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“Nuevas y futuras opciones antimicrobianas ante 
infecciones por MRSA” 
Dr. David Castelo 
Médico Infectólogo – Internista 
MSL Anti-infectivos BdM 
31 / Octubre /2014 
For Internal Purposes Only – Not to be distributed 1
Tendencias históricas en la resistencia antibiótica 
Eventos clave en la resistencia bacteriana 
1972 
vancomicina 
1965 
pneumococcus penicilino-R 
1979 
gemtamicin-R Enterococcus 
1968 
Streptococcus eritromicina-R 
1953 
eritromicina 
1959 
Shigella tetraciclina-R 
1987 
Enterobacterias ceftazidima-R 
For Internal Purposes Only – Not to be distributed 2 
1940 
Staphylococcus penicilino-R 
1962 
Staphylococous meticilino-R 
1988 
Enterococcus vancomicina-R 
1943 
penicilina 
1950 
tetraciclina 
1960 
meticilina 
1967 
gentamicina 
1985 
imipenem and ceftazidima 
1. US Dept of Health and Human Services, CDC. 
http://www.cdc.gov/drugresistance/threat-report-2013/pdf/ar-threats-2013-508.pdf. Accessed 2/13/2014. 
Hasta1990 
Introducción de antibiótico 
Identifiación de resistencia
Tendencias históricas en la resistencia antibiótica 
Eventos clave en la resistencia bacteriana 
2000 
linezolid 
1996 
levofloxacino 
1996 
pneumococcus levofloxacino-R 
2003 
daptomicina 
1998 
Enterobacterias imipenem-R 
2000 
tuberculosis XDR 
2001 
Staphylococcus linezolid-R 
2002 
Staphylococcus vancomycin-R 
2004/5 
Acinetobacter y Pseudomonas 
panrresistente 
2009 
ceftriaxone-R Neisseria gonorrhoeae 
PDR Enterobacteriaceae 
For Internal Purposes Only – Not to be distributed 3 
Adaptado de referencia 1 
1. US Dept of Health and Human Services, CDC. 
http://www.cdc.gov/drugresistance/threat-report-2013/pdf/ar-threats-2013-508.pdf. Accessed 2/13/2014. 
2010 
ceftarolina 
Desde1990 
2011 
ceftaroline-R Staphylococcus 
Introducción de antibiótico 
Identifiación de resistencia
Tendencias históricas en la resistencia en MRSA 
Reemergence of antibiotic-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in the genomics era. J Clin Invest. 2009 Sep;119(9):2464-74. 
doi: 10.1172/JCI38226. DeLeo FR, Chambers HF. 
For Internal Purposes Only – Not to be distributed 4
Mortalidad estimada por MRSA (2005) 
Reemergence of antibiotic-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in the genomics era. J Clin Invest. 2009 Sep;119(9):2464-74. 
doi: 10.1172/JCI38226. DeLeo FR, Chambers HF. 
For Internal Purposes Only – Not to be distributed 5
Descenso en la aprobación de antibióticos 
Tendencia en número de aprobaciones por clase 
Adaptado de Referencia 1 
1. Bassetti M, et al. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 2013;12:22. 
For Internal Purposes Only – Not to be distributed 6
Tendencias actuales en Resistencia a Penicilina 
Incidencia de PRSP comparado con el uso de 
antibióticos en algunos paises 
DDD, Dosis Diaria Definida; PRSP, penicillin-resistant S. pneumoniae. 
1. Grundmann H, O’Brien TF, Stelling JM In: World Health Organization. The evolving threat of antimicrobial resistance: options for 
action. Geneva, Switzerland. WHO Press; 2012. p. 12-30. 
For Internal Purposes Only – Not to be distributed 7
Tendencias actuales en Resistencia a Meticilina 
Incidencia de infecciones por MRSA, su relación a lugar de 
adquisición y el año, Connecticut, EUA, 2001-2010 
CA: Community aqd ; HACO, health care-associated community onset; HO, hospital onset 
1. Hadler JL et al. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012 Jun;18(6):917-24 
For Internal Purposes Only – Not to be distributed 8
Prevalencia de MRSA entre todos los aislamientos de 
S. aureus en latinoamerica se mantiene alta 
Prevalencia de MRSA en latinoamerica en 2006 y 2009 
For Internal Purposes Only – Not to be distributed 9 
46.4 
60 
62.5 
55.6 
62.2 
43.5 44 
19 
48.3 
54.2 
45 
66.7 
36.3 
60.2 
44.3 
19 
69.8 
50.6 
100 
90 
80 
70 
60 
50 
40 
30 
20 
10 
0 
Argentina Brazil Chile Colombia Guatemala Mexico Panama Venezuela Overall 
2006 2009 
% 
1. Garza-Gonzalez E. et al., Braz J Infect Dis 2013; 17(1): 13-19.
Referencias principales en el manejo de MRSA 
• Guía de manejo para todo tipo de 
infección por MRSA, incluye piel y 
tejidos blandos pero además abarca 
otros sitios. 
• Solía ser la referencia más utilizada 
y reciente en cuanto a manejo de 
Infección de Piel y Tejidos Blandos 
hasta que se actualizó la guía 
correspondiente. 
• Última actualización: 
– Febrero 2011 
For Internal Purposes Only – Not to be distributed 10 
Liu. Clin Infect Dis 2011;52(3):285–292
Recomendaciones de la IDSA para el manejo de pacientes con 
infecciones causadas por MRSA y Streptococcus sp. 
Paciente manejado fuera del hospital (domicilio) por celulitis purulenta – Terapia empírica vs MRSA 
Clindamicina 300 a 450 mg VO c/8hrs 
Trimetoprim-sulfametoxazol (TMP-SMX) 800 mg SMX/160 TMP VO c/12hrs 
Doxiciclina 100 mg VO c/12hrs 
Minociclina 200 mg x 1 dosis, después 100 mg VO c/12hrs 
Linezolid 600 mg VO c/12hrs 
Paciente manejado fuera del hospital por celulitis no purulenta – Terapia empírica vs SBH 
β-lactámico (p.ej. cefalexina o dicloxacilina) 500 mg VO c/6hrs 
Clindamicina 300 a 450 mg VO c/8hrs 
For Internal Purposes Only – Not to be distributed 11 
β-lactámico (p.ej. amoxicilina) y/o 
TMP-SMX o doxiciclina 
Amoxicilina: 500 mg VO c/8hrs 
(TMP-SMX y doxiciclina dosificadas como se 
muestra arriba) 
Linezolid 600 mg VO c/12hrs 
• Se recomienda que la duración de la terapia sea de 5 a 10 días, pero se individualizará según respuesta clínica. 
• Los antibióticos se enlistaron de acuerdo al orden en que se presentaron en las guías de manejo de la IDSA. 
Liu C, et al. Clin Infect Dis. 2011 Feb 1;52(3):e18-55.
Recomendaciones de la IDSA para el manejo de pacientes 
con infecciones causadas por MRSA 
Opciones empíricas para cubrir MRSA en pacientes hospitalizados por 
Infección de Piel y Tejidos Blandos Complicada1 
Antibiótico Dosis Duración Consideraciones 
Vancomicina IV 15-20 mg/kg/dosis 
For Internal Purposes Only – Not to be distributed 12 
c/8-12hrs 
7-14 días Resistencia emergente, susceptibilidad 
disminuida, “MIC Creep” 
Penetración a tejidos variable 
Requiere monitoreo de niveles 
Linezolid IV o VO 600 mg 
c/12hrs 
7-14 días Toxicidad hematológica limita su uso a 
largo plazo 
Neuropatía óptica y periférica 
parcialmente reversible o irreversible. 
Daptomicina 4 mg/kg/dosis IV 
c/24hrs 
7-14 días Monitoreo semanal de CPK 
Telavancina 10 mg/kg/dosis IV 
c/24hrs 
7-14 días Requiere ajuste de dosis a función renal 
Clindamicina 600 mg IV o VO 
c/12hrs 
7-14 días Diarrea hasta en 20% de pacientes 
1. Liu C, et al. Clin Infect Dis. 2011;52(3):285-292. 
– Desbridación quirúrgica y antibióticos de amplio espectro 
– Manejo empírico para MRSA hasta tener resultados de cultivos
Recomendaciones de la IDSA para el manejo de pacientes 
con IPTB por MRSA 
Antibiótico Dosis, Adultos Dosis, Niños 
Vancomicina 30 mg/kg/d en 2 dosis divididas IV 40 mg/kg/d en 4 dosis IV 
Linezolid 600 mg IV c/12h o 600 mg VO c/12hrs 10 mg/kg c/12 h IV o PO para niños <12 
años 
Clindamicina 600 mg c/8 h IV o 300–450 mg VO c/6hrs 25–40 mg/kg/d en 3 dosis IV o 30–40 
mg/kg/d en 3 dosis VO 
Daptomicina 4 mg/kg IV c/24 h N/A 
Ceftarolina 600 mg IV c/12hrs N/A 
Doxiciclina, 100 mg VO c/12hrs No recomendado en niños 
< 8 años 
Trimetoprim- sulfametoxazol 800/160mg VO c/12hrs 8–12 mg/kg/d (basado en el trimetoprim en 
4 dosis IV o 2 dosis VO 
For Internal Purposes Only – Not to be distributed 13 
Stevens D. Clin Infect Dis 2014;59(2):e10–52 .
Infección Bacteriana Aguda de la Piel y sus 
Estructuras (ABSSSI) e Infección Complicada de la 
Piel y Tejidos Blandos (cSSSI) 
For Internal Purposes Only – Not to be distributed 14
ABSSSI? cSSSI? 
• Con el fin de homologar la metodología, tipos de infección y severidad de 
los pacientes en estudios clínicos para evaluar nuevos antibióticos para el 
tratamiento de infecciones cutáneas, la FDA estableció en 2010* el 
concepto de ABSSSI y los lineamientos que los protocolos de investigación 
deben cumplir. 
• Esta nueva terminología, solo tiene como fin la estandarización de 
protocolos de investigación y por el momento, no forma parte de la 
nomenclatura empleada en las guías clínicas para el manejo de cSSSI. 
* La guía fue actualizada en 2013 
ABSSSI= Infección Bacteriana Aguda de la Piel y sus Estructuras / Acute Bacterial Skin 
and Skin Structure Infection 
cSSSI = Infección Complicada de la Piel y Estructuras Cutáneas / Complicated Skin and 
Skin Structure Infection 
Food and Drug Administration / Center for Drug Evaluation and Research. Avalilable at (April-2014): 
http://www.fda.gov/downloads/Drugs/.../Guidances/ucm071185.pdf 
For Internal Purposes Only – Not to be distributed 15
For Internal Purposes Only – Not to be distributed 16 
ABSSSI: 
• Bajo el concepto actual (2013) de ABSSSI, la FDA incluye: 
• Lesiones con una superficie ≥75 cm2 que incluyen: 
– Celulitis /Erisipela (infecciones difusas con áreas diseminadas de eritema, 
edema y/o induración) 
– Infección de herida (drenaje purulento de una herida rodeado de eritema, 
edema y/o induración) 
– Absceso Cutáneo Mayor (colección purulenta en la dermis o con mayor 
profundidad acompañada de Infección de herida (drenaje purulento de una herida 
rodeado de eritema, edema y/o induración) 
• El término ABSSSI NO incluye: 
• Infecciones de severidad menor, por ejemplo: 
– Impétigo y absceso cutáneo menor 
• Infecciones de severidad compleja, por ejemplo: 
– Mordeduras (humanas o de animales), fascitis necrotizante, pie diabético, úlcera 
por decúbito, mionecrosis y ectima gangrenoso 
• Principales bacterias involucradas: 
• Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphyloccocus aureus incluyendo MRSA 
Corey GR and Stryjewski ME. Clin Infect Dis 2011;52(S7):S469–S476, Salcido R. Adv Skin Wound Care 2012; 25(3):104, Food and Drug 
Administration / Center for Drug Evaluation and Research. Disponible en (April-2014): 
http://www.fda.gov/downloads/Drugs/.../Guidances/ucm071185.pdf and http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2010-08-27/html/2010-21328.htm
ABSSSI vs cSSSI (IPTB complicada): 
Característica cSSSI ABSSSI 
For Internal Purposes Only – Not to be distributed 17 
Nomenclatura utilizada en 
Guías de manejo clínico de 
pacientes con infecciones 
cutáneas y sus estructuras 
Diseño de estudios 
avalados por FDA, para 
evaluar nuevos 
antimicrobianos en 
infecciones cutáneas y sus 
estructuras 
Microorganismos 
implicados 
Generalmente 
polimicrobiana 
Principalmente bacterias 
Gram positivas incluyendo 
MRSA, VISA, VRSA 
Paciente con 
comorbilidades 
Pueden existir o no Pueden existir o no 
Tipo de infecciones 
Puede ir de infecciones 
superficiales a profundas y 
necrotizantes 
Involucra celulitis/erisipela, 
absceso cutáneo mayor e 
infección de herida 
Relación entre ambas Algunas cSSSI son ABSSSI Algunas ABSSSI son cSSSI 
Síndrome de respuesta 
Puede existir o no Puede existir o no 
inflamatoria sistémica
Opciones actuales de manejo en México + 
Ceftarolina 
Tedizolid 
Dalbavancina 
Telavancina 
Oritavancina 
For Internal Purposes Only – Not to be distributed 18 
Daptomicina 
Linezolid 
Tigeciclina 
Vancomicina 
Teicoplanina 
Nuevas opciones de manejo 
Delafloxacino 
Ceftobiprole Omadaciclina
Ceftarolina: En resumen 
1. Laudano JB. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2011 Apr;66 Suppl 3:iii11-8. 
For Internal Purposes Only – Not to be distributed 19
Ceftarolina: En resumen 
• Cefalosporina de 5ta generación 
• Amplio espectro Gram + y Gram – 
• Cubre VRSA, MRSA y MSSA 
• Indicaciones aprobadas: NAC y ABSSSI 
• Dosificación standard: 600mg IV c/12hrs 
• Bactericida 
1. Laudano JB. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2011 Apr;66 Suppl 3:iii11-8. 
For Internal Purposes Only – Not to be distributed 20
Ceftarolina: Mecanismo de Acción 
PBP2a: 
• MRSA/PRSP Cambio conformacional: 
1. Saravolatz LD, Stein GE, Johnson LB. Clin Infect Dis. 2011 May;52(9):1156-63. 
• “Expone” el sitio de unión aún en 
cepas resistentes a Meticilina 
For Internal Purposes Only – Not to be distributed 21
Susceptibilidad de MRSA a Ceftarolina 
Prevalencia de cepas no-susceptibles de MRSA en distintas regiones 
CLSI CLSI CLSI EUCAST 
1 2 3 4 
EUCAST 
No data 
5 
For Internal Purposes Only – Not to be distributed 22 
1.5 
0.2 
16.4 
11 
1.3 
0.0 0.0 0.0 
2.8 
0.4 
38.4 
21.9 
5.7 
50 
45 
40 
35 
30 
25 
20 
15 
10 
5 
0 
EUA Canada America Latina Rusia Turquía 
SA 
MSSA 
MRSA 
% de cepas no-susceptibles* 
1. Sader HS, et al. AAC 2013;57(7):3178-81. 
2. Karlowsky JA, et al. AAC 2013;57(11):5600-11. 
3. Flamm RK, et al. Braz J Infect Dis 2014;18(2):187-95. 
4. Kozlov R, et al. ICAAC 2014; Accepted Abstract: F-1605. 
5. Mengeloglu FZ, et al. Mikrobiyol Bul 2013;47(4):677-83. 
* Incluye cepas resistentes y de susceptibilidad intermedia 
CLSI: Susceptible: ≤1mg/L; Intermedia: 2mg/L; Resistente: ≥4mg/L 
EUCAST: Susceptible: ≤1mg/L; Resistente: ≥1mg/L
Susceptibilidad de MRSA a Ceftarolina 
Badal et al. Poster C-761 ICAAC 2014 
For Internal Purposes Only – Not to be distributed 23
Susceptibilidad de MRSA a Ceftarolina 
For Internal Purposes Only – Not to be distributed 24
Ceftarolina: Susceptibilidad1 
CIM y Afinidad de unión a PBP para Ceftarolina 
Cepa MRSA CIM Ceftarolina (mg/L) PBP2a CI50 (mg/L) 
4981 1 0.06 
4977 2 0.25 
13101 4 1 
CI50, concentración Inhibitoria 50%; CIM, concentración Inhibitoria Minima; PBP, penicillin binding protein; 
MRSA, methicillin-resistant S. aureus 
Relación inversa entre afinidad PBP2 y elevación de la CIM 
Mutaciones en gen mecA  codificación PBP2  sustituciones 
aminoacidos N146K and E150K  M 
1. Mendes RE, et al. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2012 Jun;67(6):1321-4. 
For Internal Purposes Only – Not to be distributed 25
Ceftarolina: Eficacia1 
Tasas de curación de los pacientes microbiologicamente evaluables durante 
la visita ToC clasificados por patógeno en sus 2 estudios clínicos1 
Ceftarolina 
n/N (%) 
Vancomicina/Aztreonam 
n/N (%) 
For Internal Purposes Only – Not to be distributed 26 
Gram-positivos 
• MSSA 
• MRSA 
• Streptococcus pyogenes 
• Streptococcus agalactiae 
212/228 (93%) 
142/152 (93.4%) 
56/56 (100%) 
21/22 (95.5%) 
225/238 (94.5%) 
115/122 (94.3%) 
56/58 (96.6%) 
18/18 (100%) 
Gram-negativos 
• Escherichia coli 
• Klebsiella pneumoniae 
• Klebsiella oxytoca 
20/21 (95.2%) 
17/18 (94.4%) 
10/12 (83.3%) 
19/21 (90.5%) 
13/14 (92.9%) 
6/6 (100%) 
MRSA: methicillin-resistant S. aureus; MSSA: methicillin-sensitive S. aureus 
. 
1. Teflaro® (ceftaroline fosamil) injection for intravenous (IV) use. St Louis MO: Forest Laboratories, Inc. Current
Ceftarolina: Seguridad1 
Reacciones adversas que ocurrieron en ≥ 2% de los pacientes 
que recibieron Ceftarolina en ambos estudios fase III (ABSSSI 
y NAC)1 
Evento Adverso 
Ceftarolina 
(N=1300) 
Comparadoresa 
(N = 1297) 
Diarrea 5% 3% 
Nausea 4% 4% 
Rash 3% 2% 
Hipokalemia 2% 3% 
Elevación Transaminasas 2% 3% 
Constipación 2% 2% 
Vómito 2% 2% 
Flebitis 2% 1% 
For Internal Purposes Only – Not to be distributed 27 
Advertencias y 
Precauciones1 
• Reacciones de 
Hipersensibilidad 
• Diarrea asociada a 
Clostridium difficile 
• Seroconversión de 
prueba de Coombs 
directo 
• Desarrollo de 
bacterias resistentes 
aComparadores: Vancomicina 1 gramo IV cada12h más aztreonam 1 gramo IV cada12h en el 
estudio de ABSSSI y Ceftriaxone 1 gramo IV cada 24h en el estudio de NAC. 
1. Teflaro® (ceftaroline fosamil) injection for intravenous (IV) use. St Louis MO: Forest Laboratories, Inc. Current prescribing information.
Ceftobiprole: En resumen 
• Cefalosporina de 5ta generación 
• Mismas caracteristicas generales que 
Cetarolina. Menor cantidad de información y 
estudios. 
• Dosificación: 500mg IV c/8hrs para infusión 
Ceftobiprole es un agente en investigación, aún sin aprobación por la FDA.2 
Se ha utilizado en algunos países europeos y asiáticos pero no cuenta con aprobación. 
1. Lovering AL, et al. J Biol Chem. 2012 Sep 14;287(38):32096-102. 
2. Drugs.com. Press release 12/30/2009. http://www.drugs.com/nda/ceftobiprole_091230.html. Accessed 2/22/2014 
For Internal Purposes Only – Not to be distributed 28 
de dos horas… 
• No aprobado aún, pendiente…
Ceftobiprole: Eficacia1 
Proporción de pacientes con IPTB complicada que experimentaron Cura Clínica o 
Erradicación Microbiológica en la visita ToC 
Características Ceftobiprole Vancomicina/ 
Ceftazidima 
95% IC 
For Internal Purposes Only – Not to be distributed 29 
Curación 
• Gram-positivo presente 
• Gram-negativo presente 
292/318 (91.8) 
109/124 (87.9) 
149/165 (90.3) 
61/68 (89.7) 
-3.6 to 7.6 
-11 to 9.1 
Erradicación Microbiológica 
• Gram-positivo presente 
• Gram-negativo presente 
283/318 (89) 
105/124 (84.7) 
147/165 (89.1) 
57/68 (83.8) 
-5.8 to 6.5 
-9.5 to 12.8 
1. Noel GJ, et al. Clin Infect Dis. 2008 Mar 1;46(5):647-55.
Ceftobiprole: Seguridad1 
Incidencia de EA emergentes con la terapia en ≥5% de los pacientes en el estudio fase III de IPTB1 
Ceftobiprole (n = 543) Vancomicina + Ceftazidima (n = 
279) 
Al menos un EA 56% 57% 
Al menos un EA serio 7% 9% 
EA causó la descontinuación del 
4% 4% 
tratamiento 
EA específicos 
• Nausea 11% 7% 
• Reacción en sitio de infusión 9% 9% 
• Diarrea 8% 6% 
• Cefalea 8% 5% 
• Vómito 6% 4% 
• Hipersensibilidad 5% 10% 
• Insomnio 5% 5% 
• Constipación 3% 5% 
• Alteración renal 2% 3% 
1. Noel GJ, et al. Clin Infect Dis. 2008 Mar 1;46(5):647-55. 
For Internal Purposes Only – Not to be distributed 30
Ceftobiprole: Preguntas sin contestar 
sobre evaluación de la FDA (2008) 
• ≥30% de los datos clínicos para los estudios BAP00154 y BAP00414 
fueron calificados como “no confiables” o “No verificables”1 
• ¿Ceftobiprole requiere reconstitución?2 Si así es, que soluciones son 
For Internal Purposes Only – Not to be distributed 31 
compatibles?2 
• ¿Ceftobiprole es estable tras reconstitución? 
