14. Mecanismo de acción de DIU cobre
– Reacción a cuerpo extraño
Aumento de prostaglandiinas a nivel endometrial
Aumento de leucocitos
– Hostilidad para:
Espermatozoides
Cigoto
15. Contraindicación de DIU
Puerperio entre 48 horas y 4 semanas por tener un aumentado
riesgo de expulsión;
Enfermedad trofoblástica gestacional
Cáncer de ovario;
Probabilidad de gonorrea o Clamidia
VIH SIDA
Riesgo de tromboembolia
Embarazo;
Parto o Aborto séptico;
Sangrado vaginal
Cáncer de endometrio
Distorsiones en la cavidad uterina por razón de fibromas uterinos o
anormalidades anatómicas;
Enfermedad inflamatoria pélvica
Tuberculosis pélvica.
40. Sistema Intrauterino Liberador de
Levonorgestrel. Opinión de ACOG
… una opción terapéutica conveniente y efectiva
para el tratamiento del sangrado menstrual abundante,
que conserva la fertilidad y proporciona anticoncepción segura.
44. MIRENA: Beneficios de la acción local
Niveles plasmáticos menores que ACO o Implantes-3
Sin deterioro en los niveles de estradiol5
45. Comparación DIU de cobre y DIU-LNG
Promedio de días de sangrado por ciclo durante los
primeros 24 meses
6
DIU de
Días de sangr ado
cobr e
4
2
SIU-LNG
6 12 24
Meses
46. Niveles séricos bajos de LNG con Mirena ®
2000
Levonorgestrel plasmático
1500
(pg/mL)
1000
500
0
1 2 5 250 µg VO de
Años de uso de Mirena® levonorgestrel
Suhonen et al. Fertil Steril 1995; 63: 336–42
47. MIRENA Eficacia Anticonceptiva
Pearl 0.2 x 100 mujeres / año
Tiempo aprobado de uso: 5 años, máximo
Eficacia similar a la esterilización Quirúrgica
Mirena: Menos riesgos y costos; reversible
48. MIRENA Eficacia Anticonceptiva
10 revisiones completas y 1 protocolo fueron incluídos
“El SIU-LNG tiene eficacia comparable a los DIU-Cu
con superficie superior a 250 mm2. Es mas eficaz que
los DIUs con menos cobre.”
49. Mirena® en trastornos de la coagulación
Anticoncepción reversible y altamente confiable
El SIU-LNG es una opción viable y segura para el
manejo de la menorragia en estas mujeres.
Kadir RA et al. Contraception 2007; 75: S123-S129
Kingman et al. BJGO 2004; 111: 1425-1428
50. Mirena® en trastornos médicos
Obesidad
Tabaquismo,
>35 años
Antecedente de Tromboembolismo
Hipertensión arterial con enfermedad vascular
Enfermedad arterial coronaria
Enfermedad cardiaca congestiva
Enfermedad Cerebrovascular
ACOG Practice Bulletin
Clinical Managament Guidelines Number 73, June 2006
51. Mirena® en trastornos médicos
LES,
Nefropatías
Ac. Anti-fosfolípidos
Diabetes Mellitus, sin enfermedad vascular
Uso de anticonvulsivantes
Uso de inductores de enzimas hepáticas
Uso de medicamentos anti-coagulantes
ACOG Practice Bulletin
Clinical Managament Guidelines Number 73, June 2006
52. Mirena® en mujeres con HIV
Anticoncepción muy efectiva a largo plazo
No tiene interacción con el régimen HAART.
Sin incremento en complicaciones/infecciones
Castaño PM. Contraception 2007; 75: S51-S54
53. Comparación de Mirena® y la
Esterilización Femenina
SIU LNG Salpingoclasia
Eficacia +++ +++
Reversibilidad Si No
Sangrado Reducido Sin reducción
Dolor Reducido Si efecto
Costo Bajo Alto
Complicaciones Raras Riesgo
operatorio
Arrepentimiento Reversible Irreversible
Pakarinen Seminars in reproductive medicine 2001; 19: 365-72
55. Sangrado Menstrual Abundante
• Menorragia: Sangrado menstrual que se
presenta en intervalos normales (21─35
días), pero es
– Abundante (≥ 80 ml) o Prolongado (≥ 7 días)
• La pérdida sanguínea menstrual abundante
puede causar preocupación, vergüenza,
molestias e inconveniencias. Al cabo de
varios ciclos puede causar anemia por
deficiencia de hierro.
