El 3 de noviembre de 2015, la Fundación Ramón Areces organizó en su sede en Madrid (C/ Vitruvio, 5) una jornada sobre ‘El cáncer como consecuencia del envejecimiento: posibles soluciones’. Coordinado por la investigadora María Vallet Regí, del Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Bioinorgánica de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, contó con la presencia, entre otros científicos, de Mariano Barbacid, Lodovico Balducci y Theresa Guise.
3. PREGUNTAS
• Porque el cáncer se vuelve mas común con el
envejecimiento?
• Crecimiento canceroso y envejecimiento
• El cancer es una causa común de mortalidad
para el anciano?
• Puede el paciente aprovechar la prevención y
el tratamiento?
• Como abordar una situación complexa
5. PORQUE EL CANCER SE VUELVE MAS
COMUN CON EL ENVEJECIMENTO
• Duración de la carcinogénesis
• Aumentada susceptibilidad de los tejidos
viejos a los carcinógenos ambientales.
• Cambios en el ambiente corpóreo
Genovese et al, NEJM, 2014, 371, 2477
Balducci L: Interdisc Top Gerontol, 2013, 38, 61
Kennedy BK: Cell, 2014, 159, 709
8. La susceptibilidad de los tejidos humanos a los
cancerígenos ambientales aumenta con la edad
• La trasformación maligna de los pólipos
intestinales vuelve mas rápido con la edad.
• Aumentado riesgo de leucemia aguda después de
la quimioterapia en las personas de 65 y mas
años.
• Incidencia del cáncer aumentada en las personas
con telomeros mas curtos
• Aumento geométrico de la incidencia de los
canceres de colon y próstata con la edad
• Epidemias de cánceres del cerebro y de los
linfomas en los ancianos.
Brenner, 2007
Patt et al J Clin Oncol, 2007,,25, 3871
Willeit et al, JAMA, 2010, 304,69
Qu et al, Am J Epidemiol, 2013, 177,617
9. Largo de los teloneros y incidencia de cáncer
Más largos intermedios Más breves
Incidencia
anual de
cáncer
5.1 14.2 22.5
Riesgo
relativo
1.0 2.15 3.11
15. Importancia del suelo
Misma dosis de
LLC y B16
melanoma
Muerte in 3 semanas
25 metástasis
Muerte en 23 semanas
12 metástasis
16. Semilla y suelo en los humanos
Semilla
• Leucemia aguda
• Linfoma a células grandes
• Cancer de mama
Suelo
• Linfomas
• Cancer de mama
• Mieloma
• Ovario?
26. Copyright 2012 by the American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved. Applicable FARS/DFARS Restrictions
Apply to Government Use. American Medical Association, 515 N. State St, Chicago, IL 60610. Published by
American Medical Association.
2
Figure.
Association Between Age at Diagnosis and Disease-
Specific Mortality Among Postmenopausal Women With
Hormone Receptor-Positive Breast Cancer.
van de Water, Willemien; Markopoulos, Christos; MD,
PhD; van de Velde, Cornelis; MD, PhD; Seynaeve,
Caroline; MD, PhD; Hasenburg, Annette; MD, PhD; Rea,
Daniel; Putter, Hein; Nortier, Johan; MD, PhD; de Craen,
Anton; MD, PhD; Hille, Elysee; Bastiaannet, Esther; Hadji,
Peyman; MD, PhD; Westendorp, Rudi; MD, PhD; Liefers,
Gerrit-Jan; MD, PhD; Jones, Stephen
JAMA. 307(6):590-597, February 8, 2012.
DOI: 10.1001/jama.2012.84
Figure. Cumulative Incidence of Death Due to Breast
Cancer, Other Causes, and All Causes by Age at
DiagnosisaOther-cause death is defined as all causes
except breast cancer (second primary tumor,
endometrial cancer, cardiac disorder, thromboembolism,
pulmonary disorder, cerebral disorder, vascular disorder,
other causes, and unknown causes).