• ¿Ceftobiprole requiere refrigeración?2 
• ¿La vía intravenosa es la única vía aceptable de administración?2 
• ¿Todas las infusiones IV deben pasarse en 2 horas?2 
1. NEJM Journal Watch. http://blogs.jwatch.org/hiv-id-observations/index.php/the-long-road-for-ceftobiprole-approval-gets-longer/ 
2010/01/10/. Accessed 3/10/2014. 
2. Anderson SD, et al. Ann Pharmacother. 2008 Jun;42(6):806-16.
Telavancina: en resumen 
• Lipoglicopéptido derivado Vancomicina 
• Espectro e indicaciones similares a Vanco 
• 1.-Actividad 10x para inhibir peptidoglicano que 
1. Saravolatz LD, et al. Clin Infect Dis. 2009 Dec 15;49(12):1908-14. 
For Internal Purposes Only – Not to be distributed 32 
vancomicina. 
• 2.- Efecto agregado de disrupción de pared celular 
• FDA: IPTB / Neumonía nosocomial y NAVM 
• Dosificación standard: 10mg/kg c/24hrs (infusión una hora)
Telavancina: Actividad In Vitro contra 
VISA y VRSA1,2 
Actividad In Vitro contra 33 aislamientos de VISA 
For Internal Purposes Only – Not to be distributed 33 
Agente 
VISA 
Rango CIM 
VISA 
(% Susceptible) 
VISA 
CIM50 
VISA 
CIM90 
Vancomicina 4 a 8 0 4 8 
Telavancina 0.25 a 1 100 0.5 0.75 
VISA, vancomycin-intermediate S. aureus. 
Actividad In Vitro contra 13 aislamientos de VRSA 
Agent 
VRSA 
Rango CIM 
VRSA 
(% Susceptible) 
VRSA 
CIM50 
VRSA 
CIM90 
Vancomicina 32 a >64 0 >64 >64 
Telavancina 2 a 6 0 4 6 
VRSA, vancomycin-resistant S. aureus. 
1. Saravolatz LD, et al. Clin Infect Dis 2009;49(12):1908-14. 
2. Saravolatz LD, et al. Clin Infect Dis 2012;55(4):582–6.
Telavancina: Farmacocinética 
Ajuste de dosis en pacientes adultos con falla renal 
Depuración de Creatinina (mL/min) Régimen de dosificación con Telavancin 
>50 10 mg/kg IV cada 24 hrs 
30 a 50 7.5 mg/kg IV cada 24 hrs 
10 a <30 10 mg/kg IV cada 48 hrs 
Insuficiencia Renal Terminal (<10) Información insuficiente para 
recomendaciones de dosis 
1. Vibativ® (telavancin) for injection Current Prescribing Information. South San Francisco, CA: Theravance, Inc 
For Internal Purposes Only – Not to be distributed 34
Telavancina: Eficacia 
Curación Clínica durante evaluación ToC en población Clinicamente 
Evaluable (CE) 
Trial 1 Trial 2 
For Internal Purposes Only – Not to be distributed 35 
Telavancina 
% (n/N) 
Vancomicina 
% (n/N) 
Diferencia 
(95% CI) 
Telavancina 
% (n/N) 
Vancomicina 
% (n/N) 
Diferencia 
(95% CI) 
84.3% 
(289/343) 
82.8% 
(288/348) 
1.5 
( -4.3, 7.3) 
83.9% 
(302/360) 
87.7% 
(315/359) 
-3.8 
( -9.2, 1.5) 
Curación Clínica según falla renal pre-existente (Población CE )1 
Depuración de Creatinina Telavancina % (n/N) Vancomicina % (n/N) 
> 50 mL/min 87% (520/598) 85.9% (524/610) 
≤ 50 mL/min 67.4% (58/86) 82.7% (67/81) 
1. Vibativ® (telavancin) for injection. South San Francisco, CA: Theravance, Inc.
Telavancina: Eficacia 
Curación Clínica durante evaluación ToC en 
población Clinicamente Evaluable (CE) 
84.3 82.8 83.9 
100 
90 
80 
70 
60 
50 
40 
30 
20 
10 
1. Vibativ® (telavancin) for injection. South San Francisco, CA: Theravance, Inc. 
87.7 
For Internal Purposes Only – Not to be distributed 36 
0 
Estudio 1 Estudio 2 
Telavancina Vancomicina 
1.5 
(95% CI: -4.3; 7.3) 
-3.8 
(95% CI: -9.2; 1.5) 
% de pacientes
Telavancina: Eficacia 
100 
90 
80 
70 
60 
50 
40 
30 
20 
10 
Curación Clínica según falla renal pre-existente 
1. Vibativ® (telavancin) for injection. South San Francisco, CA: Theravance, Inc. 
(Población CE ) 
For Internal Purposes Only – Not to be distributed 37 
87 
67.4 
85.9 
82.7 
0 
> 50 mL/min ≤ 50 mL/min 
Telavancina Vancomicina 
% de pacientes
Telavancina: Seguridad (Parte 1)1 
• Advertencias y precauciones 
– Mortalidad aumentada en pacientes con Neumonía asociada a 
ventilación mecánica / Neumonía Nosocomial y falla renal moderada a 
severa pre-existente† 
– Respuesta clínical disminuida en pacientes con IPTB complicada y 
falla renal moderada a severa pre-existente† 
– Nefrotoxicidad 
– Embarazadas / Mujer en edad reproductiva. 
– Reacciones de hipersensibilidad 
– Reacciones relacionadas a Infusion 
– Diarrea asociada a Clostridium difficile 
– Desarrollo de bacterias resistentes 
– Prolongación del QTc 
– Interferencia con pruebas de Coagulación 
1. Vibativ® (telavancin) for injection. South San Francisco, CA: Theravance, Inc 
For Internal Purposes Only – Not to be distributed 38 
†CrCl ≤50 mL/min
Telavancina: Seguridad (Parte 2)1 
Incidencia de reacciones adversas relacionadas al tratamiento reportadas en ≥2% de 
Telavancina or Vancomicina en pacientes manejados por cIPTB† Estudio 1 y estudio 21 
Telavancina 
(n = 929) 
Vancomicina 
(n = 938) 
No relacionadas a un sistema 
• Escalosfrios 4% 2% 
Sistema Digestivo 
• Nausea 
27% 
• Vómito 
14% 
• Diarrea 
7% 
15% 
7% 
8% 
Metabólico-Nutricional 
• Apetito disminuido 3% 2% 
Sistema nervioso 
• Alteraciones del gusto 33% 7% 
Sistema renal 
• Orina espumosa 13% 3% 
†Infección de Piel y Tejidos Blandos complicada 
1. Vibativ® (telavancin) for injection. South San Francisco, CA: Theravance, Inc. 
For Internal Purposes Only – Not to be distributed 39
Dalbavancina: En resumen 
• Lipoglicopéptido semisintético derivado de un 
Dalbavancina esta aprobada por la FDA para ABSSSI. 
1. Chen AY, Zervos MJ, Vazquez JA. Int J Clin Pract. 2007 May;61(5):853-63. 
2. US FDA. http://www.fda.gov/advisorycommittees/calendar/ucm385727.htm. Accessed 2/18/2014 
For Internal Purposes Only – Not to be distributed 40 
glicopéptido natural 
• Mismas caracteristicas generales que 
Telavancina. 
• No tiene actividad vs VRE fenotipoVanA 
• Desarrollado fase III en 2009 pero tuvo que 
rediseñar estudios por cambios en FDA 
• Vida media muy larga (181hrs, 7d) 
• Dosificación: 1gr IV DU primer día y 500mg IV 
en el día 8. 
• Aprobado para ABSSSI
Dalbavancina: Resistencia 
Perfiles de resistencia en 1152 aislamientos Gram-positivos de centros médicos latinoamericanos 
For Internal Purposes Only – Not to be distributed 41 
Organismo 
Fenotipo de resistencia 
(# tested) 
Dalbavancina CIMs(mg/L) 
Rango 50% 90% 
S. aureus Oxacillin-susceptible (393) 
Oxacillin-resistente(143) 
≤0.008 a 0.25 
0.016 a0.12 
0.06 
0.06 
0.06 
0.06 
staphylococcus 
Coagulasa-negativo 
Oxacillina-susceptible (58) 
Oxacillina-resistente (193) 
≤0.008 a 0.12 
≤0.008 a 1 
0.03 
0.03 
0.06 
0.12 
S. pneumoniae Penicilino-susceptible (152) 
Penicilino-intermedio (27) 
Penicilino-resistente(29) 
≤0.008 a 0.06 
≤0.008 a 0.06 
≤0.008 a 
0.016 
0.016 
0.016 
0.016 
0.016 
0.016 
0.016 
Enterococco Vancomicina-susceptible 
(148) 
Vancomicina-resistente (9) 
≤0.008 a 0.25 
0.06 a >16 
0.03 
16 
0.06 
-- 
1. Gales AC, et al. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2005 Feb;11(2):95-100.
Dalbavancina: Estudios Clínicos Fase III 
en IPTB complicada1 
Metas de respuesta en la población evaluable en valoraciones al 
final del tratamiento (EOT) y durante el ToC. 
Eventos adversos con posible relación con el 
tratamiento ( Reportados en ≥ 2% de los pacientes) 
Evento 
Dalbavancina 
(n = 571) 
Linezolid 
(n = 283) 
Cualquier evento 25.4 32.2 
Nausea 3.2 5.3 
Diarrea 2.5 5.7 
Elevación de la DHL 1.9 1.8 
Cefalea 1.9 1.8 
Elevación de la GGT 1.9 1.4 
Vomitio 1.9 1.1 
Rash 1.8 1.8 
Alteración de las PFHs 1.6 1.1 
Elevación de la ALT 1.2 1.8 
Vaginosis fúngica 0.9 1.8 
Evacuaciones liquidas 0.4 2.1 
Trombocitopenia 0.2 2.5 
ALT, alaninotransferasea; GGT, Gammaglutamil transferasa; LDH, 
Deshidrogenasa Láctica; PFH, Pruebas Funcionamiento Hepático 
Adaptado de Rerferencia 
1 
1. Jauregui LE, et al. Clin Infect Dis. 2005 Nov 15;41(10):1407-15. 
For Internal Purposes Only – Not to be distributed 42
Dalbavancina: Eficacia1,2 en estudios 
DISCOVER-1 (DUR001-301) & DISCOVER-2 (DUR001-302) 
Dalbavancina, n/N (%) Vancomicina/Linezolid, 
n/N (%) 
Diferencia (95% CI) 
Respuesta Clínica Temprana a las 48-72h (ITT) 
DUR-001-301 240/288 (83.3%) 233/285 (81.8%) 1.5% (-4.6, 7.9) 
DUR-001-302 285/371 (76.8%) 288/368 (78.3%) -1.5% (-7.4, 4.6) 
≥ 20% reducción de el area lesionar comparado con tamaño basal a 48-72h 
DUR-001-301 259/288 (89.9%) 259/285 (90.9%) -1.0% (-5.7, 4.0 ) 
DUR-001-302 325/371 (87.6%) 316/368 (85.9%) 1.7% (-3.2, 6.7) 
Respuesta clínica durante la valoración al final del tratamiento (EoT) ( ITT) 
DUR-001-301 234/288 (81.3%) 247/285 (86.7%) -5.4 (-11.5, 0.6) 
DUR-001-302 329/371 (88.7%) 314/368 (85.3%) 3.4 (-1.5, 8.3) 
Respuesta Clínica durante valoración de seguimiento a corto plazo (SFU) (ITT) 
DUR-001-301 241/288 (83.7) 251/285 (88.1) -4.4 (-10.2, 1.3) 
DUR-001-302 327/371 (88.1%) 311/368 (84.5%) 3.6% (-1.3, 8.7) 
EOT, end of treatment (día 14-15); ITT, intent-to-treat population (intención a tratar) ; 
SFU, short-term follow-up (Día 26-30) 
1. Dalbavancin. FDA Briefing Document. AIDAC. March 31, 2014. Durata 
For Internal Purposes Only – Not to be distributed 43 
Therapeutics, Inc 
2. Jauregui LE, et al. Clin Infect Dis. 2005 Nov 15;41(10):1407-15.
Dalbavancina: Eficacia1,2 en los estudios: 
DISCOVER-1 (DUR001-301) & DISCOVER-2 (DUR001-302) 
100 
90 
80 
70 
60 
50 
40 
30 
20 
10 
DUR001-301 DUR001-302 
EOT, end of treatment (día 14-15); ITT, intent-to-treat population (intención a tratar) ; 
SFU, short-term follow-up (Día 26-30) 
1. Dalbavancin. FDA Briefing Document. AIDAC. March 31, 2014. Durata Therapeutics, Inc 
2. Jauregui LE, et al. Clin Infect Dis. 2005 Nov 15;41(10):1407-15. 
For Internal Purposes Only – Not to be distributed 44 
83.3 
89.9 
76.8 
87.6 
81.8 
90.9 
78.3 
85.9 
0 
Dalbavancina (%) Vancomicina/Linezolid (%)* 
Respuesta 
clínica 
temprana 
≥ 20% reducción 
del área lesionar a 
las 48-72h 
Respuesta 
Clínica 
Temprana 
≥ 20% reducción 
del área lesionar a 
las 48-72h 
% de pacientes 
1.5 
(95% CI: -4.6; 7.9) 
-1.0 
(95% CI: -5.7; 4.0) 
-1.5 
(95% CI: -7.4; 4.6) 
1.7 
(95% CI: -3.2; 6.7) 
* Vancomicina: 1g (15mg/kg) IV c/12h y Linezolid: 600 mg VO 
c/12h (switch en cualquier momento después del día 3)
Dalbavancina: Eficacia1,2 en estudios: DISCOVER-1 
(DUR001-301) & DISCOVER-2 (DUR001-302) trials 
86.7 88.1 88.7 85.3 88.1 84.5 
81.3 83.7 
100 
90 
80 
70 
60 
50 
40 
30 
20 
10 
EOT, end of treatment (día 14-15); ITT, intent-to-treat population (intención a tratar) ; 
SFU, short-term follow-up (Día 26-30) 
1. Dalbavancin. FDA Briefing Document. AIDAC. March 31, 2014. Durata Therapeutics, Inc 
2. Jauregui LE, et al. Clin Infect Dis. 2005 Nov 15;41(10):1407-15. 
For Internal Purposes Only – Not to be distributed 45 
0 
Dalbavancina (%) Vancomicina/Linezolid (%) 
Respuesta 
clínica durante 
EOT 
DUR001-301 DUR001-302 
% de pacientes 
-5.4 
(95% CI: -11.5; 0.6) 
-4.4 
(95% CI: -10.2; 1.3) 
3.4 
(95% CI: -1.5; 8.3) 
3.6 
(95% CI: -1.3; 8.7) 
Respuesta 
Clínica durante 
SFU 
Respuesta 
Clínica durante 
EOT 
Respuesta 
Clínica durante 
SFU
Dalbavancina: Seguridad1 
EA observados en >1% de pacientes Dalbavancina (N=652) Comparador (N=651) 
Nausea 29 (4.4%) 32 (4.9%) 
Vómito 13 (2%) 10 (1.5%) 
Cefalea 26 (4%) 23 (3.5%) 
Diarrea 8 (1.2%) 19 (2.9%) 
Elevación GGT 13 (2%) 12 (1.8%) 
Elevación ALT 13 (2%) 9 (1.4%) 
Elevación AST 11 (1.7%) 2 (0.3%) 
Prurito 6 (0.9%) 18 (2.8%) 
Rash 11 (1.7%) 9 (1.4%) 
Pirexia 8 (1.2%) 11 (1.7%) 
Mareo 8 (1.2%) 6 (0.9%) 
 Muertes: 10/1778 en brazo dalbavancina, 15/1224 en brazo comparador 
 Número de pacientes con SAEs: 17 (2.6%) en el brazo de dalbavancina y 29 (4.4%)en el comparador 
 Posibilidad de lesión hepática asociada a dalbavancina, especialmente en pacientes con comorbilidades 
 Mayor frecuencia de eventos adversos asociados a hemorragias con el uso de dalbavancina (36 [2%] vs 19 [1.5%] 
EA, Evento Adverso; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; SAE, serious adverse event 
1. Dalbavancin. FDA Briefing Document. AIDAC. March 31, 2014. Durata Therapeutics, Inc Adapted from Reference 1 
For Internal Purposes Only – Not to be distributed 46
Oritavancina: En resumen 
• Lipoglicopéptido semisintético 
• Mismas caracteristicas generales que 
Dalbavancina pero con mejor espectro. 
• Tiene actividad vs VRE fenotipoVanA y VRSA 
• Dosificación: 1200mg IV dosis única 
• Aprobado para ABSSSI (más reciente) 
*Aprobado por la FDA en Agosto 2014 
para ABSSSI 
1. Zhanel GG, et al. Clin Infect Dis. 2012 Apr;54(suppl 3):S214-9. 
2. Drugs.com. Press release 2/19/2014. http://www.drugs.com/nda/oritavancin_140220.html. Accessed 
For Internal Purposes Only – Not to be distributed 47 
2/21/2014
Oritavancina: Mecanismo de Acción 
Adapted from Reference 1 
1. Zhanel GG, et al. Clin Infect Dis. 2012 Apr;54(suppl 3):S214-9. 
For Internal Purposes Only – Not to be distributed 48
Oritavancina: Eficacia (SIMPLIFI)1 
Tasa de curación durante visita ToC1 
Pobación % (n/N) de pacientes curados con la dosis 
indicada de Oritavancina 
Diferencia estimada en % de 
pacientes curados (90% CI) 
• 200mg IV diarios 
• 1200mg IV dosis única 
• 800mg IV dosis única con opción de 400mg al día 5 
For Internal Purposes Only – Not to be distributed 49 
200 mg 
(n = 98) 
1200 mg 
(n = 99) 
800 mg 
(n = 103) 
1200 y 200 mg 800 y 200 mg 
ITT 72.4 (63/87) 81.8 (72/88) 78.2 (68/87) 8.7 (-1.7, 17.8) 5.1 (-5.8, 14.6) 
Clin. Evalu. 
• Herida Qx. 
• Absceso Mayor 
• Celulitis 
72.4 (55/76) 
65.4 (17/26) 
92.3 (24/26) 
58.3 (14/24) 
81.5 (66/81) 
66.7 (18/27) 
90 (27/30) 
87.5 (21/24) 
77.5 (55/71) 
72 (18/25) 
87.5 (21/24) 
72.7 (16/22) 
8.6 (-2.5, 18.2) 
1.3 (-20.1, 22.7) 
-2.3 (-14.8, 10.1) 
29.2 (9.2, 49.1) 
5.2 (-6.8, 15.4) 
6.6 (-14.7, 27.9) 
-4.8 (-18.9, 9.2) 
14.4 (-8.4, 37.2) 
• 3 grupos: 
1. Dunbar LM, et al; for the SIMPLIFI Study Team. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2011 Jul;55(7):3476-84.
Oritavancina: Seguridad (SIMPLIFI)1 
• Eventos Adversos más comúnes: 
– nausea, flebitis, diarrea, cefalea, extravasación del sitio de infusión, vómito, y 
For Internal Purposes Only – Not to be distributed 50 
constipación 
• La incidencia de eventos adversos serios fue mayor en el grupo de dosificación diaria 
(11% [11/100]) comparado con el grupo de dosis única de 1200mg (7.1% [7/99]) o el grupo 
de dosis infrecuente (6.8% [7/103]) 
– 2 pacientes (ambos en el grupo de 1200mg dosis única) tuvieron SAEs (eventos 
adversos serios que tras valoración se determinaron como relacionados a la droga de 
estudio. 
• Disnea e Hipersensibilidad. 
– 5 muertes, ninguna relacionada directamente a la droga de estudio. 
1. Dunbar LM, et al; for the SIMPLIFI Study Team. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2011 Jul;55(7):3476-84.
Oritavancina: Eficacia 
Estudios SOLO-1 y SOLO-21 
For Internal Purposes Only – Not to be distributed 51 
Tiempo Evaluación 
Oritavancina 
(n = 978) 
Vancomicina 
(n = 981) 
% Diferencia 
(95% CI) 
Meta clínica 
temprana 
Meta principal FDA : 
Detención de diseminación, ausencia 
de fiebre, no requerir antibióticos de 
rescate 
794 (81.2%) 794 (80.9%) 0.2 (-3.3, 3.7) 
≥20% reducción del área afectada 845 (86.4%) 825 (84.1%) 2.3 (-0.9, 5.4) 
Meta post-tratamiento 
Meta principal (EMA), cura evaluada 
por investigador 
794 (81.2%) 787 (80.2%) 1 (-2.5, 4.5) 
Resultados con pacientes confirmados con infecciones por MRSA en el SOLO-1 ySOLO-2 (mITT)1 
Tiempo Evaluación 
Oritavancina 
(n = 204) 
Vancomicina 
(n = 201) 
% Diferencia 
(95% CI) 
Meta clínica 
temprana 
Meta principal FDA : 
Detención de diseminación, ausencia 
de fiebre, no requerir antibióticos de 
rescate 
166 (81.4%) 162 (80.6%) 0.8 (-6.9. 8.4) 
≥20% redución del área afectada 190 (93.1%) 175 (87.1%) 6.1 (0.5, 11.6) 
(p=0.032) 
Meta Post-treatment Meta principal (EMA), Cura evaluada 
por investigador 
170 (83.3%) 169 (84.1%) -0.7 (-7.9, 6.4) 
1. The Medicines Company. Press release 7/2/2013. http://ir.themedicinescompany.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=122204&p=irol-newsArticle& 
ID=1834647&highlight=. Accessed 3/8/2014.
Oritavancina: Eficacia 
Estudios SOLO-1 y SOLO-21 
Respuesta 
clínica 
temprana 
0.2 
(95% CI: -3.3; 3.7) 
81.2 
100 
90 
80 
70 
60 
50 
40 
30 
20 
10 
≥ 20% reducción en 
área lesionar a la 48-72h 
2.3 
(95% CI: -0.9; 5.4) 
(95% CI: -2.5; 4.5) 
1. The Medicines Company. Press release 7/2/2013. http://ir.themedicinescompany.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=122204&p=irol-newsArticle& 
Cura Clínica 
valorada por 
investigador 
1.0 
For Internal Purposes Only – Not to be distributed 52 
ID=1834647&highlight=. Accessed 3/8/2014. 