56. Causas de Sangrado Menstrual
Abundante
Idiopática (sin causa aparente)
Trastornos endocrinos o de la coagulación
Algunos medicamentos
Hiperplasia de endometrio
Miomas
Endometriosis / Adenomiosis
Infecciones genitales
Pólipos endometriales
Enfermedades malignas
57. Tratamiento médico del Sangrado
Menstrual Abundante
SIU-LNG
Progestinas (orales o inyectables)
Anti-inflamatorios no esteroideos (AINEs)
Anticonceptivos combinados orales
Danazol
Análogos de la GnRH
58. Opciones quirúrgicas para el
Sangrado Menstrual Abundante
Histerectomía
Ablación/Resección
endometrial
59. Ciclo menstrual Ciclo menstrual en una
normal mujer con SIU
Menstruación
Ovulación
Ovulación
Días del ciclo Días del ciclo
60. El SIU-LNG reduce efectivamente la pérdida
sanguínea menstrual (PSM)
200
PSM promedio (ml)
150
100
(≥80mL PSM = Menorragia)
50
- 86% * - 91% * - 97% * * p<0.001
0
Basal 3 6 12
Meses de uso del SIU-LNG
Andersson and Rybo. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1990; 97: 690-4
61. El SIU-LNG es tan efectivo como la noretisterona en reducir la
pérdida sanguínea menstrual (PSM)
140
Basal
120
3 meses
120
100
105
PSM promedio (mL)
80
60
40
20
20
6
0
SIU-LNG Noretisterona
Irvine et al. Obstet Gynaecol 1998; 105: 592-8
62. El SIU-LNG es significativamente más efectivo que flurbiprofeno y
Ác. tranexámico en reducir la pérdida sanguínea menstrual
Flurbiprofeno
Ácido
SIU-LNG (FL)
Tranexámico
0
-10 -24.4
-20
-30
-47.5
-40
Porcentaje de cambio de la
PSM a partir de la basal
*** * P<0.05 (FL vs AT)
-50
**P<0.01 (SIU-LNG® vs AT)
-60 ** ***P<0.001 (SIU-LNG vs FL)
-70 -83
-80
-90 *
-100
Milsom et al. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1991; 164: 879-83
63. El SIU-LNG tiene eficacia comparable a la resección
endometrial en reducir la pérdida sanguínea menstrual
250
203.2
184.8
200
150
Basal
PSM promedio
100 12 meses
38.8
50
23.5
0
SIU-LNG Resección
endometrial
Crosignani et al. Obstet Gynecol 1997; 90: 257-63
64. Ambos tratamientos tienen altas tasas de satisfacción
94
100
85
90
80
70
Proporción de satisfechas
y muy satisfechas (%)
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
SIU-LNG Resección
endometrial
Crosignani et al. Obstet Gynecol 1997; 90: 257-63
65. Resumen de estudios que comparan SIU-
LNG con ablación/resección endometrial
Estudio N Reducción en la pérdida
sanguínea menstrual (PSM)
Henshaw et al., 2002
SIU-LNG 20 82% (promedio 20.9 meses)
Ablación con microondas 35 73% (promedio 8.3 meses)
Barrington et al., 2003
SIU-LNG 25 71% (6 meses)
Ablación con balón térmico 25 50% (6 meses)
Istre and Trolle, 2001
SIU-LNG 30 90% (12 meses)
Resección endometrial transcervical 29 98% (12 meses)
Kittelsen and Istre, 1998
SIU-LNG 24 90% (12 meses)
Resección endometrial transcervical 29 98% (12 meses)
66. SIU-LNG vs histerectomía: Satisfacción a 5 años
100 94 93
90
80
Proporción de satisfechas
y muy satisfechas (%)
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
SIU-LNG Histerectomía
Hurskainen et al. JAMA 2004; 291: 1456-63
67. SIU-LNG en pacientes con Miomatosis
• En mujeres con miomatosis uterina, con o sin sangrado
menstrual abundante: alta eficacia anticonceptiva..
