhaled beta-agonists. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994;149:604-10.
Four GINA members (O’Byrne, Bateman, FitzGerald, Reddel) sought funding from AstraZeneca, Chiesi, and government agencies. Depending on the context of the presentation, you may want to explain that, although GINA’s focus was on risk reduction, the regulator required the primary outcome for SYGMA 1 to be a ‘control’ measure that would be relevant to all patients. The measure that was used (electronically recorded well-controlled asthma weeks, eWCAW) was systematically biased against the ICS-formoterol arm; a patient in the ICS group could take 14 doses of ICS in a week and still be counted as having a well-controlled week, whereas if a patient in the budesonide-formoterol arm took 5 doses of ICS-formoterol in a week, the week was automatically counted as not well-controlled.
If relevant, you can say that the inclusion criteria for SYGMA 1 and 2 were based on the GINA 2012 report (i.e. based on the conventional criterion of symptoms >twice/week for starting ICS), as the GINA 2014 report had not been published when the SYGMA protocols were finalized
With population-level risk reduction strategies, short-term clinical benefit may not necessarily be seen in individual patients. The aim is to reduce the probability of serious adverse outcomes at a population level.
Comment that we have made the figure in landscape orientation, so that the arrowed circle will always be seen
This slide is animated to show the emphasis on personalised treatment, and that treatment doesn’t mean just medications, but also treatment of modifiable risk factors and comorbidities, and non-pharmacological strategies
All evidence to date is with low dose budesonide-formoterol, but BDP-formoterol could also potentially be used in the same way. Other ICS-rapid onset LABA formulations have a higher dose of formoterol (e.g. fluticasone propionate-formoterol, mometasone-formoterol), and do not necessarily have similar benefit from cumulative doses of these ICS
The dotted line around Step 1 indicates that the evidence is indirect
State that in 2019, there is a separate treatment figure for children, rather than differences being handled with footnotes, as in the past.
This slide shows a page from the decision tree in v2.0 pocket guide – addition of dupilumab, and of prompt for extension of treatment trial if response is unclear