86.4 
80.9 84.1 81.2 
80.2 
0 
Respuesta Clínica en ABSSSIs en la 
población con ITT* 
Oritavancina (n=978) Vancomicina (n=981) 
* Datos combinados de SOLO-1 y SOLO-2 
% de pacientes
81.4 
87.1 84.1 
100 
90 
80 
70 
60 
50 
40 
30 
20 
10 
1. The Medicines Company. Press release 7/2/2013. http://ir.themedicinescompany.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=122204&p=irol-newsArticle& 
For Internal Purposes Only – Not to be distributed 53 
ID=1834647&highlight=. Accessed 3/8/2014. 
93.1 
80.6 83.3 
0 
Resultados con pacientes confirmados con 
infecciones por MRSA (mITT) 
Oritavancina (n=204) Vancomicina (n=201) 
% de Pacientes 
Respuesta 
clínica 
temprana 
≥ 20% reducción en 
área lesionar a la 48-72h 
Cura Clínica 
valorada por 
investigador 
0.8 
(95% CI: -6.9; 8.4) 
P=0.032; 6.1 
(95% CI: 0.5; 11.6) 
-0.7 
(95% CI: -7.9; 6.4) 
Oritavancina: Eficacia 
Estudios SOLO-1 y SOLO-21 
* Datos combinados de SOLO-1 y SOLO-2
Oritavancina: Seguridad 
(SOLO-1 y SOLO-2)1 
Oritavancina 
N = 976* 
Vancomicina 
N = 983* 
Valor p 
For Internal Purposes Only – Not to be distributed 54 
Experimentaron al menos 
un evento adverso (EA) 
55.3% 56.9% No 
Reportada 
Evento adverso relacionado 
al inico del tratamiento 
(TEAE) 
22.2% 28.4% 0.002 
Evento adverso que llevó a 
la descontinuación del 
tratamiento 
3.7% 4.2% No 
Reportada 
Los perfiles de seguridad combinados de SOLO I y SOLO II fueron similares entre los 
grupos estudiados.. 
TEAE, treatment emergent adverse events 
* Los datos de seguridad en el estudio SOLO I y fueron acumulados y reportados tal cual 
1. The Medicines Company. Press release 7/2/2013. http://ir.themedicinescompany.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=122204&p=irol-newsArticle& 
ID=1834647&highlight=. Accessed 3/8/2014.
Tedizolid: en resumen 
Clase 
• Oxazolidinona de última generación 
• Prodroga (fosfato de tedizolid) que se 
metaboliza rápidamente por fosfatasas 
endógenas a Tedizolid. 
N 
P 
N O 
N 
Mecanismo de acción 
• Unión a la subunidad 50S del ribosoma 
bacteriano, inhibiendo la sintesis 
protéica2,3 
Actividad In vitro e in vivoa 
• Amplia gama de bacterias Gram 
positivas incluyendo VRE, MRSA, 
VISA, VRSA y S. aureus resistente a 
linezolid4 
• Actividad vs anaerobios5 
• Limitada actividad vs Gram negativos5 
Desarrollo 
• Aprobado en EUA para ABSSSI, ya en 
comercialización. 
• Se esta desarrollando protocolo fase 
III para Neumonía nosocomial y NAVM 
por Gram positivos1 
For Internal Purposes Only – Not to be distributed 55 
Tedizolid 
Phosphate 
Tedizolid 
F 
O 
O 
N 
N 
N 
N 
O 
HO OH 
F 
O 
O 
N 
N 
N 
N 
N OH 
1. Data on file, Cubist Pharmaceuticals. 2. Shaw KJ, et al. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2008;52:4442-4447. 3. Colca JR, 
et al. J Biol Chem. 2003;278:21972-21279. 4. Livermore DM, et al. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2009;63:713-715. 5. Shaadt R, 
et al. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2009;53:3236-3239. 6. Louie A, et al. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2011;55:3453- 
34560; 7. Drusano G, et al. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2011;55(11):5300-05.
Diferencias entre generaciones de 
Oxazolidinonas: 
• Dosificación: 200mg IV/VO c/24hrs (vs lineozlid 600mg IV/VO c/12hrs) 
• En comparación con linezolid, posee 4 a 32 veces más potencia in vitro vs 
patógenos Gram positivos, con un perfil hematológico favorable (sobre todo 
menor trombocitopenia). 
• Demostró no-inferioridad clínica a linezolid en ABSSSI (comparando un 
esquema corto de tedizolid por 6 días vs 10 días de linezolid. 
• Menor potencial de generación de resistencias que linezolid (16 veces 
For Internal Purposes Only – Not to be distributed 56 
menor) . 
• Actividad vs VRE y cepas linezolid-resistantes, positivas a mutaciones del 
gen cfr-positivo 
• Menor potencial para interacciones con IMAO, Inhibidores de recaptura de 
serotonina y adrenérgicos 
• Perfil farmacocinético favorable con una Vm 12hrs, no requiere ajuste a 
función renal, hepática, edad avanzada ni pacientes obesos.
For Internal Purposes Only – Not to be distributed 57
Ensayos clínicos fase III completados 
• ESTABLISH-1 (TR701-112)1 – Publicado en JAMA 2013 
– Phase 3 Randomized, Double-blind, Multicenter Study Comparing the Efficacy and Safety of 
6-Day Oral Tedizolid Phosphate and 10-Day Oral Linezolid for the Treatment of Acute 
Bacterial Skin and Skin Structure Infections (ABSSSI) 
• ESTABLISH-2 (TR701-113)2 – Publicado en The Lancet Infectious Diseases 
– Phase 3 Randomized, Double-blind, Multicenter Study Comparing the Efficacy and Safety of 
IV to Oral 6-Day Tedizolid Phosphate and IV to Oral 10-Day Linezolid for the Treatment of 
ABSSSI 
1. Prokocimer P, et al. JAMA. 2013;309:559-569. 
2. Moran GJ, et al. Lancet Infect Dis. In press 2014. 
For Internal Purposes Only – Not to be distributed 58
ESTABLISH-1 and ESTABLISH-2 
Analisis de eficacia integrado 
For Internal Purposes Only – Not to be distributed 59 
81.6 
87.0 87.9 
79.4 
87.9 86.8 
100 
80 
60 
40 
20 
0 
48-72 hrs Día 11 Dias 7-14 post 
EOT 
% pacientes con respuesta 
al tratamiento 
Tedizolid 
N=664 
Linezolid 
N=669 
1. Data on file, Cubist Pharmaceuticals: TR701-112 and -113 ISE. 
* Pooled data 
2.2 
(-2.0,6.5) 
-0.8 
(-4.4,2.7) 
-0.1 
(-3.8,3.6) 
Tedizolid eficacia no inferior a 
linezolid en todas las 
valoraciones*: 
• Respuesta temprana 
(48-72 hrs después de 
la primer dosis) 
• Final de terapia 
(11 dias despues de la 
primer dosis) 
• Día 7-14 despues de 
terminar la terapia 
• Seguimiento a laro plazo 
(29-36 dias despues de 
la ultima dosis) 
Respuesta Clinica Temprana 
(≥20% reducción del 
area de lesion) 
Final de terapia 
(Respuesta Clinica 
Programada) 
(Respuesta valorada 
por investigador) 
Tedizolid demostró no ser inferior a linezolid a pesar de tratarse de un curso más corto 
de tratamiento (tedizolid 6 dias vs linezolid 10 dias)
ESTABLISH-1 and ESTABLISH-2 
Analisis de eventos gastrointestinales 
p=0.0042 
p=0.0018 
Tedizolid se asoció a una incidencia menor de eventos adversos gastrointestinales significativo. 
For Internal Purposes Only – Not to be distributed 60 
42.7 
16.0 
13.0 
43.2 
23.0 
18.9 
60 
40 
20 
0 
Todos los TEAEs Todos los trastornos GI GI TEAEs Día 0 - Día 6 
Esquema de 6 días con Tedizolid N=662 Esquema de 10 días co Linezolid N=662 
Porcentaje de pacientes con Eventos adversos (%) 
TEAE = treatment-emergent adverse events; GI = gastrointestinal. 
1. Data on file, Cubist Pharmaceuticals: TR701-112 and -113 ISS.
ESTABLISH-1 and ESTABLISH-2 
Analisis integrado de seguridad hematológica 
15 
12 
9 
6 
3 
p=0.0175 
LLN = lower limit of normal. Safety analysis set; N1 = any post-baseline observation through last dose of active drug. 
1. Data on file, Cubist Pharmaceuticals: TR701-112 and -113 ISS. 
For Internal Purposes Only – Not to be distributed 61 
6.4 
2.1 
12.6 
4.5 
0 
Nivel de plaquetas anormal (por debajo 
de límite normal inferior) 
Nivel substancialmente anormal (Por 
debajo del 
< 75% del límite normal inferior) 
Esquema de 6 días con Tedizolid N1=627 
Esquema de 10 días con LinezolidN1=626 
Porcentaje de pacientes con alteración 
plaquetaria(%) 
p=0.0002 
Tedizolid se asoció a una menor incidencia de trombocitopenia (significativo)
Otras opciones en desarrollo? 
For Internal Purposes Only – Not to be distributed 62
Delafloxacino: En resumen 
• Fluoroquinolona 
• Dosificación: 300mg IV c/12hrs 
• No aprobado aún, solo Fase II. 
• Se trabaja en estudios Fase III 
para ABSSSI 
Delafloxacino está aún en investigación y no tiene aprobación a nivel global 
1. Remy JM, et al., J Antimicrob Chemother. 2012 Dec;67(12):2814-20. 
2. US NIH, ClinicalTrials.gov. http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01984684. Accessed 2/23/2014 
For Internal Purposes Only – Not to be distributed 63
Delafloxacino: Mecanismo de acción1 
actividad igual de potente en ambas: 
• DNA Girasa (Gram -) 
• Topoisomerasa IV (Gram +) 
• Actividad mejorada vs MRSA in vitro, 
incluso cepas resistentes a quinolonas 
• No es afectada por bombas de eflujo 
NorA, NorB y NorC 
Formación de complejos de quinolonas con la Topoisomerasa IV y la DNA Girasa. 
1. Hooper DC. Lancet Infect Dis. 2002 Sep;2(9):530-8. 
For Internal Purposes Only – Not to be distributed 64
Delafloxacino: Eficacia (Estudio Fase II) 
Tasa de éxito durante visita de seguimiento usando valoraciones de los investigadores (ITT)1 
Treatment Group 
For Internal Purposes Only – Not to be distributed 65 
Infección basal 
Delafloxacino 
n/Total (%) 
Linezolid 
n/Total (%) 
Vancomicina 
n/Total (%) 
TODOS 57/81 (70.4) 50/77 (64.9) 53/98 (54.1) 
Absceso Cutáneo Mayor 15/21 (71.4) 16/24 (66.7) 15/28 (53.6) 
Celulitis/erisipela 28/39 (71.8) 24/32 (75) 19/44 (43.2) 
Infección de Herida 12/19 (63.2) 8/19 (42.1) 19/26 (73.1) 
Quemadura 2/2 (100) 2/2 (100) 0/0 
ITT, intent-to-treat 
1. Longcor J, et al. Presented at 52nd ICAAC. San Francisco (CA): September 9-12, 2012. Results of a Phase 2 Study of 
Delafloxacin (DLX) Compared to Vancomycin (VAN) and Linezolid (LNZ) in Acute Bacterial Skin and Skin Structure Infections 
(ABSSSI) Poster L1-1663.
Delafloxacino: Seguridad (Estudio fase 
II)1 
Eventos adversos emergentes con el manejo con ≥ 5% frecuencia 
Delafloxacino 
(n = 78) 
Linezolid 
(n = 75) 
Vancomicina 
(n = 96) 
Nausea 21.8% 21.3% 13.5% 
Diarrea 15.4% 6.7% 4.2% 
Vómito 12.8% 8% 8.3% 
Prurito 7.7% 8% 20.8% 
Fatiga 6.4% 4% 6.3% 
Mareo 6.4% 1.3% 1% 
Cefalea 6.4% 6.7% 5.2% 
Dolor en sitio de infusión 5.1% 9.3% 5.2% 
Celulitis 3.8% 4% 5.2% 
Absceso en extremidad 2.6% 5.3% 2.1% 
Infección de piel 2.6% 5.3% 2.1% 
Rash 2.6% 6.7% 2.1% 
Constipación 1.3% 6.7% 4.2% 
1. Longcor J, et al. Presented at 52nd ICAAC. San Francisco (CA): September 9-12, 2012. Results of a Phase 2 Study of 
Delafloxacin (DLX) Compared to Vancomycin (VAN) and Linezolid (LNZ) in Acute Bacterial Skin and Skin Structure Infections 
(ABSSSI) Poster L1-1663. 
For Internal Purposes Only – Not to be distributed 66
Comparación de la actividad entre Quinolonas 
Susceptibilidad en 30 aislamientos de MRSA1 
Agente CIM50 
a CIM90 
a Rangoa 
Delafloxacino 0.03 0.5 0.008 to 1 
Ciprofloxacino 2 128 0.5 to >256 
Levofloxacino 1 16 0.125 to 64 
Moxifloxacino 0.125 4 0.03 to 8 
a Todos los valores de la Cim se muestran en μg/mL 
1. Remy JM, et al. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2012 Dec;67(12):2814-20. 
For Internal Purposes Only – Not to be distributed 67
Omadaciclina: En resumen 
For Internal Purposes Only – Not to be distributed 68 
Artist rendition 
1. Paratek Pharmaceuticals. Press release 1/3/2013. http://www.paratekpharm.com/press/010313%20Paratek%20QIDP%20Press%20Release.pdf. 
Accessed 2/22/2013. 
2. Draper MP, et al. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2014 Mar;58(3):1279-83.
Omadaciclina: En resumen 
• Aminometilciclina (Nueva clase) 
• Derivado sintético de la Minociclina 
• Amplio espectro / potencialmente 
retiene actividad aún si se presentan 
resistencias a tetraciclinas 
• Administrable VO e IV 
• Dosificación: 100mg IV c/24hrs IV o 
200mg VO c/24hrs. 
• No aprobado aún, solo Fase II con 
ABSSSI, NAC e IVU 
For Internal Purposes Only – Not to be distributed 69 
Artist rendition 
1. Paratek Pharmaceuticals. Press release 1/3/2013. http://www.paratekpharm.com/press/010313%20Paratek%20QIDP%20Press%20Release.pdf. 
Accessed 2/22/2013. 
2. Draper MP, et al. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2014 Mar;58(3):1279-83.
Omadaciclina: Actividad Microbiológica 
Actividad vs cepas sensibles y resistentes a tetraciclinas 
Cepa Mecanismo de 
For Internal Purposes Only – Not to be distributed 70 
resistencia 
CIM (μg/mL) 
Tetraciclina Doxiciclina Omadaciclina 
S. aureus RN450 Ninguno ≤0.06 ≤0.06 0.125 
S. aureus ATCC 
29213 
Ninguno 0.125 0.125 0.25 
S. aureus MRSA5 Protección 
Ribosomal 
>64 4 0.125 
S. aureus RN4250 Eflujo 32 4 0.25 
S. pneumoniae 
PBS382 
Protección 
Ribosomal 
32 4 <0.06 
1. Draper MP, et al. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2014 Mar;58(3):1279-83.
Omadaciclina: Eficacia 
Respuesta clínica exitosa durante evaluación ToC1 
Omadaciclina 
% (n/N) 
Linezolid 
% (n/N) 
% Diferencia 
(95% CI) 
Población ITT 88.3 (98/111) 75.9 (82/108) 12.4 (1.9, 22.9) 
Clinicamente evaluable 98.0 (98/100) 93.2 (82/88) 4.8 (-1.7, 11.3) 
Microbiológicamente Evaluable 
• S. aureus 
• MRSA 
• Gram-positivos (distintos a S. aureus) 
• Gram-negativos 
97.4 (75/77) 
97.2 (70/72) 
97.7 (43/44) 
100 (3/3) 
100 (2/2) 
93.7 (59/63) 
92.7 (51/55) 
93.8 (30/32) 
100 (7/7) 
100 (1/1) 
3.8 (-4, 11.5) 
1. Noel et al. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2012 Nov;56(11):5650-4. 
For Internal Purposes Only – Not to be distributed 71
Omadaciclina: Seguridad 
Eventos Adversos emergentes con la terapia referidos por 5 o más 
pacientes en cualquier brazo de tratamiento en el análisis de seguridad1 
Evento Adverso Omadaciclina 
(n = 111) 
Linezolid 
(n = 108) 
Nausea 11.7% 7.4% 
Vómito 4.5% 3.7% 
Diarrea 2.7% 5.6% 
Constipación 4.5% 1.9% 
Fatiga 4.5% 1.9% 
Elevación ALT 2.7% 6.5% 
Elevación AST 2.7% 4.6% 
Mareo 3.6% 4.6% 
Cefalea 6.3% 8.3% 
Rash 4.5% 1.9% 
1. Noel et al. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2012 Nov;56(11):5650-4. 
For Internal Purposes Only – Not to be distributed 72
Comparación entre opciones 
For Internal Purposes Only – Not to be distributed 73 
Nombre 
Comercial 
Clase Clasificación FDA 
de indicación para 
Infección de piel 
Ruta Status Cobertura 
Vancomicina Vancocin Glicopeptido cSSSI IV En el mercado Gram + 
Teicoplanina Targocid Glicopeptido cSSSI IV/IM En el mercado Gram + 
Telavancina Vibativ Lipoglicopeptido cSSSI IV En el mercado (EUA) Gram + 
Dalbavancina Dalvance Lipoglicopeptido cSSSI/ABSSSI IV Aprobado FDA p/ABSSSI Gram + 
Oritavancina - Lipoglicopeptido ABSSSI IV Aprobado FDA p/ABSSSI Gram + 
Ceftarolina Teflaro/Zinforo Cefalosporina ABSSSI IV En el mercado (EUA) Gram + y - 
Ceftobiprole Zeftera/Zevtera Cefalosporina cSSSI/ABSSSI IV Detenido su desarrollo 
por irregularidades en 
estudio clínico. 
Gram + y - 
Delafloxacino - Quinolona ABSSSI IV Desarrollo fase III Gram + y - 
Tigeciclina Tygacil Glicilcicline cSSSSI IV Marketed Gram + y - 
Omadacicline - Aminometilcicline ABSSSI IV o VO Desarrollo fase III Gram + 
Linezolid Zyvoxam Oxazolidinona cSSSI IV o VO En el mercado Gram + 
Tedizolid Sivextro Oxazolidinona ABSSSI/cSSSI IV o VO Aprobado FDA, en el 
mercado (EUA). 
Gram +
Muchas gracias por su atención 
For Internal Purposes Only – Not to be distributed 74

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Nuevas y futuras opciones antimicrobianas ante infecciones por MRSA - Dr. Castelo OCT2014

  • 1. “Nuevas y futuras opciones antimicrobianas ante infecciones por MRSA” Dr. David Castelo Médico Infectólogo – Internista MSL Anti-infectivos BdM 31 / Octubre /2014 For Internal Purposes Only – Not to be distributed 1
  • 2. Tendencias históricas en la resistencia antibiótica Eventos clave en la resistencia bacteriana 1972 vancomicina 1965 pneumococcus penicilino-R 1979 gemtamicin-R Enterococcus 1968 Streptococcus eritromicina-R 1953 eritromicina 1959 Shigella tetraciclina-R 1987 Enterobacterias ceftazidima-R For Internal Purposes Only – Not to be distributed 2 1940 Staphylococcus penicilino-R 1962 Staphylococous meticilino-R 1988 Enterococcus vancomicina-R 1943 penicilina 1950 tetraciclina 1960 meticilina 1967 gentamicina 1985 imipenem and ceftazidima 1. US Dept of Health and Human Services, CDC. http://www.cdc.gov/drugresistance/threat-report-2013/pdf/ar-threats-2013-508.pdf. Accessed 2/13/2014. Hasta1990 Introducción de antibiótico Identifiación de resistencia
  • 3. Tendencias históricas en la resistencia antibiótica Eventos clave en la resistencia bacteriana 2000 linezolid 1996 levofloxacino 1996 pneumococcus levofloxacino-R 2003 daptomicina 1998 Enterobacterias imipenem-R 2000 tuberculosis XDR 2001 Staphylococcus linezolid-R 2002 Staphylococcus vancomycin-R 2004/5 Acinetobacter y Pseudomonas panrresistente 2009 ceftriaxone-R Neisseria gonorrhoeae PDR Enterobacteriaceae For Internal Purposes Only – Not to be distributed 3 Adaptado de referencia 1 1. US Dept of Health and Human Services, CDC. http://www.cdc.gov/drugresistance/threat-report-2013/pdf/ar-threats-2013-508.pdf. Accessed 2/13/2014. 2010 ceftarolina Desde1990 2011 ceftaroline-R Staphylococcus Introducción de antibiótico Identifiación de resistencia
  • 4. Tendencias históricas en la resistencia en MRSA Reemergence of antibiotic-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in the genomics era. J Clin Invest. 2009 Sep;119(9):2464-74. doi: 10.1172/JCI38226. DeLeo FR, Chambers HF. For Internal Purposes Only – Not to be distributed 4
  • 5. Mortalidad estimada por MRSA (2005) Reemergence of antibiotic-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in the genomics era. J Clin Invest. 2009 Sep;119(9):2464-74. doi: 10.1172/JCI38226. DeLeo FR, Chambers HF. For Internal Purposes Only – Not to be distributed 5
  • 6. Descenso en la aprobación de antibióticos Tendencia en número de aprobaciones por clase Adaptado de Referencia 1 1. Bassetti M, et al. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 2013;12:22. For Internal Purposes Only – Not to be distributed 6
  • 7. Tendencias actuales en Resistencia a Penicilina Incidencia de PRSP comparado con el uso de antibióticos en algunos paises DDD, Dosis Diaria Definida; PRSP, penicillin-resistant S. pneumoniae. 1. Grundmann H, O’Brien TF, Stelling JM In: World Health Organization. The evolving threat of antimicrobial resistance: options for action. Geneva, Switzerland. WHO Press; 2012. p. 12-30. For Internal Purposes Only – Not to be distributed 7
  • 8. Tendencias actuales en Resistencia a Meticilina Incidencia de infecciones por MRSA, su relación a lugar de adquisición y el año, Connecticut, EUA, 2001-2010 CA: Community aqd ; HACO, health care-associated community onset; HO, hospital onset 1. Hadler JL et al. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012 Jun;18(6):917-24 For Internal Purposes Only – Not to be distributed 8
  • 9. Prevalencia de MRSA entre todos los aislamientos de S. aureus en latinoamerica se mantiene alta Prevalencia de MRSA en latinoamerica en 2006 y 2009 For Internal Purposes Only – Not to be distributed 9 46.4 60 62.5 55.6 62.2 43.5 44 19 48.3 54.2 45 66.7 36.3 60.2 44.3 19 69.8 50.6 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Argentina Brazil Chile Colombia Guatemala Mexico Panama Venezuela Overall 2006 2009 % 1. Garza-Gonzalez E. et al., Braz J Infect Dis 2013; 17(1): 13-19.