• En estas mujeres, el SIU-LNG reduce la pérdida sanguínea
menstrual y reduce la dismenorrea también.
• El SIU no disminuye el tamaño de los miomas ni del útero.
• El SIU-LNG es una buena opción terapéutica para mujeres
seleccionadas con miomatosis uterina sintomática.
Kaunitz A. Contraception 2007; S130-S133
68. “El uso del endoceptivo liberador de
levonorgestrel es una buena alternativa
a la histerectomía en el tratamiento de la
menorragia y debe considerarse antes
de la histerectomía u otros tratamientos
invasivos”
Lähteenmäki et al. BMJ 1998; 316: 1122-6
69. Revisión Sistemática de los efectos benéficos no
anticonceptivos del SIU-LNG. US Preventive Services Task Force
Rating
Grado
Nivel Evidencia
Recomendación
↑ Hb I A
Tratamiento de la Menorragia I A
Protección endometrial (TH) I A
Alternativa a la histerectomía I B
Protección endometrial
I B
(tamoxifeno)
Prevención de la anemia II B
Hubacher, Grimes – Obst & Gyn Survey 2002; 57: 2
70.
71. SIU-LNG vs. Histerectomía
Costos Directos de la Cirugía
Consultas, tiempo de espera
Valoraciones, exámenes de laboratorio y gabinete
Costo de hospitalización y cirugía
Costos indirectos de la cirugía
Incapacidad física y laboral
Morbilidad y mortalidad de la cirugía/anestesia
Irreversible, mutilante
SIU-LNG
Consulta, asesoría, colocación y seguimiento
Costos ~20% de los asociados a HTA o Ablación
Baja morbilidad, bien tolerado, alta satisfacción
72. Costos SIU-LNG vs. histerectomía a 5 años
1er trim.
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500
MIRENA HISTERECTOMIA
Hurskainen et al. JAMA 2004; 291: 1456-63
73. SIU-LNG como alternativa a la histerectomía
Mujeres que cancelaron su histerectomía a 6 meses
100
90
80
70
Proporción de mujeres (%)
60
50
40
*p<0.001 entre grupos
30
20
10
0
SIU-LNG Control
Lähteenmäki et al. BMJ 1998; 316: 1122-6
74.
75. SIU-LNG vs. Ablación en tratamiento de la menorragia
Histeroscopía y ablación endometrial:
Equipo sofisticado y costoso
Entrenamiento formal en el procedimiento
Anestesia, quirófano y recuperación
Colocación del SIU-LNG:
Equipo de uso rutinario en un consultorio
Entrenamiento sencillo
76. SIU-LNG vs. Ablación en tratamiento de la menorragia
79 mujeres con menorragia. Histeroscopía Dx.
SIU-LNG: 40, Ablación endometrial con balón:
39
Costo: SIU-LNG 280 dls, Balón p/ablación
900 dls
Histerectomía total abdominal: 3332 dls.
Brown PM et al BJOG 2006; 113: 797-803
Notas del editor
This presentation covers the use of Mirena ® for the treatment of menorrhagia. Mirena ® is also indicated for contraception and for endometrial protection during oestrogen replacement therapy. For further information, please refer to the Mirena ® Prescribing Information, and these educational websites: www.schering.com www.femalelife.com www.mirena.com
There are 3 indications for Mirena ® : contraception, treatment of idiopathic menorrhagia, and endometrial protection during oestrogen replacement therapy. This presentation focuses on the use of Mirena ® in the treatment of menorrhagia.
There are 3 indications for Mirena ® : contraception, treatment of idiopathic menorrhagia, and endometrial protection during oestrogen replacement therapy. This presentation focuses on the use of Mirena ® in the treatment of menorrhagia.