La mortalidad del cáncer de mama
Aumenta con la edad después de 65 años
27. CLL death rate by age: USA vital statistics
Mortalidade de leucemia linfatica cronica y edad
28. La mortalidad de cáncer de próstata
aumenta con la edad
Incidence and mortality from Prostate Cancer in the USA in 2007 . US vital statistics
31. Doctores y armas de fuego
• Hay 700.00,00 médicos en los EU que causan
120.000,00 muertes accidentales cada año.
• El numero de muertes accidentales per doctor es
0.171
• Hay 80.000.000,00 posesores de armas de fuego en
los EU
• El numero de muertes accidentales causadas para
armas de fuego es 1500,00 (0,00009 per posesor de
armas de fuego)
32. Doctores y armas de fuego
• De un punto di vista estadístico los doctores
son 9000 veces mas peligrosos de las armas
de fuego
• Acordarse: “son los doctores los que matan,
no las armas de fuego
• Hace falta eliminar a los médicos antes que la
situación vuelva a ser sin solución
33. Linfoma y edad: mismo tratamiento
mismos beneficios
Lee KW, et al. Cancer. 2003;98:2651-6.
Cumulativesurvival
Overall survival (months)
34. Decisiones relativas al tratamiento
CANCER
•Agresividad
•Estadio
Paciente
•Esperanza de vida
•Tolerancia del tratamiento
Reserva funcional
Reserva social
Reserva financiera
Decisiones
Tratamiento
•Eficaz
•toxicidad
35. Farmacología del envejecimiento
Farmacocinética
•Eliminación renal
disminuida
•Metabolismo hepático
disminuido?
•Volumen de distribución
hídrico disminuido
•Absorción?
Farmacodinamia
•Complicaciones agudas
•Complicaciones tardías
Balducci et al, Surg Oncol, 2010, 19, 117
36. Toxicidad de la quimioterapia y edad
Toxicidad acuda
•Depresión de la medula,
neutropenia y infecciones
•Mucosita, diarrea y
deshidratación
•Toxicidad cardiaca
•Neurotoxicitad
Toxicidad tardía
•Cansancio
•Insuficiencia cardiaca
•Neuropatía periférica
•Myelodysplasia y
leucemia aguda
•Demencia
Hurria et al JNCCCN, 2014,12,82
Balducci & Fossa Acta Oncol, 2013,52, 233
Lyman et al J Clin Oncol, 2010, 28, 2914
37. Edad y infecciones neutropenicas en la comunidad (CHOP y CNOP)
GROUPS WITHOUT
GF
WITH GF p-VALUE
ALL
PATIENTS
100/356
(28%)
7/49 (14%) .0159
65+ 62/164 (38%) 6/29 (21%) .0352
CARDIAC
PROBLEMS
24/46(52%) 1/9 (11%) .0230
Chriscilles et al, Cancer Control, 2002
41. EFFECTIVENESS OF HEMOPOIETIC GROWTH FACTORS
ZINZANI
G-CSF
NO-GCSF
350
23%
56%
5%
21%
ZAGONEL
G-CSF
NO G-CSF
126
4.8%
27.7%
4.8%
15.6%
BERTINI
G-CSF
NO G-CSF
90
22%
44%
2%
9.5%
BJORKHOLM
G-CSF
NO G-CSF
455
62%
91%
31%
47%
DOORDUIJN ET
AL
G-CSF
NO G-CSF
411
20%
32%
Patient # neutropenia infections
42. Incidence of Febrile Neutropeniaa
Error bars represent 95% confidence intervals.