  • 10. Referencias principales en el manejo de MRSA • Guía de manejo para todo tipo de infección por MRSA, incluye piel y tejidos blandos pero además abarca otros sitios. • Solía ser la referencia más utilizada y reciente en cuanto a manejo de Infección de Piel y Tejidos Blandos hasta que se actualizó la guía correspondiente. • Última actualización: – Febrero 2011 For Internal Purposes Only – Not to be distributed 10 Liu. Clin Infect Dis 2011;52(3):285–292
  • 11. Recomendaciones de la IDSA para el manejo de pacientes con infecciones causadas por MRSA y Streptococcus sp. Paciente manejado fuera del hospital (domicilio) por celulitis purulenta – Terapia empírica vs MRSA Clindamicina 300 a 450 mg VO c/8hrs Trimetoprim-sulfametoxazol (TMP-SMX) 800 mg SMX/160 TMP VO c/12hrs Doxiciclina 100 mg VO c/12hrs Minociclina 200 mg x 1 dosis, después 100 mg VO c/12hrs Linezolid 600 mg VO c/12hrs Paciente manejado fuera del hospital por celulitis no purulenta – Terapia empírica vs SBH β-lactámico (p.ej. cefalexina o dicloxacilina) 500 mg VO c/6hrs Clindamicina 300 a 450 mg VO c/8hrs For Internal Purposes Only – Not to be distributed 11 β-lactámico (p.ej. amoxicilina) y/o TMP-SMX o doxiciclina Amoxicilina: 500 mg VO c/8hrs (TMP-SMX y doxiciclina dosificadas como se muestra arriba) Linezolid 600 mg VO c/12hrs • Se recomienda que la duración de la terapia sea de 5 a 10 días, pero se individualizará según respuesta clínica. • Los antibióticos se enlistaron de acuerdo al orden en que se presentaron en las guías de manejo de la IDSA. Liu C, et al. Clin Infect Dis. 2011 Feb 1;52(3):e18-55.
  • 12. Recomendaciones de la IDSA para el manejo de pacientes con infecciones causadas por MRSA Opciones empíricas para cubrir MRSA en pacientes hospitalizados por Infección de Piel y Tejidos Blandos Complicada1 Antibiótico Dosis Duración Consideraciones Vancomicina IV 15-20 mg/kg/dosis For Internal Purposes Only – Not to be distributed 12 c/8-12hrs 7-14 días Resistencia emergente, susceptibilidad disminuida, “MIC Creep” Penetración a tejidos variable Requiere monitoreo de niveles Linezolid IV o VO 600 mg c/12hrs 7-14 días Toxicidad hematológica limita su uso a largo plazo Neuropatía óptica y periférica parcialmente reversible o irreversible. Daptomicina 4 mg/kg/dosis IV c/24hrs 7-14 días Monitoreo semanal de CPK Telavancina 10 mg/kg/dosis IV c/24hrs 7-14 días Requiere ajuste de dosis a función renal Clindamicina 600 mg IV o VO c/12hrs 7-14 días Diarrea hasta en 20% de pacientes 1. Liu C, et al. Clin Infect Dis. 2011;52(3):285-292. – Desbridación quirúrgica y antibióticos de amplio espectro – Manejo empírico para MRSA hasta tener resultados de cultivos
  • 13. Recomendaciones de la IDSA para el manejo de pacientes con IPTB por MRSA Antibiótico Dosis, Adultos Dosis, Niños Vancomicina 30 mg/kg/d en 2 dosis divididas IV 40 mg/kg/d en 4 dosis IV Linezolid 600 mg IV c/12h o 600 mg VO c/12hrs 10 mg/kg c/12 h IV o PO para niños <12 años Clindamicina 600 mg c/8 h IV o 300–450 mg VO c/6hrs 25–40 mg/kg/d en 3 dosis IV o 30–40 mg/kg/d en 3 dosis VO Daptomicina 4 mg/kg IV c/24 h N/A Ceftarolina 600 mg IV c/12hrs N/A Doxiciclina, 100 mg VO c/12hrs No recomendado en niños < 8 años Trimetoprim- sulfametoxazol 800/160mg VO c/12hrs 8–12 mg/kg/d (basado en el trimetoprim en 4 dosis IV o 2 dosis VO For Internal Purposes Only – Not to be distributed 13 Stevens D. Clin Infect Dis 2014;59(2):e10–52 .
  • 14. Infección Bacteriana Aguda de la Piel y sus Estructuras (ABSSSI) e Infección Complicada de la Piel y Tejidos Blandos (cSSSI) For Internal Purposes Only – Not to be distributed 14
  • 15. ABSSSI? cSSSI? • Con el fin de homologar la metodología, tipos de infección y severidad de los pacientes en estudios clínicos para evaluar nuevos antibióticos para el tratamiento de infecciones cutáneas, la FDA estableció en 2010* el concepto de ABSSSI y los lineamientos que los protocolos de investigación deben cumplir. • Esta nueva terminología, solo tiene como fin la estandarización de protocolos de investigación y por el momento, no forma parte de la nomenclatura empleada en las guías clínicas para el manejo de cSSSI. * La guía fue actualizada en 2013 ABSSSI= Infección Bacteriana Aguda de la Piel y sus Estructuras / Acute Bacterial Skin and Skin Structure Infection cSSSI = Infección Complicada de la Piel y Estructuras Cutáneas / Complicated Skin and Skin Structure Infection Food and Drug Administration / Center for Drug Evaluation and Research. Avalilable at (April-2014): http://www.fda.gov/downloads/Drugs/.../Guidances/ucm071185.pdf For Internal Purposes Only – Not to be distributed 15
  • 16. For Internal Purposes Only – Not to be distributed 16 ABSSSI: • Bajo el concepto actual (2013) de ABSSSI, la FDA incluye: • Lesiones con una superficie ≥75 cm2 que incluyen: – Celulitis /Erisipela (infecciones difusas con áreas diseminadas de eritema, edema y/o induración) – Infección de herida (drenaje purulento de una herida rodeado de eritema, edema y/o induración) – Absceso Cutáneo Mayor (colección purulenta en la dermis o con mayor profundidad acompañada de Infección de herida (drenaje purulento de una herida rodeado de eritema, edema y/o induración) • El término ABSSSI NO incluye: • Infecciones de severidad menor, por ejemplo: – Impétigo y absceso cutáneo menor • Infecciones de severidad compleja, por ejemplo: – Mordeduras (humanas o de animales), fascitis necrotizante, pie diabético, úlcera por decúbito, mionecrosis y ectima gangrenoso • Principales bacterias involucradas: • Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphyloccocus aureus incluyendo MRSA Corey GR and Stryjewski ME. Clin Infect Dis 2011;52(S7):S469–S476, Salcido R. Adv Skin Wound Care 2012; 25(3):104, Food and Drug Administration / Center for Drug Evaluation and Research. Disponible en (April-2014): http://www.fda.gov/downloads/Drugs/.../Guidances/ucm071185.pdf and http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2010-08-27/html/2010-21328.htm
  • 17. ABSSSI vs cSSSI (IPTB complicada): Característica cSSSI ABSSSI For Internal Purposes Only – Not to be distributed 17 Nomenclatura utilizada en Guías de manejo clínico de pacientes con infecciones cutáneas y sus estructuras Diseño de estudios avalados por FDA, para evaluar nuevos antimicrobianos en infecciones cutáneas y sus estructuras Microorganismos implicados Generalmente polimicrobiana Principalmente bacterias Gram positivas incluyendo MRSA, VISA, VRSA Paciente con comorbilidades Pueden existir o no Pueden existir o no Tipo de infecciones Puede ir de infecciones superficiales a profundas y necrotizantes Involucra celulitis/erisipela, absceso cutáneo mayor e infección de herida Relación entre ambas Algunas cSSSI son ABSSSI Algunas ABSSSI son cSSSI Síndrome de respuesta Puede existir o no Puede existir o no inflamatoria sistémica
  • 18. Opciones actuales de manejo en México + Ceftarolina Tedizolid Dalbavancina Telavancina Oritavancina For Internal Purposes Only – Not to be distributed 18 Daptomicina Linezolid Tigeciclina Vancomicina Teicoplanina Nuevas opciones de manejo Delafloxacino Ceftobiprole Omadaciclina
  • 19. Ceftarolina: En resumen 1. Laudano JB. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2011 Apr;66 Suppl 3:iii11-8. For Internal Purposes Only – Not to be distributed 19
  • 20. Ceftarolina: En resumen • Cefalosporina de 5ta generación • Amplio espectro Gram + y Gram – • Cubre VRSA, MRSA y MSSA • Indicaciones aprobadas: NAC y ABSSSI • Dosificación standard: 600mg IV c/12hrs • Bactericida 1. Laudano JB. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2011 Apr;66 Suppl 3:iii11-8. For Internal Purposes Only – Not to be distributed 20
  • 21. Ceftarolina: Mecanismo de Acción PBP2a: • MRSA/PRSP Cambio conformacional: 1. Saravolatz LD, Stein GE, Johnson LB. Clin Infect Dis. 2011 May;52(9):1156-63. • “Expone” el sitio de unión aún en cepas resistentes a Meticilina For Internal Purposes Only – Not to be distributed 21
  • 22. Susceptibilidad de MRSA a Ceftarolina Prevalencia de cepas no-susceptibles de MRSA en distintas regiones CLSI CLSI CLSI EUCAST 1 2 3 4 EUCAST No data 5 For Internal Purposes Only – Not to be distributed 22 1.5 0.2 16.4 11 1.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.8 0.4 38.4 21.9 5.7 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 EUA Canada America Latina Rusia Turquía SA MSSA MRSA % de cepas no-susceptibles* 1. Sader HS, et al. AAC 2013;57(7):3178-81. 2. Karlowsky JA, et al. AAC 2013;57(11):5600-11. 3. Flamm RK, et al. Braz J Infect Dis 2014;18(2):187-95. 4. Kozlov R, et al. ICAAC 2014; Accepted Abstract: F-1605. 5. Mengeloglu FZ, et al. Mikrobiyol Bul 2013;47(4):677-83. * Incluye cepas resistentes y de susceptibilidad intermedia CLSI: Susceptible: ≤1mg/L; Intermedia: 2mg/L; Resistente: ≥4mg/L EUCAST: Susceptible: ≤1mg/L; Resistente: ≥1mg/L
  • 23. Susceptibilidad de MRSA a Ceftarolina Badal et al. Poster C-761 ICAAC 2014 For Internal Purposes Only – Not to be distributed 23
  • 24. Susceptibilidad de MRSA a Ceftarolina For Internal Purposes Only – Not to be distributed 24
  • 25. Ceftarolina: Susceptibilidad1 CIM y Afinidad de unión a PBP para Ceftarolina Cepa MRSA CIM Ceftarolina (mg/L) PBP2a CI50 (mg/L) 4981 1 0.06 4977 2 0.25 13101 4 1 CI50, concentración Inhibitoria 50%; CIM, concentración Inhibitoria Minima; PBP, penicillin binding protein; MRSA, methicillin-resistant S. aureus Relación inversa entre afinidad PBP2 y elevación de la CIM Mutaciones en gen mecA  codificación PBP2  sustituciones aminoacidos N146K and E150K  M 1. Mendes RE, et al. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2012 Jun;67(6):1321-4. For Internal Purposes Only – Not to be distributed 25
  • 26. Ceftarolina: Eficacia1 Tasas de curación de los pacientes microbiologicamente evaluables durante la visita ToC clasificados por patógeno en sus 2 estudios clínicos1 Ceftarolina n/N (%) Vancomicina/Aztreonam n/N (%) For Internal Purposes Only – Not to be distributed 26 Gram-positivos • MSSA • MRSA • Streptococcus pyogenes • Streptococcus agalactiae 212/228 (93%) 142/152 (93.4%) 56/56 (100%) 21/22 (95.5%) 225/238 (94.5%) 115/122 (94.3%) 56/58 (96.6%) 18/18 (100%) Gram-negativos • Escherichia coli • Klebsiella pneumoniae • Klebsiella oxytoca 20/21 (95.2%) 17/18 (94.4%) 10/12 (83.3%) 19/21 (90.5%) 13/14 (92.9%) 6/6 (100%) MRSA: methicillin-resistant S. aureus; MSSA: methicillin-sensitive S. aureus . 1. Teflaro® (ceftaroline fosamil) injection for intravenous (IV) use. St Louis MO: Forest Laboratories, Inc. Current
  • 27. Ceftarolina: Seguridad1 Reacciones adversas que ocurrieron en ≥ 2% de los pacientes que recibieron Ceftarolina en ambos estudios fase III (ABSSSI y NAC)1 Evento Adverso Ceftarolina (N=1300) Comparadoresa (N = 1297) Diarrea 5% 3% Nausea 4% 4% Rash 3% 2% Hipokalemia 2% 3% Elevación Transaminasas 2% 3% Constipación 2% 2% Vómito 2% 2% Flebitis 2% 1% For Internal Purposes Only – Not to be distributed 27 Advertencias y Precauciones1 • Reacciones de Hipersensibilidad • Diarrea asociada a Clostridium difficile • Seroconversión de prueba de Coombs directo • Desarrollo de bacterias resistentes aComparadores: Vancomicina 1 gramo IV cada12h más aztreonam 1 gramo IV cada12h en el estudio de ABSSSI y Ceftriaxone 1 gramo IV cada 24h en el estudio de NAC. 1. Teflaro® (ceftaroline fosamil) injection for intravenous (IV) use. St Louis MO: Forest Laboratories, Inc. Current prescribing information.
  • 28. Ceftobiprole: En resumen • Cefalosporina de 5ta generación • Mismas caracteristicas generales que Cetarolina. Menor cantidad de información y estudios. • Dosificación: 500mg IV c/8hrs para infusión Ceftobiprole es un agente en investigación, aún sin aprobación por la FDA.2 Se ha utilizado en algunos países europeos y asiáticos pero no cuenta con aprobación. 1. Lovering AL, et al. J Biol Chem. 2012 Sep 14;287(38):32096-102. 2. Drugs.com. Press release 12/30/2009. http://www.drugs.com/nda/ceftobiprole_091230.html. Accessed 2/22/2014 For Internal Purposes Only – Not to be distributed 28 de dos horas… • No aprobado aún, pendiente…
  • 29. Ceftobiprole: Eficacia1 Proporción de pacientes con IPTB complicada que experimentaron Cura Clínica o Erradicación Microbiológica en la visita ToC Características Ceftobiprole Vancomicina/ Ceftazidima 95% IC For Internal Purposes Only – Not to be distributed 29 Curación • Gram-positivo presente • Gram-negativo presente 292/318 (91.8) 109/124 (87.9) 149/165 (90.3) 61/68 (89.7) -3.6 to 7.6 -11 to 9.1 Erradicación Microbiológica • Gram-positivo presente • Gram-negativo presente 283/318 (89) 105/124 (84.7) 147/165 (89.1) 57/68 (83.8) -5.8 to 6.5 -9.5 to 12.8 1. Noel GJ, et al. Clin Infect Dis. 2008 Mar 1;46(5):647-55.
  • 30. Ceftobiprole: Seguridad1 Incidencia de EA emergentes con la terapia en ≥5% de los pacientes en el estudio fase III de IPTB1 Ceftobiprole (n = 543) Vancomicina + Ceftazidima (n = 279) Al menos un EA 56% 57% Al menos un EA serio 7% 9% EA causó la descontinuación del 4% 4% tratamiento EA específicos • Nausea 11% 7% • Reacción en sitio de infusión 9% 9% • Diarrea 8% 6% • Cefalea 8% 5% • Vómito 6% 4% • Hipersensibilidad 5% 10% • Insomnio 5% 5% • Constipación 3% 5% • Alteración renal 2% 3% 1. Noel GJ, et al. Clin Infect Dis. 2008 Mar 1;46(5):647-55. For Internal Purposes Only – Not to be distributed 30
  • 31. Ceftobiprole: Preguntas sin contestar sobre evaluación de la FDA (2008) • ≥30% de los datos clínicos para los estudios BAP00154 y BAP00414 fueron calificados como “no confiables” o “No verificables”1 • ¿Ceftobiprole requiere reconstitución?2 Si así es, que soluciones son For Internal Purposes Only – Not to be distributed 31 compatibles?2 • ¿Ceftobiprole es estable tras reconstitución? • ¿Ceftobiprole requiere refrigeración?2 • ¿La vía intravenosa es la única vía aceptable de administración?2 • ¿Todas las infusiones IV deben pasarse en 2 horas?2 1. NEJM Journal Watch. http://blogs.jwatch.org/hiv-id-observations/index.php/the-long-road-for-ceftobiprole-approval-gets-longer/ 2010/01/10/. Accessed 3/10/2014. 2. Anderson SD, et al. Ann Pharmacother. 2008 Jun;42(6):806-16.
  • 32. Telavancina: en resumen • Lipoglicopéptido derivado Vancomicina • Espectro e indicaciones similares a Vanco • 1.-Actividad 10x para inhibir peptidoglicano que 1. Saravolatz LD, et al. Clin Infect Dis. 2009 Dec 15;49(12):1908-14. For Internal Purposes Only – Not to be distributed 32 vancomicina. • 2.- Efecto agregado de disrupción de pared celular • FDA: IPTB / Neumonía nosocomial y NAVM • Dosificación standard: 10mg/kg c/24hrs (infusión una hora)
  • 33. Telavancina: Actividad In Vitro contra VISA y VRSA1,2 Actividad In Vitro contra 33 aislamientos de VISA For Internal Purposes Only – Not to be distributed 33 Agente VISA Rango CIM VISA (% Susceptible) VISA CIM50 VISA CIM90 Vancomicina 4 a 8 0 4 8 Telavancina 0.25 a 1 100 0.5 0.75 VISA, vancomycin-intermediate S. aureus. Actividad In Vitro contra 13 aislamientos de VRSA Agent VRSA Rango CIM VRSA (% Susceptible) VRSA CIM50 VRSA CIM90 Vancomicina 32 a >64 0 >64 >64 Telavancina 2 a 6 0 4 6 VRSA, vancomycin-resistant S. aureus. 1. Saravolatz LD, et al. Clin Infect Dis 2009;49(12):1908-14. 2. Saravolatz LD, et al. Clin Infect Dis 2012;55(4):582–6.
  • 34. Telavancina: Farmacocinética Ajuste de dosis en pacientes adultos con falla renal Depuración de Creatinina (mL/min) Régimen de dosificación con Telavancin >50 10 mg/kg IV cada 24 hrs 30 a 50 7.5 mg/kg IV cada 24 hrs 10 a <30 10 mg/kg IV cada 48 hrs Insuficiencia Renal Terminal (<10) Información insuficiente para recomendaciones de dosis 1. Vibativ® (telavancin) for injection Current Prescribing Information. South San Francisco, CA: Theravance, Inc For Internal Purposes Only – Not to be distributed 34
  • 35. Telavancina: Eficacia Curación Clínica durante evaluación ToC en población Clinicamente Evaluable (CE) Trial 1 Trial 2 For Internal Purposes Only – Not to be distributed 35 Telavancina % (n/N) Vancomicina % (n/N) Diferencia (95% CI) Telavancina % (n/N) Vancomicina % (n/N) Diferencia (95% CI) 84.3% (289/343) 82.8% (288/348) 1.5 ( -4.3, 7.3) 83.9% (302/360) 87.7% (315/359) -3.8 ( -9.2, 1.5) Curación Clínica según falla renal pre-existente (Población CE )1 Depuración de Creatinina Telavancina % (n/N) Vancomicina % (n/N) > 50 mL/min 87% (520/598) 85.9% (524/610) ≤ 50 mL/min 67.4% (58/86) 82.7% (67/81) 1. Vibativ® (telavancin) for injection. South San Francisco, CA: Theravance, Inc.