Comparación del DIU de Cobre y Mirena: Promedio de Días de Sangrado por Ciclo En las usuarias de Mirena ® , el número de días de sangrado disminuye significativamente después de los primeros 6 meses de uso. Lahteenmaki y sus colaboradores reportaron en su artículo de revisión sobre Mirena ® y el DIU de cobre (NOVA T), que el número promedio de días de sangrado fue, en un grupo de usuarias de Mirena ® después de 3 meses, de sólo 2 días. En las usuarias del DIU de cobre, el número promedio de días de sangrado fue de 4 durante un periodo de estudio de 24 meses.
There are 3 indications for Mirena ® : contraception, treatment of idiopathic menorrhagia, and endometrial protection during oestrogen replacement therapy. This presentation focuses on the use of Mirena ® in the treatment of menorrhagia.
Menorrhagia is heavy or prolonged menstrual bleeding over several consecutive menstrual cycles. Heavy periods are unpleasant, inconvenient and worrisome. In some case, the bleeding may be so severe that it interrupts normal daily routine like work, school and social life. Subjectively, menorrhagia is defined as a complaint by the patient of excessive menstrual bleeding over several consecutive cycles. Objectively, it is defined as menstrual blood loss 80 ml per menstruation or bleeding that last 7 days. Excessive menstrual bleeding should be evaluated by a doctor in order to rule out potentially serious underlying conditions that may be causing the problem. Persistent heavy periods can lead to anaemia, which can cause tiredness, shortness of breath, faintness and even angina. These secondary symptoms of menorrhagia would also prompt women to see the doctor for treatment. References Peto V, Coulter A, Bond A. Factors affecting general practice practitioners’ recruitment of patients in a prospective study. Fam Pract 1993; 10: 208-11 Coulter A, Bradlow J, Agass M, et al. Outcomes of referrals to gynaecology outpatient clinics for menstrual problems: an audit of general practice records. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1991; 98: 789-96 McPherson A, Andersson ABM, editors. Women’s problems in general practice. Oxford University Press. 1983: 21-24
Many women with menorrhagia have idiopathic or dysfunctional uterine bleeding with no obvious cause. However, an underlying cause for menorrhagia can be identified in some women, which can include those listed in this slide.
There are a number of medical treatments available for menorrhagia, some of which are listed here. Long-term therapy may be necessary as symptoms usually return on cessation of therapy. As such, the severity and frequency of adverse effects associated with each drug should be taken into account when deciding treatment options. Ultimately, the choice of medical therapy will depend on the woman’s requirement. Key questions to consider when choosing the optimum medical treatment include: Does the patient require contraception? Does the patient suffer painful menstruation? Is the patient able to tolerate hormone treatment? Is the patient trying to conceive? Some women may decline medical therapy and choose surgery as their preferred option.
Hysterectomy represents a permanent cure for menorrhagia. However, a significant number of women (over one-third [1]) who undergo hysterectomy because of menorrhagia have an anatomically normal uterus removed. In the last decade or so, endometrial ablation/resection has gained popularity as a conservative surgical alternative to hysterectomy. Reference 1. Roy SN, Bhattacharya S. Benefits and risks of pharmacological agents used for the treatment of menorrhagia. Drug Safety 2004: 27; 75-90
Mirena ® induces profound morphological and biochemical changes in the endometrium, mainly as a result of the high endometrial levonorgestrel concentrations. This figure shows the endometrial changes that occur with Mirena treatment compared with the normal cyclical changes. After only a few weeks of Mirena ® use, the glands of the endometrium become atrophic, the stroma decidualised, and the epithelium inactive. Vascular changes include thickening of the arterial wall, suppression of the spiral arterioles and capillary thrombosis. A weak foreign body response may also occur and is characterised by an increase in white blood cell infiltration. The endometrium becomes uniformly atrophic and suppressed within 3 menstrual cycles of Mirena ® insertion and persists in this thin, inactive state, with no further histological development, throughout continued long-term treatment. As a result of the potent mucosal suppression caused by the local release of levonorgestrel, the endometrium becomes unresponsive to oestradiol, irrespective of ovarian function. Suppression of endometrial growth results in less menstrual shedding than normal, leading to substantial decreases in the number of days of bleeding and amount of menstrual blood loss. Amenorrhea may occur in some women. After removal of Mirena ® , the endometrium returns to normal and menstruation resumes within 30 days.