2.6 6.7 3.8 10.2
0
5
10
15
20
First cycle Subsequent cycle First cycle Subsequent cycle
Cycle 1 Cycle 1 Overall Overall
Incidence
Cycle 1 Overall
p = 0.0014
a
Febrile neutropenia is defined as ANC < 1 x 109
/L and temperature ≥ 38o
C
n = 343 343 343 343
45. Valoración de la edad fisiológica
Laboratorio
• Marcadores de la inflamación en la
circulación
• Indicadores de estrés oxidativo
• Metilación del DNA
• Largo de los telomeros leucocitarios
• Análisis de los componentes principales
• P16-INK4a en los tejidos
46. Valoración de la edad fisiológica
Valoración clínica
•Valoración geriátrica comprensiva
•Valoración funcional
•Valoración de la fragilidad
47. Los síndromes geriátricos en la literatura
• Siempre había creído que con la primera caída
llegaba la vejez y con la segunda la muerte
• Quien pierde la memoria se haga una de papel
Garcia Marquez: el amor en los tiempos del colera
48. LEE ET AL, JAMA, 2006
RISK FACTORS Odd ratiO SCORE
AGE
60-64
65-69
70-74
75-79
80-84
85
Male sex
1.9
2.8
3.7
5.4
8.3
16.2
2
1
2
3
4
5
7
2
comorbidity
Diabetes
Cáncer
Respiratory disease
CHF
BMI < 25
Smoking
1.8
2.1
2.3
2.3
1.7
2.1
1
2
2
2
1
2
Function
grooming
Financial management
Walking one block
Push and pull weighty objects
2.0
1.9
2.1
1.5
2
2
2
1
Geriatric assessment and life-expectancy
49. LEE ET AL, JAMA, 2006
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
1 o
2
3
o4
5 6 8 9 >10
>80
70-79
50-69
CGA AND FOUR YEARS MORTALITY RATE
57. Dos ejemplos de complexidad
• Hombre de 85 años con
linfomas a células
grandes
• Independiente en las
actividades del vivir
diario
• Cancer de colon estadio
II hace 6 años
• Diabetes y hipertensión
58. Dos ejemplos de complexidad
• Hombre de 78 años con
• Cancer de próstata
castrato-resistente y
cancer del esófago
estadio III in remisión
• Disnea severa da
estenosis aortica con
hipertrofia del
ventrículo izquierdo
• Dependiente IADL
59. Una ventana sobre el dibujo: análisis
de los componentes principales (PCA)
Cohen AA et al, PLoS, 2015
60. Conclusiones
• La incidencia y la prevalencia del cáncer
aumentan con la edad
• El Cáncer es letal para el paciente anciano
• El envejecimiento y la carcinogénesis son
enlazados para tres razones: duración de la
carcinogénesis, vulnerabilidad de los tejidos
viejos a los carcinógenos, y cambios en el
ambiente corpóreo
61. Conclusiones
• El crecimiento del cancer puede cambiar con
el envejecimiento para cambios en la semilla y
en le suelo
• El tratamiento sistémico del cáncer en el
anciano puede ser eficaz cuando es
personalizado y cuando la terapia de suporte
es adecuada
• La determinación de la edad fisiológica es un
proceso en evolución
Figure 2. Candidate Driver Somatic Mutations. Panel A shows all genes identified as carrying a significant excess of disruptive (nonsense, frame-shift, and splice-site) somatic mutations among 11,845 participants with sequencing data of sufficient quality for the detection of somatic mutations. To control for potential systematic sequencing artifacts due to sequence context, somatic mutations observed in multiple participants were counted only once. Panel B shows the contribution of individual genes to the total number of candidate driver somatic mutations that were observed. Panel C shows a comutation plot for participants with multiple candidate driver somatic mutations. Panel D shows estimates for participants with clonal hematopoiesis with candidate drivers (carrying at least one candidate driver mutation), those with clonal hematopoiesis with unknown drivers (carrying three or more detectable somatic mutations and no candidate drivers), and those with clonal hematopoiesis and candidate or unknown drivers. The shaded bands represent 95% confidence intervals.
Figure 1. Prevalence of Somatic Mutations, According to Age. Colored bands, in increasingly lighter shades, represent the 50th, 75th, and 95th percentiles.