  • 36. Telavancina: Eficacia Curación Clínica durante evaluación ToC en población Clinicamente Evaluable (CE) 84.3 82.8 83.9 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 1. Vibativ® (telavancin) for injection. South San Francisco, CA: Theravance, Inc. 87.7 For Internal Purposes Only – Not to be distributed 36 0 Estudio 1 Estudio 2 Telavancina Vancomicina 1.5 (95% CI: -4.3; 7.3) -3.8 (95% CI: -9.2; 1.5) % de pacientes
  • 37. Telavancina: Eficacia 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 Curación Clínica según falla renal pre-existente 1. Vibativ® (telavancin) for injection. South San Francisco, CA: Theravance, Inc. (Población CE ) For Internal Purposes Only – Not to be distributed 37 87 67.4 85.9 82.7 0 > 50 mL/min ≤ 50 mL/min Telavancina Vancomicina % de pacientes
  • 38. Telavancina: Seguridad (Parte 1)1 • Advertencias y precauciones – Mortalidad aumentada en pacientes con Neumonía asociada a ventilación mecánica / Neumonía Nosocomial y falla renal moderada a severa pre-existente† – Respuesta clínical disminuida en pacientes con IPTB complicada y falla renal moderada a severa pre-existente† – Nefrotoxicidad – Embarazadas / Mujer en edad reproductiva. – Reacciones de hipersensibilidad – Reacciones relacionadas a Infusion – Diarrea asociada a Clostridium difficile – Desarrollo de bacterias resistentes – Prolongación del QTc – Interferencia con pruebas de Coagulación 1. Vibativ® (telavancin) for injection. South San Francisco, CA: Theravance, Inc For Internal Purposes Only – Not to be distributed 38 †CrCl ≤50 mL/min
  • 39. Telavancina: Seguridad (Parte 2)1 Incidencia de reacciones adversas relacionadas al tratamiento reportadas en ≥2% de Telavancina or Vancomicina en pacientes manejados por cIPTB† Estudio 1 y estudio 21 Telavancina (n = 929) Vancomicina (n = 938) No relacionadas a un sistema • Escalosfrios 4% 2% Sistema Digestivo • Nausea 27% • Vómito 14% • Diarrea 7% 15% 7% 8% Metabólico-Nutricional • Apetito disminuido 3% 2% Sistema nervioso • Alteraciones del gusto 33% 7% Sistema renal • Orina espumosa 13% 3% †Infección de Piel y Tejidos Blandos complicada 1. Vibativ® (telavancin) for injection. South San Francisco, CA: Theravance, Inc. For Internal Purposes Only – Not to be distributed 39
  • 40. Dalbavancina: En resumen • Lipoglicopéptido semisintético derivado de un Dalbavancina esta aprobada por la FDA para ABSSSI. 1. Chen AY, Zervos MJ, Vazquez JA. Int J Clin Pract. 2007 May;61(5):853-63. 2. US FDA. http://www.fda.gov/advisorycommittees/calendar/ucm385727.htm. Accessed 2/18/2014 For Internal Purposes Only – Not to be distributed 40 glicopéptido natural • Mismas caracteristicas generales que Telavancina. • No tiene actividad vs VRE fenotipoVanA • Desarrollado fase III en 2009 pero tuvo que rediseñar estudios por cambios en FDA • Vida media muy larga (181hrs, 7d) • Dosificación: 1gr IV DU primer día y 500mg IV en el día 8. • Aprobado para ABSSSI
  • 41. Dalbavancina: Resistencia Perfiles de resistencia en 1152 aislamientos Gram-positivos de centros médicos latinoamericanos For Internal Purposes Only – Not to be distributed 41 Organismo Fenotipo de resistencia (# tested) Dalbavancina CIMs(mg/L) Rango 50% 90% S. aureus Oxacillin-susceptible (393) Oxacillin-resistente(143) ≤0.008 a 0.25 0.016 a0.12 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 staphylococcus Coagulasa-negativo Oxacillina-susceptible (58) Oxacillina-resistente (193) ≤0.008 a 0.12 ≤0.008 a 1 0.03 0.03 0.06 0.12 S. pneumoniae Penicilino-susceptible (152) Penicilino-intermedio (27) Penicilino-resistente(29) ≤0.008 a 0.06 ≤0.008 a 0.06 ≤0.008 a 0.016 0.016 0.016 0.016 0.016 0.016 0.016 Enterococco Vancomicina-susceptible (148) Vancomicina-resistente (9) ≤0.008 a 0.25 0.06 a >16 0.03 16 0.06 -- 1. Gales AC, et al. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2005 Feb;11(2):95-100.
  • 42. Dalbavancina: Estudios Clínicos Fase III en IPTB complicada1 Metas de respuesta en la población evaluable en valoraciones al final del tratamiento (EOT) y durante el ToC. Eventos adversos con posible relación con el tratamiento ( Reportados en ≥ 2% de los pacientes) Evento Dalbavancina (n = 571) Linezolid (n = 283) Cualquier evento 25.4 32.2 Nausea 3.2 5.3 Diarrea 2.5 5.7 Elevación de la DHL 1.9 1.8 Cefalea 1.9 1.8 Elevación de la GGT 1.9 1.4 Vomitio 1.9 1.1 Rash 1.8 1.8 Alteración de las PFHs 1.6 1.1 Elevación de la ALT 1.2 1.8 Vaginosis fúngica 0.9 1.8 Evacuaciones liquidas 0.4 2.1 Trombocitopenia 0.2 2.5 ALT, alaninotransferasea; GGT, Gammaglutamil transferasa; LDH, Deshidrogenasa Láctica; PFH, Pruebas Funcionamiento Hepático Adaptado de Rerferencia 1 1. Jauregui LE, et al. Clin Infect Dis. 2005 Nov 15;41(10):1407-15. For Internal Purposes Only – Not to be distributed 42
  • 43. Dalbavancina: Eficacia1,2 en estudios DISCOVER-1 (DUR001-301) & DISCOVER-2 (DUR001-302) Dalbavancina, n/N (%) Vancomicina/Linezolid, n/N (%) Diferencia (95% CI) Respuesta Clínica Temprana a las 48-72h (ITT) DUR-001-301 240/288 (83.3%) 233/285 (81.8%) 1.5% (-4.6, 7.9) DUR-001-302 285/371 (76.8%) 288/368 (78.3%) -1.5% (-7.4, 4.6) ≥ 20% reducción de el area lesionar comparado con tamaño basal a 48-72h DUR-001-301 259/288 (89.9%) 259/285 (90.9%) -1.0% (-5.7, 4.0 ) DUR-001-302 325/371 (87.6%) 316/368 (85.9%) 1.7% (-3.2, 6.7) Respuesta clínica durante la valoración al final del tratamiento (EoT) ( ITT) DUR-001-301 234/288 (81.3%) 247/285 (86.7%) -5.4 (-11.5, 0.6) DUR-001-302 329/371 (88.7%) 314/368 (85.3%) 3.4 (-1.5, 8.3) Respuesta Clínica durante valoración de seguimiento a corto plazo (SFU) (ITT) DUR-001-301 241/288 (83.7) 251/285 (88.1) -4.4 (-10.2, 1.3) DUR-001-302 327/371 (88.1%) 311/368 (84.5%) 3.6% (-1.3, 8.7) EOT, end of treatment (día 14-15); ITT, intent-to-treat population (intención a tratar) ; SFU, short-term follow-up (Día 26-30) 1. Dalbavancin. FDA Briefing Document. AIDAC. March 31, 2014. Durata For Internal Purposes Only – Not to be distributed 43 Therapeutics, Inc 2. Jauregui LE, et al. Clin Infect Dis. 2005 Nov 15;41(10):1407-15.
  • 44. Dalbavancina: Eficacia1,2 en los estudios: DISCOVER-1 (DUR001-301) & DISCOVER-2 (DUR001-302) 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 DUR001-301 DUR001-302 EOT, end of treatment (día 14-15); ITT, intent-to-treat population (intención a tratar) ; SFU, short-term follow-up (Día 26-30) 1. Dalbavancin. FDA Briefing Document. AIDAC. March 31, 2014. Durata Therapeutics, Inc 2. Jauregui LE, et al. Clin Infect Dis. 2005 Nov 15;41(10):1407-15. For Internal Purposes Only – Not to be distributed 44 83.3 89.9 76.8 87.6 81.8 90.9 78.3 85.9 0 Dalbavancina (%) Vancomicina/Linezolid (%)* Respuesta clínica temprana ≥ 20% reducción del área lesionar a las 48-72h Respuesta Clínica Temprana ≥ 20% reducción del área lesionar a las 48-72h % de pacientes 1.5 (95% CI: -4.6; 7.9) -1.0 (95% CI: -5.7; 4.0) -1.5 (95% CI: -7.4; 4.6) 1.7 (95% CI: -3.2; 6.7) * Vancomicina: 1g (15mg/kg) IV c/12h y Linezolid: 600 mg VO c/12h (switch en cualquier momento después del día 3)
  • 45. Dalbavancina: Eficacia1,2 en estudios: DISCOVER-1 (DUR001-301) & DISCOVER-2 (DUR001-302) trials 86.7 88.1 88.7 85.3 88.1 84.5 81.3 83.7 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 EOT, end of treatment (día 14-15); ITT, intent-to-treat population (intención a tratar) ; SFU, short-term follow-up (Día 26-30) 1. Dalbavancin. FDA Briefing Document. AIDAC. March 31, 2014. Durata Therapeutics, Inc 2. Jauregui LE, et al. Clin Infect Dis. 2005 Nov 15;41(10):1407-15. For Internal Purposes Only – Not to be distributed 45 0 Dalbavancina (%) Vancomicina/Linezolid (%) Respuesta clínica durante EOT DUR001-301 DUR001-302 % de pacientes -5.4 (95% CI: -11.5; 0.6) -4.4 (95% CI: -10.2; 1.3) 3.4 (95% CI: -1.5; 8.3) 3.6 (95% CI: -1.3; 8.7) Respuesta Clínica durante SFU Respuesta Clínica durante EOT Respuesta Clínica durante SFU
  • 46. Dalbavancina: Seguridad1 EA observados en >1% de pacientes Dalbavancina (N=652) Comparador (N=651) Nausea 29 (4.4%) 32 (4.9%) Vómito 13 (2%) 10 (1.5%) Cefalea 26 (4%) 23 (3.5%) Diarrea 8 (1.2%) 19 (2.9%) Elevación GGT 13 (2%) 12 (1.8%) Elevación ALT 13 (2%) 9 (1.4%) Elevación AST 11 (1.7%) 2 (0.3%) Prurito 6 (0.9%) 18 (2.8%) Rash 11 (1.7%) 9 (1.4%) Pirexia 8 (1.2%) 11 (1.7%) Mareo 8 (1.2%) 6 (0.9%)  Muertes: 10/1778 en brazo dalbavancina, 15/1224 en brazo comparador  Número de pacientes con SAEs: 17 (2.6%) en el brazo de dalbavancina y 29 (4.4%)en el comparador  Posibilidad de lesión hepática asociada a dalbavancina, especialmente en pacientes con comorbilidades  Mayor frecuencia de eventos adversos asociados a hemorragias con el uso de dalbavancina (36 [2%] vs 19 [1.5%] EA, Evento Adverso; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; SAE, serious adverse event 1. Dalbavancin. FDA Briefing Document. AIDAC. March 31, 2014. Durata Therapeutics, Inc Adapted from Reference 1 For Internal Purposes Only – Not to be distributed 46
  • 47. Oritavancina: En resumen • Lipoglicopéptido semisintético • Mismas caracteristicas generales que Dalbavancina pero con mejor espectro. • Tiene actividad vs VRE fenotipoVanA y VRSA • Dosificación: 1200mg IV dosis única • Aprobado para ABSSSI (más reciente) *Aprobado por la FDA en Agosto 2014 para ABSSSI 1. Zhanel GG, et al. Clin Infect Dis. 2012 Apr;54(suppl 3):S214-9. 2. Drugs.com. Press release 2/19/2014. http://www.drugs.com/nda/oritavancin_140220.html. Accessed For Internal Purposes Only – Not to be distributed 47 2/21/2014
  • 48. Oritavancina: Mecanismo de Acción Adapted from Reference 1 1. Zhanel GG, et al. Clin Infect Dis. 2012 Apr;54(suppl 3):S214-9. For Internal Purposes Only – Not to be distributed 48
  • 49. Oritavancina: Eficacia (SIMPLIFI)1 Tasa de curación durante visita ToC1 Pobación % (n/N) de pacientes curados con la dosis indicada de Oritavancina Diferencia estimada en % de pacientes curados (90% CI) • 200mg IV diarios • 1200mg IV dosis única • 800mg IV dosis única con opción de 400mg al día 5 For Internal Purposes Only – Not to be distributed 49 200 mg (n = 98) 1200 mg (n = 99) 800 mg (n = 103) 1200 y 200 mg 800 y 200 mg ITT 72.4 (63/87) 81.8 (72/88) 78.2 (68/87) 8.7 (-1.7, 17.8) 5.1 (-5.8, 14.6) Clin. Evalu. • Herida Qx. • Absceso Mayor • Celulitis 72.4 (55/76) 65.4 (17/26) 92.3 (24/26) 58.3 (14/24) 81.5 (66/81) 66.7 (18/27) 90 (27/30) 87.5 (21/24) 77.5 (55/71) 72 (18/25) 87.5 (21/24) 72.7 (16/22) 8.6 (-2.5, 18.2) 1.3 (-20.1, 22.7) -2.3 (-14.8, 10.1) 29.2 (9.2, 49.1) 5.2 (-6.8, 15.4) 6.6 (-14.7, 27.9) -4.8 (-18.9, 9.2) 14.4 (-8.4, 37.2) • 3 grupos: 1. Dunbar LM, et al; for the SIMPLIFI Study Team. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2011 Jul;55(7):3476-84.
  • 50. Oritavancina: Seguridad (SIMPLIFI)1 • Eventos Adversos más comúnes: – nausea, flebitis, diarrea, cefalea, extravasación del sitio de infusión, vómito, y For Internal Purposes Only – Not to be distributed 50 constipación • La incidencia de eventos adversos serios fue mayor en el grupo de dosificación diaria (11% [11/100]) comparado con el grupo de dosis única de 1200mg (7.1% [7/99]) o el grupo de dosis infrecuente (6.8% [7/103]) – 2 pacientes (ambos en el grupo de 1200mg dosis única) tuvieron SAEs (eventos adversos serios que tras valoración se determinaron como relacionados a la droga de estudio. • Disnea e Hipersensibilidad. – 5 muertes, ninguna relacionada directamente a la droga de estudio. 1. Dunbar LM, et al; for the SIMPLIFI Study Team. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2011 Jul;55(7):3476-84.
  • 51. Oritavancina: Eficacia Estudios SOLO-1 y SOLO-21 For Internal Purposes Only – Not to be distributed 51 Tiempo Evaluación Oritavancina (n = 978) Vancomicina (n = 981) % Diferencia (95% CI) Meta clínica temprana Meta principal FDA : Detención de diseminación, ausencia de fiebre, no requerir antibióticos de rescate 794 (81.2%) 794 (80.9%) 0.2 (-3.3, 3.7) ≥20% reducción del área afectada 845 (86.4%) 825 (84.1%) 2.3 (-0.9, 5.4) Meta post-tratamiento Meta principal (EMA), cura evaluada por investigador 794 (81.2%) 787 (80.2%) 1 (-2.5, 4.5) Resultados con pacientes confirmados con infecciones por MRSA en el SOLO-1 ySOLO-2 (mITT)1 Tiempo Evaluación Oritavancina (n = 204) Vancomicina (n = 201) % Diferencia (95% CI) Meta clínica temprana Meta principal FDA : Detención de diseminación, ausencia de fiebre, no requerir antibióticos de rescate 166 (81.4%) 162 (80.6%) 0.8 (-6.9. 8.4) ≥20% redución del área afectada 190 (93.1%) 175 (87.1%) 6.1 (0.5, 11.6) (p=0.032) Meta Post-treatment Meta principal (EMA), Cura evaluada por investigador 170 (83.3%) 169 (84.1%) -0.7 (-7.9, 6.4) 1. The Medicines Company. Press release 7/2/2013. http://ir.themedicinescompany.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=122204&p=irol-newsArticle& ID=1834647&highlight=. Accessed 3/8/2014.
  • 52. Oritavancina: Eficacia Estudios SOLO-1 y SOLO-21 Respuesta clínica temprana 0.2 (95% CI: -3.3; 3.7) 81.2 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 ≥ 20% reducción en área lesionar a la 48-72h 2.3 (95% CI: -0.9; 5.4) (95% CI: -2.5; 4.5) 1. The Medicines Company. Press release 7/2/2013. http://ir.themedicinescompany.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=122204&p=irol-newsArticle& Cura Clínica valorada por investigador 1.0 For Internal Purposes Only – Not to be distributed 52 ID=1834647&highlight=. Accessed 3/8/2014. 86.4 80.9 84.1 81.2 80.2 0 Respuesta Clínica en ABSSSIs en la población con ITT* Oritavancina (n=978) Vancomicina (n=981) * Datos combinados de SOLO-1 y SOLO-2 % de pacientes
  • 53. 81.4 87.1 84.1 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 1. The Medicines Company. Press release 7/2/2013. http://ir.themedicinescompany.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=122204&p=irol-newsArticle& For Internal Purposes Only – Not to be distributed 53 ID=1834647&highlight=. Accessed 3/8/2014. 93.1 80.6 83.3 0 Resultados con pacientes confirmados con infecciones por MRSA (mITT) Oritavancina (n=204) Vancomicina (n=201) % de Pacientes Respuesta clínica temprana ≥ 20% reducción en área lesionar a la 48-72h Cura Clínica valorada por investigador 0.8 (95% CI: -6.9; 8.4) P=0.032; 6.1 (95% CI: 0.5; 11.6) -0.7 (95% CI: -7.9; 6.4) Oritavancina: Eficacia Estudios SOLO-1 y SOLO-21 * Datos combinados de SOLO-1 y SOLO-2
  • 54. Oritavancina: Seguridad (SOLO-1 y SOLO-2)1 Oritavancina N = 976* Vancomicina N = 983* Valor p For Internal Purposes Only – Not to be distributed 54 Experimentaron al menos un evento adverso (EA) 55.3% 56.9% No Reportada Evento adverso relacionado al inico del tratamiento (TEAE) 22.2% 28.4% 0.002 Evento adverso que llevó a la descontinuación del tratamiento 3.7% 4.2% No Reportada Los perfiles de seguridad combinados de SOLO I y SOLO II fueron similares entre los grupos estudiados.. TEAE, treatment emergent adverse events * Los datos de seguridad en el estudio SOLO I y fueron acumulados y reportados tal cual 1. The Medicines Company. Press release 7/2/2013. http://ir.themedicinescompany.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=122204&p=irol-newsArticle& ID=1834647&highlight=. Accessed 3/8/2014.
  • 55. Tedizolid: en resumen Clase • Oxazolidinona de última generación • Prodroga (fosfato de tedizolid) que se metaboliza rápidamente por fosfatasas endógenas a Tedizolid. N P N O N Mecanismo de acción • Unión a la subunidad 50S del ribosoma bacteriano, inhibiendo la sintesis protéica2,3 Actividad In vitro e in vivoa • Amplia gama de bacterias Gram positivas incluyendo VRE, MRSA, VISA, VRSA y S. aureus resistente a linezolid4 • Actividad vs anaerobios5 • Limitada actividad vs Gram negativos5 Desarrollo • Aprobado en EUA para ABSSSI, ya en comercialización. • Se esta desarrollando protocolo fase III para Neumonía nosocomial y NAVM por Gram positivos1 For Internal Purposes Only – Not to be distributed 55 Tedizolid Phosphate Tedizolid F O O N N N N O HO OH F O O N N N N N OH 1. Data on file, Cubist Pharmaceuticals. 2. Shaw KJ, et al. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2008;52:4442-4447. 3. Colca JR, et al. J Biol Chem. 2003;278:21972-21279. 4. Livermore DM, et al. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2009;63:713-715. 5. Shaadt R, et al. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2009;53:3236-3239. 6. Louie A, et al. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2011;55:3453- 34560; 7. Drusano G, et al. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2011;55(11):5300-05.
  • 56. Diferencias entre generaciones de Oxazolidinonas: • Dosificación: 200mg IV/VO c/24hrs (vs lineozlid 600mg IV/VO c/12hrs) • En comparación con linezolid, posee 4 a 32 veces más potencia in vitro vs patógenos Gram positivos, con un perfil hematológico favorable (sobre todo menor trombocitopenia). • Demostró no-inferioridad clínica a linezolid en ABSSSI (comparando un esquema corto de tedizolid por 6 días vs 10 días de linezolid. • Menor potencial de generación de resistencias que linezolid (16 veces For Internal Purposes Only – Not to be distributed 56 menor) . • Actividad vs VRE y cepas linezolid-resistantes, positivas a mutaciones del gen cfr-positivo • Menor potencial para interacciones con IMAO, Inhibidores de recaptura de serotonina y adrenérgicos • Perfil farmacocinético favorable con una Vm 12hrs, no requiere ajuste a función renal, hepática, edad avanzada ni pacientes obesos.
  • 57. For Internal Purposes Only – Not to be distributed 57
  • 58. Ensayos clínicos fase III completados • ESTABLISH-1 (TR701-112)1 – Publicado en JAMA 2013 – Phase 3 Randomized, Double-blind, Multicenter Study Comparing the Efficacy and Safety of 6-Day Oral Tedizolid Phosphate and 10-Day Oral Linezolid for the Treatment of Acute Bacterial Skin and Skin Structure Infections (ABSSSI) • ESTABLISH-2 (TR701-113)2 – Publicado en The Lancet Infectious Diseases – Phase 3 Randomized, Double-blind, Multicenter Study Comparing the Efficacy and Safety of IV to Oral 6-Day Tedizolid Phosphate and IV to Oral 10-Day Linezolid for the Treatment of ABSSSI 1. Prokocimer P, et al. JAMA. 2013;309:559-569. 2. Moran GJ, et al. Lancet Infect Dis. In press 2014. For Internal Purposes Only – Not to be distributed 58
  • 59. ESTABLISH-1 and ESTABLISH-2 Analisis de eficacia integrado For Internal Purposes Only – Not to be distributed 59 81.6 87.0 87.9 79.4 87.9 86.8 100 80 60 40 20 0 48-72 hrs Día 11 Dias 7-14 post EOT % pacientes con respuesta al tratamiento Tedizolid N=664 Linezolid N=669 1. Data on file, Cubist Pharmaceuticals: TR701-112 and -113 ISE. * Pooled data 2.2 (-2.0,6.5) -0.8 (-4.4,2.7) -0.1 (-3.8,3.6) Tedizolid eficacia no inferior a linezolid en todas las valoraciones*: • Respuesta temprana (48-72 hrs después de la primer dosis) • Final de terapia (11 dias despues de la primer dosis) • Día 7-14 despues de terminar la terapia • Seguimiento a laro plazo (29-36 dias despues de la ultima dosis) Respuesta Clinica Temprana (≥20% reducción del area de lesion) Final de terapia (Respuesta Clinica Programada) (Respuesta valorada por investigador) Tedizolid demostró no ser inferior a linezolid a pesar de tratarse de un curso más corto de tratamiento (tedizolid 6 dias vs linezolid 10 dias)
  • 60. ESTABLISH-1 and ESTABLISH-2 Analisis de eventos gastrointestinales p=0.0042 p=0.0018 Tedizolid se asoció a una incidencia menor de eventos adversos gastrointestinales significativo. For Internal Purposes Only – Not to be distributed 60 42.7 16.0 13.0 43.2 23.0 18.9 60 40 20 0 Todos los TEAEs Todos los trastornos GI GI TEAEs Día 0 - Día 6 Esquema de 6 días con Tedizolid N=662 Esquema de 10 días co Linezolid N=662 Porcentaje de pacientes con Eventos adversos (%) TEAE = treatment-emergent adverse events; GI = gastrointestinal. 1. Data on file, Cubist Pharmaceuticals: TR701-112 and -113 ISS.