Andersson and Rybo investigated the effects of Mirena on menstrual blood loss (MBL) in 20 parous women with menorrhagia [1]. The women studied were: aged up to 45 years; had regular periods; had no intermenstrual bleeding or spotting; and had normal or slightly enlarged uteri with no pelvic pathology. Menstrual blood loss was determined by analysis of all used tampons/pads using the alkaline haematin method. The reduction in menstrual blood loss after the insertion of Mirena (compared with the median of two consecutive baseline cycles) is shown in this figure. Median menstrual blood loss was significantly reduced by 86%, 91% and 97% at months 3, 6 and 12, respectively (p<0.001 ) . Intermenstrual bleeding or spotting was common during the first 3 cycles, but the frequency diminished gradually with treatment. Reference 1. Andersson JK, Rybo G. Levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine device in the treatment of menorrhagia. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1990; 97: 690-4
Mirena is at least as effective as norethisterone in the treatment of idiopathic menorrhagia. In this study, 44 women were randomised to Mirena (n=22) or norethisterone (n=22) treatment over 3 months [1]. Oral norethisterone 5mg was taken three times daily from day 5 to day 26 of the menstrual cycle for 3 consecutive cycles. Menstrual blood loss was objectively assessed by analysis of all used tampons/pads using the alkaline haematin method. As shown in this figure, menstrual blood loss at 3 months was significantly reduced in both groups. However, more women liked using Mirena than norethisterone (64% vs 44%). In addition, more women wished to continue treatment with Mirena (76%) than with norethisterone (22%) Reference 1. Irvine GA, Campbell-Brown MB, Lumsden MA, et al . Randomised comparative trial of the levonorgestrel intrauterine system and norethisterone for treatment of idiopathic menorrhagia. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1998; 105: 592-8
Mirena is more effective than flurbiprofen, and tranexamic acid in the treatment of idiopathic menorrhagia. In this study, the first 20 women to enrol were treated with Mirena and 15 other women who subsequently enrolled were treated with flurbiprofen (100 mg twice daily for 5 days) or tranexamic acid (1.5 g three times daily for 3 days and 1 g twice daily for another 4 days) for two consecutive cycles before crossing over to other treatment for the subsequent 2 cycles [1]. Treatment with flurbiprofen or tranexamic acid was started on the first day of menstruation. Menstrual blood loss was objectively assessed by analysis of all used tampons/pads using the alkaline haematin method. As shown in this figure, menstrual blood loss at 3 months was greater than 80% compared with baseline in the Mirena group. Menstrual blood loss compared with baseline was further reduced by 96% at 12 months follow-up. In comparison, flurbiprofen and tranexamic acid only reduced menstrual blood loss by an average 24.4% and 47.5% compared with baseline, respectively. Mirena was the only treatment to reduce the mean menstrual blood loss to below 80mL per menstruation, the upper limit of ‘normal’ menstrual loss. Long-term treatment with either flurbiprofen or tranexamic acid would not be expected to result in greater subsequent reduction in menstrual blood loss than that observed in this study because both treatments, unlike Mirena , do not suppress or modulate the cyclical endometrial build up. Reference Milsom I, Andersson K, Andersch B, Rybo G. A comparison of flubiprofen, tranexamic acid, and a levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine contraceptive device in the treatment of idiopathic menorrhagia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1991; 164: 879-83
Mirena has been shown to be comparable with endometrial resection in reducing menstrual bleeding. In this study [1], Crosignani et al. randomised 70 premenopausal women aged 38 years or older with dysfunctional uterine bleeding to receive Mirena or undergo endometrial resection. Women who were uncertain whether they wished to retain their fertility were excluded from the study. Uterine bleeding was quantified by the semi-quantitative pictorial blood loss assessment score (PBAC). There was a 79% reduction in mean bleeding score in the Mirena group compared with a 89% reduction in the endometrial resection group at 12 month follow-up. The between-group difference in monthly bleeding scores at 12 months were statistically significant. Amenorrhea or hypomenorrhea was reported by 65% of patients in the Mirena ® group and 71% in the resection group at 12 months. However, health-related quality of life perception was not significantly different between the two groups. Reference Crosignani PG, Vercellini P, Mosconi P, et al . Levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine device versus hysteroscopic endometrial resection in the treatment of dysfunctional uterine bleeding. Obstet Gynecol 1997; 90: 257-63