The tumor growth may change with aging for two reasons: the tumor cell may be different (the seed) or the tumor host may be different (the soil). Immune-senescence, endocrine-senescence, sarcopenia, may all modulate tumor growth
Meta-analysis of the prognostic impact of assigned B-cell–associated gene signature (BAGS) subtypes. (A, C, E) Overall survival and (B, D, F) progression-free survival were compared between BAGS subtypes for patients treated with rituximab plus cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone (R-CHOP). For overall survival, the following three cohorts were used: Lymphoma/Leukemia Molecular Profiling Project (LLMPP) R-CHOP, International Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma Rituximab-CHOP Consortium MD Anderson Project (IDRC), and Mayo Clinic, Brigham and Women&apos;s Hospital, and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute Project (MDFCI). For progression-free survival, only LLMPP R-CHOP and IDRC were used. The comparisons were performed (A, B) overall and according to the (C, D) activated B-cell–like and (E, F) germinal center B-cell–like subclasses based on Kaplan-Meier survival curves, log-rank test P values, and hazard ratios. For clarity, the naive and unclassified cells were excluded from the Kaplan-Meier analysis. CB, centroblast; CC, centrocyte; M, memory; PB, plasmablast.
Logistic regression analysis of molecular features and age. (A) Logistic regression analyses of ABC/GCB gene expression groups, immunohistochemical BCL2 expression, IRF4 translocations, 1q21 gains, changes in 3q27 (including gains and translocations of BCL6), 18q21 gains, 7p22 gains, and 7q21 gains. Patients with the respective feature are plotted in red scattered around the horizontal at 1. Patients lacking the respective feature are given in green at the bottom scattered around 0. The dashed line indicates the overall frequency of the feature irrespective of age. The blue logistic regression curve represents the estimated conditional probability of having the feature at a given age at diagnosis. (B) Scatter plot of age at diagnosis (in years) versus genetic complexity calculated as the sum of all detected genomic aberrations per lymphoma sample taking into account: t(14;18) IGH/BCL2 fusion, BCL6 translocation, MYC translocation, and all copy number aberrations listed in supplemental Table 2. The line indicates the Poisson regression curve representing the estimated average number of abnormalities as a function of age at diagnosis.
OS according to age for AML (non-APL) patients diagnosed in 1997 to 2006, with follow-up in December 2008.31,41 Nine patients were younger than 20 years.
Key Points:
Older patients accounted for a disproportionate number of inpatient deaths relative to admissions, with patients aged 65 and older accounting for 27% of all admissions for FN but 36% of inpatient deaths.
A significant linear increase in mortality by age group (P &lt; 0.001) was also observed.
Background:
Kuderer et al. analyzed hospital admissions data from the University HealthSystem Consortium database for the years 1995 to 2000. The large database contains data compiled from 115 member institutions--primarily large, academic medical centers.
During this 5-year period, admissions for FN in cancer patients totaled 41,779. Patients with marrow/stem cell transplantation were excluded. 4,553 (10.9%) deaths occurred during hospitalization. (These data include patients with solid tumors, lymphoma and acute myelogenous leukemia.)
This analysis showed that preadmission demographic factors and the diagnosis, along with age and the occurrence of complications influence the clinical and economic outcomes in hospitalization for FN.
Kuderer N, Cosler LE, Crawford J, Dale DC, Lyman GH. Increased mortality and rising costs associated with febrile
neutropenia in older cancer patients. Poster presented at: Annual Meeting of the International Society of Geriatric
Oncology; September 27, 2002. Boston, MA.
Five studies indicate that filgrastim is effective in older cancer patients.
A picture of my twin aunts at their 90 birthday. The aunt in the left was and still is very independent (at age 98); she still runs her household and the only thing she does not do anymore is to drive, which may just be a sign of maturity more than of aging, as driving in Italy is anyway foolish. The other aunt, at age 90 was completely demented and dependent. So here we have the most characteristic aspect of aging: same nature, same nurture, very different outcome at 90. Diversity of aging. How chronologic age is a poor predictor of physiologic age. Aging is always a progressive reduction of functional reserve of multiple organs and system, increased risk of comorbidity, and shrinking social and personal resources, but these changes occur at a different rate in different individuals. Aging is highly individualized