  • 61. ESTABLISH-1 and ESTABLISH-2 Analisis integrado de seguridad hematológica 15 12 9 6 3 p=0.0175 LLN = lower limit of normal. Safety analysis set; N1 = any post-baseline observation through last dose of active drug. 1. Data on file, Cubist Pharmaceuticals: TR701-112 and -113 ISS. For Internal Purposes Only – Not to be distributed 61 6.4 2.1 12.6 4.5 0 Nivel de plaquetas anormal (por debajo de límite normal inferior) Nivel substancialmente anormal (Por debajo del < 75% del límite normal inferior) Esquema de 6 días con Tedizolid N1=627 Esquema de 10 días con LinezolidN1=626 Porcentaje de pacientes con alteración plaquetaria(%) p=0.0002 Tedizolid se asoció a una menor incidencia de trombocitopenia (significativo)
  • 62. Otras opciones en desarrollo? For Internal Purposes Only – Not to be distributed 62
  • 63. Delafloxacino: En resumen • Fluoroquinolona • Dosificación: 300mg IV c/12hrs • No aprobado aún, solo Fase II. • Se trabaja en estudios Fase III para ABSSSI Delafloxacino está aún en investigación y no tiene aprobación a nivel global 1. Remy JM, et al., J Antimicrob Chemother. 2012 Dec;67(12):2814-20. 2. US NIH, ClinicalTrials.gov. http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01984684. Accessed 2/23/2014 For Internal Purposes Only – Not to be distributed 63
  • 64. Delafloxacino: Mecanismo de acción1 actividad igual de potente en ambas: • DNA Girasa (Gram -) • Topoisomerasa IV (Gram +) • Actividad mejorada vs MRSA in vitro, incluso cepas resistentes a quinolonas • No es afectada por bombas de eflujo NorA, NorB y NorC Formación de complejos de quinolonas con la Topoisomerasa IV y la DNA Girasa. 1. Hooper DC. Lancet Infect Dis. 2002 Sep;2(9):530-8. For Internal Purposes Only – Not to be distributed 64
  • 65. Delafloxacino: Eficacia (Estudio Fase II) Tasa de éxito durante visita de seguimiento usando valoraciones de los investigadores (ITT)1 Treatment Group For Internal Purposes Only – Not to be distributed 65 Infección basal Delafloxacino n/Total (%) Linezolid n/Total (%) Vancomicina n/Total (%) TODOS 57/81 (70.4) 50/77 (64.9) 53/98 (54.1) Absceso Cutáneo Mayor 15/21 (71.4) 16/24 (66.7) 15/28 (53.6) Celulitis/erisipela 28/39 (71.8) 24/32 (75) 19/44 (43.2) Infección de Herida 12/19 (63.2) 8/19 (42.1) 19/26 (73.1) Quemadura 2/2 (100) 2/2 (100) 0/0 ITT, intent-to-treat 1. Longcor J, et al. Presented at 52nd ICAAC. San Francisco (CA): September 9-12, 2012. Results of a Phase 2 Study of Delafloxacin (DLX) Compared to Vancomycin (VAN) and Linezolid (LNZ) in Acute Bacterial Skin and Skin Structure Infections (ABSSSI) Poster L1-1663.
  • 66. Delafloxacino: Seguridad (Estudio fase II)1 Eventos adversos emergentes con el manejo con ≥ 5% frecuencia Delafloxacino (n = 78) Linezolid (n = 75) Vancomicina (n = 96) Nausea 21.8% 21.3% 13.5% Diarrea 15.4% 6.7% 4.2% Vómito 12.8% 8% 8.3% Prurito 7.7% 8% 20.8% Fatiga 6.4% 4% 6.3% Mareo 6.4% 1.3% 1% Cefalea 6.4% 6.7% 5.2% Dolor en sitio de infusión 5.1% 9.3% 5.2% Celulitis 3.8% 4% 5.2% Absceso en extremidad 2.6% 5.3% 2.1% Infección de piel 2.6% 5.3% 2.1% Rash 2.6% 6.7% 2.1% Constipación 1.3% 6.7% 4.2% 1. Longcor J, et al. Presented at 52nd ICAAC. San Francisco (CA): September 9-12, 2012. Results of a Phase 2 Study of Delafloxacin (DLX) Compared to Vancomycin (VAN) and Linezolid (LNZ) in Acute Bacterial Skin and Skin Structure Infections (ABSSSI) Poster L1-1663. For Internal Purposes Only – Not to be distributed 66
  • 67. Comparación de la actividad entre Quinolonas Susceptibilidad en 30 aislamientos de MRSA1 Agente CIM50 a CIM90 a Rangoa Delafloxacino 0.03 0.5 0.008 to 1 Ciprofloxacino 2 128 0.5 to >256 Levofloxacino 1 16 0.125 to 64 Moxifloxacino 0.125 4 0.03 to 8 a Todos los valores de la Cim se muestran en μg/mL 1. Remy JM, et al. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2012 Dec;67(12):2814-20. For Internal Purposes Only – Not to be distributed 67
  • 68. Omadaciclina: En resumen For Internal Purposes Only – Not to be distributed 68 Artist rendition 1. Paratek Pharmaceuticals. Press release 1/3/2013. http://www.paratekpharm.com/press/010313%20Paratek%20QIDP%20Press%20Release.pdf. Accessed 2/22/2013. 2. Draper MP, et al. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2014 Mar;58(3):1279-83.
  • 69. Omadaciclina: En resumen • Aminometilciclina (Nueva clase) • Derivado sintético de la Minociclina • Amplio espectro / potencialmente retiene actividad aún si se presentan resistencias a tetraciclinas • Administrable VO e IV • Dosificación: 100mg IV c/24hrs IV o 200mg VO c/24hrs. • No aprobado aún, solo Fase II con ABSSSI, NAC e IVU For Internal Purposes Only – Not to be distributed 69 Artist rendition 1. Paratek Pharmaceuticals. Press release 1/3/2013. http://www.paratekpharm.com/press/010313%20Paratek%20QIDP%20Press%20Release.pdf. Accessed 2/22/2013. 2. Draper MP, et al. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2014 Mar;58(3):1279-83.
  • 70. Omadaciclina: Actividad Microbiológica Actividad vs cepas sensibles y resistentes a tetraciclinas Cepa Mecanismo de For Internal Purposes Only – Not to be distributed 70 resistencia CIM (μg/mL) Tetraciclina Doxiciclina Omadaciclina S. aureus RN450 Ninguno ≤0.06 ≤0.06 0.125 S. aureus ATCC 29213 Ninguno 0.125 0.125 0.25 S. aureus MRSA5 Protección Ribosomal >64 4 0.125 S. aureus RN4250 Eflujo 32 4 0.25 S. pneumoniae PBS382 Protección Ribosomal 32 4 <0.06 1. Draper MP, et al. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2014 Mar;58(3):1279-83.
  • 71. Omadaciclina: Eficacia Respuesta clínica exitosa durante evaluación ToC1 Omadaciclina % (n/N) Linezolid % (n/N) % Diferencia (95% CI) Población ITT 88.3 (98/111) 75.9 (82/108) 12.4 (1.9, 22.9) Clinicamente evaluable 98.0 (98/100) 93.2 (82/88) 4.8 (-1.7, 11.3) Microbiológicamente Evaluable • S. aureus • MRSA • Gram-positivos (distintos a S. aureus) • Gram-negativos 97.4 (75/77) 97.2 (70/72) 97.7 (43/44) 100 (3/3) 100 (2/2) 93.7 (59/63) 92.7 (51/55) 93.8 (30/32) 100 (7/7) 100 (1/1) 3.8 (-4, 11.5) 1. Noel et al. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2012 Nov;56(11):5650-4. For Internal Purposes Only – Not to be distributed 71
  • 72. Omadaciclina: Seguridad Eventos Adversos emergentes con la terapia referidos por 5 o más pacientes en cualquier brazo de tratamiento en el análisis de seguridad1 Evento Adverso Omadaciclina (n = 111) Linezolid (n = 108) Nausea 11.7% 7.4% Vómito 4.5% 3.7% Diarrea 2.7% 5.6% Constipación 4.5% 1.9% Fatiga 4.5% 1.9% Elevación ALT 2.7% 6.5% Elevación AST 2.7% 4.6% Mareo 3.6% 4.6% Cefalea 6.3% 8.3% Rash 4.5% 1.9% 1. Noel et al. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2012 Nov;56(11):5650-4. For Internal Purposes Only – Not to be distributed 72
  • 73. Comparación entre opciones For Internal Purposes Only – Not to be distributed 73 Nombre Comercial Clase Clasificación FDA de indicación para Infección de piel Ruta Status Cobertura Vancomicina Vancocin Glicopeptido cSSSI IV En el mercado Gram + Teicoplanina Targocid Glicopeptido cSSSI IV/IM En el mercado Gram + Telavancina Vibativ Lipoglicopeptido cSSSI IV En el mercado (EUA) Gram + Dalbavancina Dalvance Lipoglicopeptido cSSSI/ABSSSI IV Aprobado FDA p/ABSSSI Gram + Oritavancina - Lipoglicopeptido ABSSSI IV Aprobado FDA p/ABSSSI Gram + Ceftarolina Teflaro/Zinforo Cefalosporina ABSSSI IV En el mercado (EUA) Gram + y - Ceftobiprole Zeftera/Zevtera Cefalosporina cSSSI/ABSSSI IV Detenido su desarrollo por irregularidades en estudio clínico. Gram + y - Delafloxacino - Quinolona ABSSSI IV Desarrollo fase III Gram + y - Tigeciclina Tygacil Glicilcicline cSSSSI IV Marketed Gram + y - Omadacicline - Aminometilcicline ABSSSI IV o VO Desarrollo fase III Gram + Linezolid Zyvoxam Oxazolidinona cSSSI IV o VO En el mercado Gram + Tedizolid Sivextro Oxazolidinona ABSSSI/cSSSI IV o VO Aprobado FDA, en el mercado (EUA). Gram +
  • 74. Muchas gracias por su atención For Internal Purposes Only – Not to be distributed 74

Notas del editor

  1. The search for therapeutic agents to treat the morbidity and mortality associated with bacterial infections led to the discovery of penicillin in 1928 <REF Davies MMBR 2010, p. 417A,B>. However, before the first clinical use of penicillin in the 1940s, a bacterial penicillinase capable of inactivating the drug was discovered, and once the antibiotic began to be widely used, resistant strains became prevalent <REF Davies MMBR 2010, p. 419A>. Since that time, the development of new classes of antibiotic drugs has been closely followed by the rapid emergence of antibiotic resistance <REF Wright 2010 BMC Biol, p. 2A>. For example, according to the World Health Organization (WHO), the increased use of fluoroquinolone-class antibiotics in Australian ambulatory care settings, from 2001 to 2007, was accompanied by a 18.5% increase in invasive fluoroquinolone-resistant E. coli isolates <REF Grundmann WHO AMR Report 2012 Ch 2, p. 26A>. Currently, there are no antibiotics for which resistance does not exist <REF Wright 2010 BMC Biol, p. 1C>. The timeline provides dates for the introduction of various antibiotics and when resistance was first reported in the literature <REF CDC Drug Resistance Report 2013, p. 28A>. Antibiotic resistance has become a pervasive worldwide problem with an increase in cases of serious bacteriologic infection and repeat disease due to treatment failure, particularly in high-risk patient groups <REF CDC Drug Resistance Report 2013, p. 11A, 24A; CDC Pneumococcal Disease 2013, p. 2B>. In the United States, at least 2 million people each year acquire infections due to antibiotic–resistant types of bacteria, leading to an estimated 23000 cases of mortality as a direct result of antibiotic-resistant disease <REF CDC Drug Resistance Report 2013, p. 11B>. There are various contemporary factors contributing to the prevalence and mobility of resistance genes among pathogenic bacteria pools. In recent times, the extensive use of antibiotics in hospitals and other healthcare settings, along with the widespread practice of using antibiotics in agricultural purposes, has lead to an accumulation of antibiotics in the environment <REF NIH NIAID-Antimicrobial Resistance 2011, p. 1A; CDC Drug Resistance Report 2013, p. 11C>. This intentional and unintentional exposure to antibiotics has resulted in a high occurrence of resistant bacteria strains and an increase in the number of hospital- and community-acquired resistant infections <REF NIH NIAID-Antimicrobial Resistance 2011, p. 1A; CDC Drug Resistance Report 2013, p. 11C>. <ART REF CDC Drug Resistance Report 2013, p. 28A> Wright GD. BMC Biol. 2010;8:123. Grundmann H, O’Brien TF, Stelling JM In: World Health Organization. The evolving threat of antimicrobial resistance: options for action. Geneva, Switzerland. WHO Press; 2012. p. 12-30. US Dept of Health and Human Services, CDC. http://www.cdc.gov/drugresistance/threat-report-2013/pdf/ar-threats-2013-508.pdf. Accessed 2/13/2014.
  2. The search for therapeutic agents to treat the morbidity and mortality associated with bacterial infections led to the discovery of penicillin in 1928 <REF Davies MMBR 2010, p. 417A,B>. However, before the first clinical use of penicillin in the 1940s, a bacterial penicillinase capable of inactivating the drug was discovered, and once the antibiotic began to be widely used, resistant strains became prevalent <REF Davies MMBR 2010, p. 419A>. Since that time, the development of new classes of antibiotic drugs has been closely followed by the rapid emergence of antibiotic resistance <REF Wright 2010 BMC Biol, p. 2A>. For example, according to the World Health Organization (WHO), the increased use of fluoroquinolone-class antibiotics in Australian ambulatory care settings, from 2001 to 2007, was accompanied by a 18.5% increase in invasive fluoroquinolone-resistant E. coli isolates <REF Grundmann WHO AMR Report 2012 Ch 2, p. 26A>. Currently, there are no antibiotics for which resistance does not exist <REF Wright 2010 BMC Biol, p. 1C>. The timeline provides dates for the introduction of various antibiotics and when resistance was first reported in the literature <REF CDC Drug Resistance Report 2013, p. 28A>. Antibiotic resistance has become a pervasive worldwide problem with an increase in cases of serious bacteriologic infection and repeat disease due to treatment failure, particularly in high-risk patient groups <REF CDC Drug Resistance Report 2013, p. 11A, 24A; CDC Pneumococcal Disease 2013, p. 2B>. In the United States, at least 2 million people each year acquire infections due to antibiotic–resistant types of bacteria, leading to an estimated 23000 cases of mortality as a direct result of antibiotic-resistant disease <REF CDC Drug Resistance Report 2013, p. 11B>. There are various contemporary factors contributing to the prevalence and mobility of resistance genes among pathogenic bacteria pools. In recent times, the extensive use of antibiotics in hospitals and other healthcare settings, along with the widespread practice of using antibiotics in agricultural purposes, has lead to an accumulation of antibiotics in the environment <REF NIH NIAID-Antimicrobial Resistance 2011, p. 1A; CDC Drug Resistance Report 2013, p. 11C>. This intentional and unintentional exposure to antibiotics has resulted in a high occurrence of resistant bacteria strains and an increase in the number of hospital- and community-acquired resistant infections <REF NIH NIAID-Antimicrobial Resistance 2011, p. 1A; CDC Drug Resistance Report 2013, p. 11C>. <ART REF CDC Drug Resistance Report 2013, p. 28A> Wright GD. BMC Biol. 2010;8:123. Grundmann H, O’Brien TF, Stelling JM In: World Health Organization. The evolving threat of antimicrobial resistance: options for action. Geneva, Switzerland. WHO Press; 2012. p. 12-30. US Dept of Health and Human Services, CDC. http://www.cdc.gov/drugresistance/threat-report-2013/pdf/ar-threats-2013-508.pdf. Accessed 2/13/2014.
  3. As a global healthcare concern, the increased incidence of antibiotic-resistant infections has been confounded by a marked decline over the past decade in the development of new antibiotic drugs <REF Bassetti ACMA 2013, p. 1A, 2A>. That trend is represented graphically here. Since 2000, only 3 new classes of antibiotics have been introduced for therapeutic use in humans <REF Bassetti ACMA 2013, p. 1A>. Current trends for combating antibiotic resistance include taking a multidrug approach by combining different antibiotic compounds with each other, or by using a combination of antibiotics with non-antibiotics <REF Wright 2010 BMC Biol, p. 5A>. The evolution of antibiotic resistance in different clinical and environmental settings involves the integration of a variety of innate mechanisms that have allowed bacterial strains to survive, even before the age of antibiotics <REF Davies MMBR 2010, p. 427A>. <ART REF Bassetti ACMA 2013, p.2A> Wright GD. BMC Biol. 2010;8:123. Bassetti M, et al. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 2013;12:22.
  4. Since its initial clinical use in the early 1940s, the therapeutic effectiveness of penicillin to treat bacterial infections has been confounded by accompanying resistance, primarily due to penicillinase-producing strains of bacteria <REF Davies MMBR 2010, p. 419A>. Today, resistance to penicillin among Gram-negative bacteria is widespread, and therefore, it is rarely recommended as treatment for serious Gram-negative infections <REF CDC Drug Resistance Report 2013, p. 22A>. Gram-positive infections, such as those resulting from S. pneumoniae, have also shown increasing incidence of penicillin resistance, and it is estimated that in the United States, 15% of invasive pneumococcal cases are resistant to penicillin, with penicillin nonsusceptibility (MIC≥0.12 mcg/mL) occurring at a rate of 42.3% <REF CDC Pneumococcal Disease 2013, p. 1A, 2A>. According to a recent WHO report, an increase in the incidence of penicillin-resistant S. pneumoniae (PRSP) among 20 industrialized countries coincided with a high rate of antibiotic use between 1990 and 2000 <REF Grundmann WHO AMR Report 2012, p. 26B>. Over the past few decades, the appearance of non-penicillinase producing strains of penicillin-resistant bacteria, such as gonococci, has further compromised the use of this particular antibiotic as an effective treatment option in a number of serious infections <REF CDC MMWR 1983, p. 2A>. This example illustrates how a single resistant bacterial strain can introduce a new mechanism of antibiotic resistance, leading to treatment failure <REF CDC MMWR 1983, p. 2A>. <ART REF Grundmann WHO AMR Report 2012, p.26B> Grundmann H, O’Brien TF, Stelling JM In: World Health Organization. The evolving threat of antimicrobial resistance: options for action. Geneva, Switzerland. WHO Press; 2012. p. 12-30. US Dept of Health and Human Services, CDC; 2013. http://www.cdc.gov/drugresistance/threat-report-2013/pdf/ar-threats-2013-508.pdf. Accessed Febr/13/2014.
  5. Methicillin, a semisynthetic beta-lactam class antibiotic, was initially introduced in 1960 to combat the growing problem of penicillin resistance in penicillinase-producing S. aureus infections <REF NIH-NIAID 2013-MRSA, p. 1A>. However, within a few years, the first cases of methicillin resistance were identified, and today, methicillin-resistant strains of S. aureus continue to be one of the most common causes of healthcare-associated infections, contributing to a range of illnesses that can lead to sepsis and death <REF CDC Drug Resistance Report 2013, p. 77A>. In 2011, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimated that 80,461 serious MRSA infections occurred, resulting in approximately 11,285 MRSA-related deaths <REF CDC Drug Resistance Report 2013, p. 77B>. MRSA accounts for approximately 25% to 50% of hospital-associated S. aureus isolates among several industrialized countries <REF Watkins CoreEvid 2012, p. 132B; NIH-NIAID 2013-MRSA, p. 1A>. In the United States in recent years, the incidence of invasive MRSA infections in healthcare settings has been declining, with a 31% drop in overall rates of invasive MRSA between 2005 to 2011 <REF CDC Drug Resistance Report 2013, p. 78A>. Despite this decline in healthcare settings, among the general population, the rates of community-associated MRSA infections have increased rapidly over the past decade <REF CDC Drug Resistance Report 2013, p. 78B>. <FIGURE REF Hadler 2012 Emerg Infect Dis, p. 920F1> Hadler JL, et al. Emerg Infect Dis 2012;18(6):917-24. Watkins RR. Core Evid 2012;7:131-143. US Dept of Health and Human Services, CDC; 2013. http://www.cdc.gov/drugresistance/threat-report-2013/pdf/ar-threats-2013-508.pdf. Accessed Febr/13/2014.
  6. Prevalence of MRSA in Latin American countries have changed over a period of 7 years with either increasing or decreasing trends <Garza-Gonzalez 2013> and the overall prevalence remains between 40% and 50% <Garza-Gonzalez 2013>. Garza-Gonzalez E. et al., Braz J Infect Dis 2013; 17(1): 13-19.
  7. Liu C, et al. Clin Infect Dis. 2011;52(3):e18-55.
  8. The table includes guidelines from the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) for first-line antimicrobial therapy for skin and soft tissue infections suspected to be caused by methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). Antibiotics are listed in the order in which they are presented in the published IDSA guidelines <REF Stevens 2014>. <TABLE REF Stevens 2014 CID, p. 5-6; Bactrim current prescribing information, p. 1A> Stevens DL, et al. Clin Infect Dis. 2014 June 18; DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciu296.