Treatment satisfaction was high in both groups with 85% of women being satisfied or very satisfied with Mirena compared with 94% in the resection group at 12-month follow-up . Reference Crosignani PG, Vercellini P, Mosconi P, et al . Levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine device versus hysteroscopic endometrial resection in the treatment of dysfunctional uterine bleeding. Obstet Gynecol 1997; 90: 257-63
Similar results have been reported in other studies for Mirena and a variety of endometrial ablation/resection methods [1-4]. Overall, these result suggest that Mirena is a good alternative to endometrial ablation/resection. Importantly, Mirena does not compromise future fertility, unlike the endometrial ablation/resection methods. References Istre P, Trolle B. Treatment of menorrhagia with the levonorgestrel intrauterine system versus endometrial resection. Fertil Steril 2001; 76: 304-9 Kittelsen N, Istre O. A randomised study comparing levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system (LNG IUS) and transcervical resection of the endometrium in the treatment of menorrhagia: preliminary results. Gynaecol Endoscopy 1998; 7: 61-5 Henshaw R, Coyle C, Low S, et al. A retrospective cohort study comparing microwave endometrial ablation with levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine device in the management of heavy menstrual bleeding. Aust NZ J Obstet Gynaecol 2002; 42: 205-9 Barrington JW, Angamuthu S, Arunkalaivanan AS, et al. Comparison between the levonorgestrel intrauterine system (LNG-IUS) and thermal balloon ablation in the treatment of menorrhagia. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2003; 108: 72-4
Overall satisfaction with treatment was greater than 90% in both groups. Reference 1. Hurskainen R, Teperi J, Rissanen P, et al . Clinical outcomes and costs with the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system or hysterectomy for treatment of menorrhagia: randomized trial 5-year follow-up. JAMA 2004; 291: 1456-63
Lähteenmäki et al went on to concluded that [1]: “ The use of Mirena is a good conservative alternative to hysterectomy in the treatment of menorrhagia and should be considered before hysterectomy or other invasive treatment” Reference 1. Lähteenmäki P, Haukkamaa M, Puolakka J, et al . Open randomised study of use of levonorgestrel releasing intrauterine system as an alternative to hysterectomy. BMJ 1998; 316: 1122-6
Although 42% of the women assigned to Mirena eventually underwent hysterectomy, the discounted direct and indirect costs were 40% lower in the Mirena group than in the hysterectomy group. These results suggest that Mirena is a cost-effective alternative to hysterectomy in the treatment of menorrhagia. Reference 1. Hurskainen R, Teperi J, Rissanen P, et al . Clinical outcomes and costs with the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system or hysterectomy for treatment of menorrhagia: randomized trial 5-year follow-up. JAMA 2004; 291: 1456-63
Hysterectomy represents a permanent cure for menorrhagia. In this study by Lähteenmäki et al, 56 women with menorrhagia or dysmenorrhoea who were scheduled to have a hysterectomy were randomised in a 1:1 ratio to receive either Mirena (n=28) or to continue their current medical treatment (Control, n=28) [1]. The main outcome measure was the proportion of women cancelling their decision to undergo hysterectomy. At 6 months, the proportion of women who cancelled their hysterectomy was significantly higher in the Mirena group than the control group (64.3% vs 14.3%; p<0.001). In the control group, of the women who cancelled their hysterectomy at 6 months, 2 (50%) wished to continue their current treatment and the other 2 decided to switch to Mirena use. With continued follow-up of an average 3 years (range 23-49 months), 48% of women in the Mirena group were still continuing with the IUS. Reference 1. Lähteenmäki P, Haukkamaa M, Puolakka J, et al . Open randomised study of use of levonorgestrel releasing intrauterine system as an alternative to hysterectomy. BMJ 1998; 316: 1122-6