  9. Table of Contents with hyperlinks to slides
  10. Ceftaroline fosamil is the prodrug of the bioactive ceftaroline, a cephalosporin with a broad spectrum of activity against clinically important pathogens, including S. aureus (including MSSA, MRSA, and VRSA), S. pyogenes, S. agalactiae, E. coli, and Klebsiella pneumoniae <REF Santos 2013 J Chemother, p. 342A;Teflaro PI 12.2013, p. 11A>. In both the United State and Europe, ceftaroline fosamil is indicated for the treatment of ABSSSIs caused by susceptible isolates of Gram-positive and Gram-negative microorganisms <REF Teflaro PI 12.2013, p. 3A; ZINFORO PI (EU), p. 2A>. It is also indicated for the treatment of community-acquired bacterial pneumonia (CABP) caused by susceptible isolates of Gram-positive or Gram-negative microorganisms <REF Teflaro PI 12.2013, p. 3B; ZINFORO PI (EU), p. 2A>. The recommended dose of ceftaroline is 600 mg administered every 12 hours via IV infusion over 60 minutes for 5 to 14 days <REF Teflaro PI 12.2013, p. 3A, 4T1>. <ART REF Laudano 2011 JAC, p. iii12F1> Laudano JB. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2011 Apr;66 Suppl 3:iii11-8.
  11. Ceftaroline fosamil is the prodrug of the bioactive ceftaroline, a cephalosporin with a broad spectrum of activity against clinically important pathogens, including S. aureus (including MSSA, MRSA, and VRSA), S. pyogenes, S. agalactiae, E. coli, and Klebsiella pneumoniae <REF Santos 2013 J Chemother, p. 342A;Teflaro PI 12.2013, p. 11A>. In both the United State and Europe, ceftaroline fosamil is indicated for the treatment of ABSSSIs caused by susceptible isolates of Gram-positive and Gram-negative microorganisms <REF Teflaro PI 12.2013, p. 3A; ZINFORO PI (EU), p. 2A>. It is also indicated for the treatment of community-acquired bacterial pneumonia (CABP) caused by susceptible isolates of Gram-positive or Gram-negative microorganisms <REF Teflaro PI 12.2013, p. 3B; ZINFORO PI (EU), p. 2A>. The recommended dose of ceftaroline is 600 mg administered every 12 hours via IV infusion over 60 minutes for 5 to 14 days <REF Teflaro PI 12.2013, p. 3A, 4T1>. <ART REF Laudano 2011 JAC, p. iii12F1> Laudano JB. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2011 Apr;66 Suppl 3:iii11-8.
  12. Similar to other β-lactams, ceftaroline is able to exert rapid bactericidal effects by binding penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs)<REF Laudano 2011 JAC, p. iii12A>. Ceftaroline has a 3’ side chain that enhances its binding affinity to PBPs of clinically important resistant organisms such as MRSA and penicillin-resistant pneumococci <REF Laudano 2011 JAC, p. iii12A>. In particular, methicillin resistance is associated with PBP2a; most β-lactams have a low binding affinity for PBP2a <REF Laudano 2011 JAC, p. iii12A>. Ceftaroline is able to trigger a conformational change in PBP2a, causing the active site to be exposed to binding <REF Laudano 2011 JAC, p. iii12A,B>. Ceftaroline has in vitro activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria <REF Teflaro PI 12.2013, p. 14A>. Like other cephalosporins, ceftaroline’s bactericidal activity is mediated through its binding to PBPs <REF Teflaro PI 12.2013, p. 14A>. Specifically, ceftaroline is bactericidal against S. aureus due to its binding affinity to PBP2a <REF Teflaro PI 12.2013, p. 14A>. <ART REF Saravolatz, 2011 CID, p. 1157A, B> Laudano JB. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2011 Apr;66 Suppl 3:iii11-8. Saravolatz LD, Stein GE, Johnson LB. Clin Infect Dis. 2011 May;52(9):1156-63.
  13. In some regions susceptibility of MRSA to ceftaroline may be reduced (e.g. Russia or Latin America).
  14. In some regions susceptibility of MRSA to ceftaroline may be reduced (e.g. Russia or Latin America).
  15. In some regions susceptibility of MRSA to ceftaroline may be reduced (e.g. Russia or Latin America).
  16. Recall that ceftaroline’s activity against MRSA is due to its high binding affinity to PBP2a, the penicillin-binding protein that confers resistance to other β-lactam antibiotics, such as penicillin or methicillin <REF Mendes 2012 JAC, p. 1321A>. Strains of MRSA with decreased susceptibilities to ceftaroline have been isolated in bacteremic patients in Athens, Greece <REF Mendes 2012 JAC, p. 1322A>. In vitro studies have revealed an inverse correlation between ceftaroline’s binding affinity for PBP2a and its MIC, with strains with increased ceftaroline MICs also exhibiting a reduced binding affinity for PBP2a <REF Mendes 2012 JAC, p. 1322B,C>. For example, as shown in the table above, ceftaroline demonstrates the highest PBP2a binding affinity for MRSA strain 4981 (IC50 0.06 mg/L), which corresponded with a relatively low MIC of 1 mg/L <REF Mendes 2012 JAC, p. 1322B>. When these reduced-susceptibility strains were analyzed, the mecA gene, which encodes PBP2a, revealed mutations resulting in 2 amino acid substitutions (N146K and E150K) in the non-penicillin-binding domain of PBP2a <REF Mendes 2012 JAC, p. 1322C>. While this domain is believed not to be involved in transpeptidase activity or β-lactam binding, this region may indirectly play a role due to modified protein-protein interactions <REF Mendes 2012 JAC, p. 1323A>. <TABLE REF Mendes 2012 JAC, p. 1322T2> Mendes RE, et al. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2012 Jun;67(6):1321-4.
  17. The efficacy and safety of ceftaroline in the treatment of adults with complicated skin and skin structure infections were evaluated in 2 randomized, multinational, double-blind, noninferiority trials comparing ceftaroline (600 mg IV every 12 hours) to vancomycin plus aztreonam (vancomycin 1 g IV over 1 hour every 12 hours followed by aztreonam 1 g IV over 1 hour every 12 hours) <REF Teflaro PI 12.2013, p. 18A>. Treatment duration was between 5 and 14 days <REF Teflaro PI 12.2013, p. 18A>. Inclusion criteria included patients with a lesion size ≥75 cm2 and having one of the following: (1) a major abscess with ≥5 cm of surrounding erythema, (2) a wound infection, or (3) deep/extensive cellulitis <REF Teflaro PI 12.2013, p. 18B>. Clinical cure rates at Day 3 were comparable with ceftaroline and vancomycin + aztreonam. In each of the 2 trials, 148/200 (74%) had a clinical response in the ceftaroline arm. In trial 1 and trial 2, 135/209 (64.6%) and 128/188 (68.1%) had a clinical response in the vancomycin/aztreonam arm, respectively. Clinical Cure rates at the Test of Cure visit (8-15 days after the end of therapy) in the clinically evaluable population were 91.1% (288/316) in trial 1 and 92.2% (271/294) in trial 2 in the ceftaroline arm and were 93.3% (280/300) in trial 1 and 92.1% (269/292) in trial 2 in the vancomycin/aztreonam arm. The clinical cure rates among the microbiologically evaluable patients at the test-of-cure visit by pathogen from the 2 Phase 3 trials are presented on this table. <TABLE REF Teflaro PI 12.2013, p. 19T10> Teflaro® (ceftaroline fosamil) injection for intravenous (IV) use. St Louis MO: Forest Laboratories, Inc. Current prescribing information.
  18. The Warnings and Precautions for ceftaroline include hypersensitivity reactions (which may be serious and occasionally fatal) that may occur in patients receiving beta-lactam antibacterials; patients should be screened for previous hypersensitivity reactions to other cephalosporins, penicillins, or carbapenems before initiating ceftaroline therapy <REF Teflaro PI 12.2013, p. 6A>. Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea has been reported for nearly all systemic antibiotics, including ceftaroline, and may range in severity from mild diarrhea to fatal colitis <REF Teflaro PI 12.2013, p. 6B>. Seroconversion from a negative to a positive direct Coombs’ test occurred in 10.8% of patients receiving ceftaroline in the pooled Phase 3 trials; if anemia develops during or after treatment of ceftaroline, drug-induced hemolytic anemia should be considered <REF Teflaro PI 12.2013, p. 6C,D>. The administration of ceftaroline in the absence of proven or strongly suspected bacterial infections increases the risk of developing drug-resistant bacteria <REF Teflaro PI 12.2013, p. 7D>. Among the pooled Phase 3 clinical trials, adverse events were experienced by 7.5% of patients receiving ceftaroline, comparable to the 7.7% of patients who experienced adverse events in the comparator treatment arm <REF Teflaro PI 12.2013, p. 7A>. No adverse reactions occurred greater than 5% of patients receiving ceftaroline <REF Teflaro PI 12.2013, p. 7B>. The adverse reactions occurring in ≥2% of patients receiving ceftaroline in the pooled Phase 3 trials are presented on this slide. <TABLE REF Teflaro PI 12.2013, p. 8T4> Teflaro® (ceftaroline fosamil) injection for intravenous (IV) use. St Louis MO: Forest Laboratories, Inc. Current prescribing information.
  19. Similar to ceftaroline, ceftobiprole is a new-generation cephalosporin β-lactam with a broad spectrum of activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens <REF Lovering 2012 JBC, p. 32096A>. The structure of ceftobiprole is compared to a cephalosporin "scaffold" in the figure <REF Lovering 2012 JBC, p. 32098F1>. The oxyimino aminothiadiazolyl substituent (R1 group denoted by an arrow in the figure), which is linked to the 7-amino group of the cephalosporin nucleus, confers stability to hydrolysis by many β-lactamases <REF Lovering 2012 JBC, pp. 32097A, 132098F1>. Importantly, a vinylpyrrolidinone moiety (R2 group circled in the figure) at position 3 facilitates interaction with the narrow groove the PBP2a active site <REF Lovering 2012 JBC, pp. 32097A>. This is thought to impart potent activity against MRSA by cetobiprole's ability to bind PBPs, including PBP2a <REF Lovering 2012 JBC, p. 32096A>. Ceftobiprole is currently approved in Switzerland, Russia, Ukraine, and Hong Kong <REF FDA Ceftobiprole, p. 1A>. In October 2013, it obtained regulatory approval in Europe for the treatment of hospital-acquired and community-acquired pneumonia <REF Basilea PR, p. 1A>. In the United States, the FDA has requested additional information, including additional clinical trials, before recommending the use of ceftobiprole in the treatment of complicated skin and skin structure infections <REF FDA Ceftobiprole, p. 1B>. The FDA has previously conducted inspections on the investigator site and issued a warning letter claiming that there was a failure in monitoring the clinical studies and a scarcity in the study conduct <REF DDT Ceftobiprole, pp. 1A, 2A>. Subsequently, the pharmaceutical company's request for a New Drug Application (NDA) for ceftobiprole was denied, the FDA stating that clinical studies had not been monitored and that clinical data collected was unreliable <REF DDT Ceftobiprole, p. 2C>. Likewise, the European Medicines Agency rejected a marketing authorization application of ceftobiprole for the treatment of skin and skin structure infections based on the integrity of the clinical trials <REF DDT Ceftobiprole, p. 2A>. In addition, although ceftobiprole was approved for use in Canada in 2008 for the treatment of cSSSI, its sale in Canada was discontinued in 2010 because of the decisions by both the United States and European Union to not approve its use for cSSSI <REF Market Wired 2010, p. 1AB>. <FIGURE REF Lovering 2-12 JBC, p. 32098F1> Lovering AL, et al. J Biol Chem. 2012 Sep 14;287(38):32096-102. Drugs.com. Press release 12/30/2009. http://www.drugs.com/nda/ceftobiprole_091230.html. Accessed 2/22/2014.
  20. The efficacy and safety of ceftobiprole in the treatment of complicated skin and skin structure infections were evaluated in a randomized, double-blind, Phase 3 study comparing ceftobiprole (500 mg for 120 minutes every 8 hours) versus vancomycin (1 g over 60 minutes every 12 hours) plus ceftazidime (1 g over 120 minutes every 8 hours) <REF Noel 2008 CID, p. 648A,B, 649A,B>. Subjects included those with diabetic foot infection, abscesses, cellulitis, burns, or surgical or traumatic wound infection <REF Noel 2008 CID, p. 649T3>. The proportion of patients who experienced a clinical cure or microbiological eradiation at the test-of-cure visit is present in this table. Clinical cure was defined as a resolution of all signs and symptoms of complicated skin and skin structure infections or improvement to an extent that no further antimicrobial therapy was necessary after ≥5 days of treatment; microbiological eradication was defined as no pathogen isolated from a culture of a sample from the original site of infection <REF Noel 2008 CID, p. 648T1>. <TABLE REF Noel 2008 CID, p. 651T7>. Noel GJ, et al. Clin Infect Dis. 2008 Mar 1;46(5):647-55.
  21. Approximately one-half of patients in each arm experienced at least one adverse event; the majority of these were mild and not considered related to treatment <REF Noel 2008 CID, p. 653A>. The most common adverse events reported in the ceftobiprole arm included nausea (11%), infusion site reaction (9%), diarrhea (8%), headache (8%), vomiting (6%), hypersensitivity reactions (5%), insomnia (5%), constipation (3%), and renal related (2%) <REF Noel 2008 CID, p. 653T9>. <TABLE REF Noel 2008 CID, p. 651T7>. Noel GJ, et al. Clin Infect Dis. 2008 Mar 1;46(5):647-55.
  22. As mentioned previously, the FDA has requested additional information prior to approving an NDA for ceftobripole. In particular, the FDA determined that data collected from Phase 3 clinical studies BAP00154 and BAP00414 were unreliable based on findings from inspections and audits of nearly one-third of the clinical trial sites for the studies that a large proportion of the site data were unreliable or unverifiable <REF NEJM Journal Watch 2010, p. 1A>. These findings raised concerns regarding the overall data integrity for both studies <REF NEJM Journal Watch 2010, p. 1A>. A number of questions remain unanswered. In pharmacokinetic studies, ceftobiprole medocaril was diluted in 5% dextrose; however, it remains unknown whether the drug will require reconstitution or whether diluents other than dextrose are compatible <REF Anderson 2008 Ann Pharm, p. 13A>. Stability after reconstitution or the need for refrigeration are also unknown <REF Anderson 2008 Ann Pharm, p. 13A>. Further, in clinical trials, IV infusion was the only route of administration provided, and options for other routes (eg, intramuscular) have not been assessed <REF Anderson 2008 Ann Pharm, p. 13A>. Finally, 1 of the 2 dosing regimens used in clinical trials for the use of ceftobiprole in treating cSSSIs employed a 2-hour IV infusion, which might complicate the administration of ceptobiprole with other intravenous medications <REF Anderson 2008 Ann Pharm, p. 14A>.
  23. Telavancin is a lipoglycopeptide derivative of vancomycin that was developed in part to address treatment challenges of resistant Gram-positive bacteria infections <REF Saravolatz 2009 CID, p. 1908A>. The hydrophobic decyl-aminoethyl side chains improves binding affinity to the D-Ala-D-Ala moieties on the peptidoglycan intermediates, while a negatively charged phosphonic acid moiety increases the urinary excretion of telavancin <REF Saravolatz 2009 CID, p. 1908B>. Telavancin is indicated for the treatment of adult patients with complicated skin and skin structure infections caused by susceptible Gram-positive bacteria <REF VIBATIV PI 6.2013, p. 4A>. It is also indicated for the treatment of adult patients with hospital-acquired and ventilator-associated bacterial pneumonia caused by susceptible isolates of S. aureus <REF VIBATIV PI 6.2013, p. 4B>. <Figure REF Saravolatz 2009 CID, p. 1909F1a> Saravolatz LD, et al. Clin Infect Dis. 2009 Dec 15;49(12):1908-14. Vibativ® (telavancin) for injection. South San Francisco, CA: Theravance, Inc. Current prescribing information.
  24. Similar to vancomycin, telavancin binds the peptidoglycan precursor at the D-Ala-D-Ala terminus, inhibiting peptidoglycan polymerization (transglycosylation) and subsequent cross-linkage (transpeptidation) <REF Saravolatz 2009 CID, p. 1908C>. It has a 10-fold greater activity in inhibiting synthesis of peptidoglycan in MRSA cells than vancomycin <REF Saravolatz 2009 CID, p. 1908C>. In addition, telavancin also triggers rapid concentration-dependent disruption of the cell membrane potential <REF Saravolatz 2009 CID, p. 1909A>. This disruption results in membrane pores and leakage of cytoplasmic adenosine triphosphate and potassium ions <REF Saravolatz 2009 CID, p. 1909A>. This cell membrane disruption is specific to bacterial membranes, not mammalian cells, and contributes to the rapid bactericidal activity of telavancin compared to vancomycin <REF Saravolatz 2009 CID, p. 1909A>. The tables presented here show the in vitro activity of vancomycin and telavancin against 33 strains of vancomycin-intermediate S. aureus and 13 strains of vancomycin-resistant S. aureus. Telavancin was active against all VISA strains and retains excellent activity against S. aureus isolates with vancomycin resistance, perhaps in part due to its dual mechanism of action <REF Saravolatz 2012 CID, p. 584A, 585A>. <TABLES REF Saravolatz 2012 CID, p. 583T1, 584T2> Saravolatz LD, et al. Clin Infect Dis 2009;49(12):1908-14. Saravolatz LD, et al. Clin Infect Dis 2012;55(4):582–6. Vibativ® (telavancin) for injection. South San Francisco, CA: Theravance, Inc. Current prescribing information. EUCAST updated the clinical breakpoints for telavancin on 6th June 2014: Susceptible ≤1 mg/L, Resistant > 1 mg/L http://www.eucast.org/fileadmin/src/media/PDFs/EUCAST_files/Consultation/2014/EUCAST_telavancin_breakpoint_consultation_20140602.pdf
  25. Telavancin is eliminated primarily via the kidneys, and therefore a dosage adjustment is required for patients whose creatinine clearance is ≤50 mL/min <REF VIBATIV PI 6.2013, p. 5A>. There is insufficient information to make specific dosage adjustment recommendations for patients with end-stage renal disease (creatinine clearance below 10 mL/min), including those undergoing hemodialysis <REF VIBATIV PI 6.2013, p. 5B>. Vibativ® (telavancin) for injection Current Prescribing Information. South San Francisco, CA: Theravance, Inc.
  26. The efficacy of telavancin was evaluated in 2 randomized, multinational, multicenter, double-blind, Phase 3 trials comparing telavancin (10 mg/kg IV every 24 hours) with vancomycin (1 g IV every 12 hours) for 7 to 14 days in adult patients with complicated skin and skin structure infections <REF VIBATIV PI 6.2013, p. 30A>. At total of 1794 patients received at least 1 dose of study medication (all-treated population), and among those, 1410 (79%) were clinically evaluable <REF VIBATIV PI 6.2013, p. 31B>. The primary endpoint of both trials was clinical cure rate at the test-of-cure visit, as presented in this table <REF VIBATIV PI 6.2013, p. 31A>. Clinical cure rates were similar across gender and race, although the clinical cure rates of telavancin was lower in patients ≥65 years of age (72%) compared to those <65 years of age (87%) in the clinically evaluable population; this difference was not observed in the vancomycin population <REF VIBATIV PI 6.2013, p. 32A>. In addition, the clinical cure rates in the telavancin-treated patients were lower in patients with baseline creatinine clearance (CrCl) ≤50 mL/min compared with CrCl >50 mL/min, which again was not observed in the vancomycin-treated patients <REF VIBATIV PI 6.2013, p. 7A>. <TABLE REF VIBATIV PI 6.2013, p. 31T12> <TABLE REF VIBATIV PI 6.2013, p. 7T2> Vibativ® (telavancin) for injection. South San Francisco, CA: Theravance, Inc. Current prescribing information.
  27. The efficacy of telavancin was evaluated in 2 randomized, multinational, multicenter, double-blind, Phase 3 trials comparing telavancin (10 mg/kg IV every 24 hours) with vancomycin (1 g IV every 12 hours) for 7 to 14 days in adult patients with complicated skin and skin structure infections <REF VIBATIV PI 6.2013, p. 30A>. At total of 1794 patients received at least 1 dose of study medication (all-treated population), and among those, 1410 (79%) were clinically evaluable <REF VIBATIV PI 6.2013, p. 31B>. The primary endpoint of both trials was clinical cure rate at the test-of-cure visit, as presented in this table <REF VIBATIV PI 6.2013, p. 31A>. Clinical cure rates were similar across gender and race, although the clinical cure rates of telavancin was lower in patients ≥65 years of age (72%) compared to those <65 years of age (87%) in the clinically evaluable population; this difference was not observed in the vancomycin population <REF VIBATIV PI 6.2013, p. 32A>. In addition, the clinical cure rates in the telavancin-treated patients were lower in patients with baseline creatinine clearance (CrCl) ≤50 mL/min compared with CrCl >50 mL/min, which again was not observed in the vancomycin-treated patients <REF VIBATIV PI 6.2013, p. 7A>. <GRAPH REF VIBATIV PI 6.2013, p. 31T12> <GRAPH REF VIBATIV PI 6.2013, p. 7T2> Vibativ® (telavancin) for injection. South San Francisco, CA: Theravance, Inc. Current prescribing information.
  28. The efficacy of telavancin was evaluated in 2 randomized, multinational, multicenter, double-blind, Phase 3 trials comparing telavancin (10 mg/kg IV every 24 hours) with vancomycin (1 g IV every 12 hours) for 7 to 14 days in adult patients with complicated skin and skin structure infections <REF VIBATIV PI 6.2013, p. 30A>. At total of 1794 patients received at least 1 dose of study medication (all-treated population), and among those, 1410 (79%) were clinically evaluable <REF VIBATIV PI 6.2013, p. 31B>. The primary endpoint of both trials was clinical cure rate at the test-of-cure visit, as presented in this table <REF VIBATIV PI 6.2013, p. 31A>. Clinical cure rates were similar across gender and race, although the clinical cure rates of telavancin was lower in patients ≥65 years of age (72%) compared to those <65 years of age (87%) in the clinically evaluable population; this difference was not observed in the vancomycin population <REF VIBATIV PI 6.2013, p. 32A>. In addition, the clinical cure rates in the telavancin-treated patients were lower in patients with baseline creatinine clearance (CrCl) ≤50 mL/min compared with CrCl >50 mL/min, which again was not observed in the vancomycin-treated patients <REF VIBATIV PI 6.2013, p. 7A>. <GRAPH REF VIBATIV PI 6.2013, p. 31T12> <GRAPH REF VIBATIV PI 6.2013, p. 7T2> Vibativ® (telavancin) for injection. South San Francisco, CA: Theravance, Inc. Current prescribing information.
  29. Listed in telavancin’s Warnings and Precautions is a notation regarding increased mortality observed in patients with hospital-acquired bacterial pneumonia/ventilator-associated bacterial pneumonia with preexisting moderate or severe renal impairment (creatinine clearance ≤50 mL/min) <REF VIBATIV PI 6.2013, p.7B>. Therefore, telavancin use in patients with baseline creatinine clearance ≤50 mL/min should only be considered when the anticipated benefits outweigh the potential risk <REF VIBATIV PI 6.2013, p.7B>. As discussed in the previous slide, a decreased clinical response was noted in telavancin-treated patients with a baseline creatinine clearance ≤50 mL/min in the complicated skin and skin structure trials compared to patients with a creatinine clearance >50 mL/min; this phenomenon should be considered when selecting antibiotic therapy for complicated skin and skin structure infections in patients with moderate or severe renal impairment <REF VIBATIV PI 6.2013, p.7A>. Renal adverse events were more likely to occur in patients with baseline comorbidities known to predispose patients to kidney dysfunction, such as preexisting renal disease, diabetes mellitus, congestive heart failure, or hypertension, or in patients who received concomitant medications known to affect kidney function <REF VIBATIV PI 6.2013, p. 8A>. Renal function should be monitored in all patients receiving telavancin <REF VIBATIV PI 6.2013, p. 8B>. Telavancin caused adverse fetal development in 3 animal species at clinically relevant doses <REF VIBATIV PI 6.2013, p. 8C>. Therefore, telavancin use should be avoided during pregnancy, and women of childbearing potential should use effective contraception during telavancin treatment <REF VIBATIV PI 6.2013, p. 8D>. Serious or fatal hypersensitivity reactions may occur after first or subsequent doses of telavancin; telavancin should be discontinued at the first sign of skin rash or other sign of hypersensitivity <REF VIBATIV PI 6.2013, p. 8E>. Rapid intravenous infusions of glycopeptide class antimicrobial agents, including telavancin, can cause red man syndrome-like reactions, including flushing of the upper body, urticaria, pruritus, or rash; slowing or stopping the infusion may cease these reactions <REF VIBATIV PI 6.2013, p. 9A>. Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea has been reported with nearly all antibacterial agents and may range in severity from mild diarrhea to fatal colitis <REF VIBATIV PI 6.2013, p. 9B>. As with other antibacterial agents, use of telavancin may result in the overgrowth of nonsusceptible organisms, including fungi <REF VIBATIV PI 6.2013, p. 9D>. In a study of healthy volunteers, telavancin dosed at 7.5 and 15 mg/kg prolonged the QTc interval <REF VIBATIV PI 6.2013, p.10A>. Telavancin should be avoided in patients with congenital long QT syndrome, known prolongation of the QTc interval, uncompensated heart failure, or severe left ventricular hypertrophy, and telavancin should be used with caution in patients taking medications known to prolong the QT interval <REF VIBATIV PI 6.2013, p.10A>. Although telavancin does not interfere with coagulation, it interferes with certain tests used to monitor coagulation, including prothrombin time/international normalized ratio, activated partial thromboplastin time, activated clotting time, and coagulation-based factor X activity assay <REF VIBATIV PI 6.2013, p. 10B, 10T3>. Vibativ® (telavancin) for injection. South San Francisco, CA: Theravance, Inc. Current prescribing information.
  30. Of adverse events occurring in ≥10% of telavancin-treated patients observed in patients with complicated skin and skin structure infections (cSSSIs) in Phase 3 trials, the only AEs that were notably higher in patients treated with telavancin were taste disturbance, nausea, vomiting, and foamy urine <REF VIBATIV PI 6.2013, p.10A>. Taste disturbances were described as a metallic or soapy taste <REF VIBATIV PI 6.2013, p.12T4>. Treatment-emergent adverse events that were reported in ≥2% of patients receiving telavancin or vancomycin in patients treated for cSSSIs in both trials are presented here. <TABLE REF VIBATIV PI 6.2013, p.12T4> Vibativ® (telavancin) for injection. South San Francisco, CA: Theravance, Inc. Current prescribing information.
  31. Dalbavancin is a semisynthetic lipoglycopeptide derived from the naturally occurring glycopeptide (A409261) produced by an actinomycete Nonomuria species <REF Busse 2010 Clin Med Insights Therap, p. 7A>. Similar to other lipoglycopeptides, dalbavancin has a long lipophilic side chain that serves as a membrane anchor, which in turn enhances binding and improves antimicrobial potency <REF Busse 2010 Clin Med Insights Therap, p. 7A>. Dalbavancin has demonstrated low MIC against most clinically significant Gram-positive pathogens, such as S. aureus (including MRSA), Enterococcus species (including VRE, but not including those with the VanA phenotype), S. pneumoniae, and coagulase-negative staphylococci <Busse 2010 Clin Med Insights Therap, p. 8A>. Prior to the acquisition of dalbavancin by Durata Therapeutics in 2009, other sponsors submitted an NDA based on a Phase 3 trial in cSSSI. The NDA was subsequently withdrawn. In 2011, Durata initiated a clinical development program that included 2 new Phase 3 trials for the treatment of ABSSSI. The US FDA has recently approved dalbavancin as an intravenous injection for the treatment of acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections based on these trials <REF FDA AIDACM 2014, p. 1A>. <FIGURE REF Chen 2007 Internat J Clin Pract, p. 854F1> Busse KH, et al. Clinical Medicine Insights: Therapeutics 2010;2 7-13. Chen AY, Zervos MJ, Vazquez JA. Int J Clin Pract. 2007 May;61(5):853-63. US FDA. http://www.fda.gov/advisorycommittees/calendar/ucm385727.htm. Accessed 2/18/2014. http://www.fda.gov/newsevents/newsroom/pressannouncements/ucm398724.htm
  32. This table presents the resistance profiles of Gram-positive isolates from Latin American medical centers and their susceptibilities to dalbavancin <REF Gales 2005 CMI, p. 98T2>. Dalbavancin inhibited all S. aureus isolates at ≤0.25 mg/L, although note that none of those isolates were resistant to vancomycin <REF Gales 2005 CMI, p. 99B>. Dalbavancin inhibited all isolates of pneumococcal isolates at ≤0.06 mg/L regardless of degree of penicillin susceptibility <REF Gales 2005 CMI, p. 99B>. All vancomycin-susceptible Enterococcus species were inhibited by dalbavancin ≤0.25 mg/L <REF Gales 2005 CMI, p. 98A>. Enterococcus species displaying vancomycin resistance also showed higher dalbavancin MIC values, with MIC50 at 16 mg/L <REF Gales 2005 CMI, p. 98A>. Interestingly, Enterococcus species displaying the VanB or VanC phenotype were inhibited by dalbavancin concentrations ≤0.12 mg/L; only VanA isolates were not inhibited by low concentrations of dalbavancin <REF Gales 2005 CMI, p. 98B>. Two ways of resistance to dalbavancin among Gram-positive bacteria have been seen: (1) intrinsic glycopeptide-resistance in species such as the genera Lactobacillus, Pediococcus, and Lactobacillus and (2) expression of the VanA phenotype. VanA organisms are induced by glycopeptides to produce the D-alanyl-D-lactate terminus of the stem pentapeptides to which dalbavancin has low affinity. However, dalbavancin has activity against VanB and VanC enterococci, unlike vancomycin. <Dalbavancin. FDA Briefing Document. AIDAC. March 31, 2014. Durata Therapeutics, Inc.> <TABLE REF Gales 2005 CMI, p. 98T2> Gales AC, et al. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2005 Feb;11(2):95-100. Dalbavancin. FDA Briefing Document. AIDAC. March 31, 2014. Durata Therapeutics, Inc.
  33. As previously, mentioned, prior to the acquisition of dalbavancin by Durata Therapeutics in 2009, other sponsors submitted an NDA based on Phase 3 trials in cSSSI. The NDA was subsequently withdrawn. The efficacy and safety of dalbavancin in the treatment of those complicated skin and skin structure infections are presented in this slide <REF Jauregui 2005 CID, p. 1407A, 1408A>. The new trials sponsored by Durata followed the Guidance from the FDA on evaluating ABSSSI. Patients were randomized in a 2:1 ratio to receive dalbavancin (1000 mg on Day 1 followed by a 500-mg dose on Day 8) or linezolid (600 mg every 12 hours) <REF Jauregui 2005 CID, p. 1408B>. Among the clinically evaluable patients at the test-of-cure visit, 88.9% in the dalbavancin arm and 91.2% in the linezolid arm achieved clinical success (as assessed by investigators on the basis of the presentation of the skin and skin structure infection presentation) ; the lower limit of the 95% confidence interval was within the limit for demonstration of noninferiority <REF Jauregui 2005 CID, p. 1408B,C>. Efficacy was independent of infection type <REF Jauregui 2005 CID, p. 1410A>. MRSA eradication rates at the test-of-cure visit were 91% and 89% for the dalbavancin and linezolid arms, respectively <REF Jauregui 2005 CID, p. 1410B>. Adverse events were reported by 56% of patients in the dalbavancin arm and by 61% of patients in the linezolid arm; these were generally considered mild or moderate <REF Jauregui 2005 CID, p. 1413A>. Adverse events, which considered to be probably or possibly related to treatment, were more frequently reported in the linezolid arm (32.2%) than the dalbavancin arm (25.4%) <REF Jauregui 2005 CID, p. 1413A>. Overall, the type and severity of adverse events were comparable between the treatment arms <REF Jauregui 2005 CID, p. 1413A>. No cases of red-man syndrome were reported during the study <REF Jauregui 2005 CID, p. 1413A>. Adverse events with a possible or probable relationship to treatment that were experienced by ≥2% of patients in either treatment arm are presented here. <CHART REF Jauregui 2005 CID, p. 1407A, 1408A> Jauregui LE, et al. Clin Infect Dis. 2005 Nov 15;41(10):1407-15.
  34. The complete dalbavancin development program included five phase 3 trials (n=2875), including the previously discussed Phase 3 trials. This slide focuses on the 2 Phase 3 trials submitted in the recent NDA (DUR001-301 and DUR001-302). These were Phase 3, non-inferiority, double-blind, double-dummy, randomized trials comparing two weekly doses of dalbavancin (1000 mg on Day 1 and 500 mg on Day 8 for subjects with creatinine clearance (CrCl) ≥30 mL/min and those receiving hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis) with vancomycin at 1000 mg/kg every 12 hours for patients with normal renal function (with optional switch to oral linezolid at 600 mg every 12 hours) in patients with ABSSSI known or suspected to be caused by Gram-positive bacteria. The duration of treatment was 10-14 days. The primary efficacy outcome was clinical response, defined as cessation of spread of ABSSSI and the absence of fever at 48 to 72 hours after study drug initiation, in the intent-to-treat (ITT) population. FDA Reviewer analyses further defined responders as those patients achieving at least a 20% reduction in lesion area, as per the current guidance for ABSSSI. <Dalbavancin. FDA Briefing Document. AIDAC. March 31, 2014. Durata Therapeutics, Inc.> Vancomycin 1g (15 mg/kg) was administered twice daily (BID) intravenously (IV) for a minimum duration of 3 days. Linezolid 600mg was administered twice daily orally (PO). Vancomycin IV treatment could be switched to linezolid PO treatment after Day 3 if the investigator assessed the patient suitable for oral therapy. At baseline,>50% of subjects had cellulitis. Other infection types included major abscess and wound infection. The most common pathogen isolated was Staphylococcus aureus (>70%). Other noteworthy pathogens were Streptococcus pyogenes, other Streptococcus and Enterococcus faecalis. <Dalbavancin. FDA Briefing Document. AIDAC. March 31, 2014. Durata Therapeutics, Inc.> Clinical success at EOT was defined based on the following: The patient’s lesion size, as defined by erythema, had decreased from baseline; The patient’s temperature was ≤37.6° C (by any measurement method). Local signs of fluctuance and localized heat/warmth were absent; Local signs of tenderness to palpation and swelling/induration were no worse than mild; and For patients with a wound infection, the severity of purulent drainage was improved and no worse than mild relative to baseline. Both trials met their primary endpoint and demonstrated non-inferiority of dalbavancin vs vancomycin/linezolid. Dalbavancin. FDA Briefing Document. AIDAC. March 31, 2014. Durata Therapeutics, Inc.
  35. The complete dalbavancin development program included five phase 3 trials (n=2875), including the previously discussed Phase 3 trials. This slide focuses on the 2 Phase 3 trials submitted in the recent NDA (DUR001-301 and DUR001-302). These were Phase 3, non-inferiority, double-blind, double-dummy, randomized trials comparing two weekly doses of dalbavancin (1000 mg on Day 1 and 500 mg on Day 8 for subjects with creatinine clearance (CrCl) ≥30 mL/min and those receiving hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis) with vancomycin at 1000 mg/kg every 12 hours for patients with normal renal function (with optional switch to oral linezolid at 600 mg every 12 hours) in patients with ABSSSI known or suspected to be caused by Gram-positive bacteria. The duration of treatment was 10-14 days. The primary efficacy outcome was clinical response, defined as cessation of spread of ABSSSI and the absence of fever at 48 to 72 hours after study drug initiation, in the intent-to-treat (ITT) population. FDA Reviewer analyses further defined responders as those patients achieving at least a 20% reduction in lesion area, as per the current guidance for ABSSSI. <Dalbavancin. FDA Briefing Document. AIDAC. March 31, 2014. Durata Therapeutics, Inc.> Vancomycin 1g (15 mg/kg) was administered twice daily (BID) intravenously (IV) for a minimum duration of 3 days. Linezolid 600mg was administered twice daily orally (PO). Vancomycin IV treatment could be switched to linezolid PO treatment after Day 3 if the investigator assessed the patient suitable for oral therapy. At baseline,>50% of subjects had cellulitis. Other infection types included major abscess and wound infection. The most common pathogen isolated was Staphylococcus aureus (>70%). Other noteworthy pathogens were Streptococcus pyogenes, other Streptococcus and Enterococcus faecalis. <Dalbavancin. FDA Briefing Document. AIDAC. March 31, 2014. Durata Therapeutics, Inc.> Clinical success at EOT was defined based on the following: The patient’s lesion size, as defined by erythema, had decreased from baseline; The patient’s temperature was ≤37.6° C (by any measurement method). Local signs of fluctuance and localized heat/warmth were absent; Local signs of tenderness to palpation and swelling/induration were no worse than mild; and For patients with a wound infection, the severity of purulent drainage was improved and no worse than mild relative to baseline. Both trials met their primary endpoint and demonstrated non-inferiority of dalbavancin vs vancomycin/linezolid. Dalbavancin. FDA Briefing Document. AIDAC. March 31, 2014. Durata Therapeutics, Inc.
  36. The complete dalbavancin development program included five phase 3 trials (n=2875), including the previously discussed Phase 3 trials. This slide focuses on the 2 Phase 3 trials submitted in the recent NDA (DUR001-301 and DUR001-302). These were Phase 3, non-inferiority, double-blind, double-dummy, randomized trials comparing two weekly doses of dalbavancin (1000 mg on Day 1 and 500 mg on Day 8 for subjects with creatinine clearance (CrCl) ≥30 mL/min and those receiving hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis) with vancomycin at 1000 mg/kg every 12 hours for patients with normal renal function (with optional switch to oral linezolid at 600 mg every 12 hours) in patients with ABSSSI known or suspected to be caused by Gram-positive bacteria. The duration of treatment was 10-14 days. The primary efficacy outcome was clinical response, defined as cessation of spread of ABSSSI and the absence of fever at 48 to 72 hours after study drug initiation, in the intent-to-treat (ITT) population. FDA Reviewer analyses further defined responders as those patients achieving at least a 20% reduction in lesion area, as per the current guidance for ABSSSI. <Dalbavancin. FDA Briefing Document. AIDAC. March 31, 2014. Durata Therapeutics, Inc.> Vancomycin 1g (15 mg/kg) was administered twice daily (BID) intravenously (IV) for a minimum duration of 3 days. Linezolid 600mg was administered twice daily orally (PO). Vancomycin IV treatment could be switched to linezolid PO treatment after Day 3 if the investigator assessed the patient suitable for oral therapy. At baseline,>50% of subjects had cellulitis. Other infection types included major abscess and wound infection. The most common pathogen isolated was Staphylococcus aureus (>70%). Other noteworthy pathogens were Streptococcus pyogenes, other Streptococcus and Enterococcus faecalis. <Dalbavancin. FDA Briefing Document. AIDAC. March 31, 2014. Durata Therapeutics, Inc.> Clinical success at EOT was defined based on the following: The patient’s lesion size, as defined by erythema, had decreased from baseline; The patient’s temperature was ≤37.6° C (by any measurement method). Local signs of fluctuance and localized heat/warmth were absent; Local signs of tenderness to palpation and swelling/induration were no worse than mild; and For patients with a wound infection, the severity of purulent drainage was improved and no worse than mild relative to baseline. Both trials met their primary endpoint and demonstrated non-inferiority of dalbavancin vs vancomycin/linezolid. Dalbavancin. FDA Briefing Document. AIDAC. March 31, 2014. Durata Therapeutics, Inc.
  37. The adverse events reported in the table above was from the two most recent Phase 3 trials (DUR001-301 and DUR001-302) Deaths reported are from an aggregate of seven Phase 2 and 3 trials Number of subjects with SAEs are from the two Phase 3 trials (DUR001-301 and DUR001-302) Adverse events related to hemorrhages from aggregate of Phase 2 and Phase 3 trials Per the briefing document: The major safety finding was a possibility of dalbavancin-associated liver injury, especially in subjects with underlying liver disease. This finding is based on an observation of several cases of high-degree transaminase elevations in dalbavancin-treated subjects, which was not observed in the comparator group. Another safety finding was a higher rate of adverse events related to hemorrhages in dalbavancin-treated subjects, including gastrointestinal and soft-tissue hemorrhages. All events of hemorrhages were non-fatal and whether this imbalance is due to chance or indeed associated with dalbavancin is uncertain. <Dalbavancin. FDA Briefing Document. AIDAC. March 31, 2014. Durata Therapeutics, Inc.> Dalbavancin. FDA Briefing Document. AIDAC. March 31, 2014. Durata Therapeutics, Inc.
  38. Oritavancin is a semisynthetic lipoglycopeptide with activity against MRSA, VISA, VRSA, and VRE (both VanA and VanB phenotypes) <REF Zhanel 2012 CID, p. S215A>. Oritavancin is derived from the naturally occurring glycopeptide chloroeremomycin <REF Zhanel 2012 CID, p. S215B>. Chloroeremomycin differs from vancomycin by the presence of a 4-epi-vancosamine monosaccharide at the amino acid residue in ring 6 (circled in the figure) and the substitution of the vancosamine by 4-epi-vancosamine (indicated by the arrows in the figures); these substitutions enhance chloroeremomycin’s antimicrobial activity against both vancomycin-susceptible and vancomycin-resistant organisms <REF Zhanel 2012 CID, p. S215B>. Oritavancin has an additional 4’-chlorobiphenylmethyl substituent on the disaccharide sugar (enclosed by the large oval in the figure)<REF Zhanel 2012 CID, p. S215C>. This lipophilic side chain anchors the molecule to the cell membrane and stabilizes the formation of oritavancin dimers, which in turn improves oritavancin’s ability to bind to its target, including D-alanyl-D-lactate present in VanA enterococci <REF Zhanel 2012 CID, p. S215C>. Oritavancin is currently under review by the US FDA for the treatment of ABSSSI <REF FDA Oritavancin, p. 1A>. The FDA action date for oritavancin is August 6, 2014 <REF FDA Oritavancin, p. 1A>. <ART REF Zhanel 2012 CID, p. S215F1> Zhanel GG, et al. Clin Infect Dis. 2012 Apr;54(suppl 3):S214-9. Drugs.com. Press release 2/19/2014. http://www.drugs.com/nda/oritavancin_140220.html. Accessed 2/21/2014
  39. Like all glycopeptides, lipoglycopeptides such as oritavancin inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis <REF Zhanel 2012 CID, p. S215D, S216A>. Similar to vancomycin, oritavancin inhibits transglycosylation by binding to the terminal acyl-D-alanyl-D-alanine residues of the pentapeptide moieties <REF Zhanel 2012 CID, p. S216B,C>. Oritavancin’s hydrophobic side chain anchors the molecule in the bacterial cell membrane, facilitating its binding to the terminal residues and its interruption of cell wall synthesis, even in organisms with VanA-type resistance <REF Zhanel 2012 CID, p. S216D>. Unlike vancomycin, oritavancin is also able to disrupt cell wall synthesis by interrupting transpeptidation as well as transglycosylation <REF Zhanel 2012 CID, p. S216E>. Specifically, oritavancin binds to the peptide cross-linking portion of the cell wall, inhibiting transpeptidation <REF Zhanel 2012 CID, p. S216E>. Thirdly, the hydrophobic side chain facilitates cell membrane anchoring and self-dimerization <REF Zhanel 2012 CID, p. S217B>. This disturbs the integrity of the bacterial cell membrane, resulting in a concentration-dependent membrane depolarization and increased permeability, resulting in the death of vancomycin-resistant organisms (VRSA and VRE) <REF Zhanel 2012 CID, p. S217B>. <FIGURE REF Zhanel 2012 CID, p. S216F2> Zhanel GG, et al. Clin Infect Dis. 2012 Apr;54(suppl 3):S214-9.
  40. The efficacy and safety of oritavancin was evaluated in the SIMPLIFI trial <REF Dunbar 2011 AAC, p. 3477A>. This Phase 2 multicenter, randomized, double-blind, parallel, active-comparator study was designed to evaluate the non-inferiority of single and infrequent dosing of intravenous (i.v.) oritavancin. Patients were randomized at a 1:1:1 ratio to receive either the oritavancin comparator daily dose (200 mg i.v. daily for 3 to 7 days), the oritavancin single dose (1,200 mg oritavancin i.v. on day 1), or the oritavancin infrequent dose (800 mg i.v. on day 1, with an optional 400 mg i.v. on day 5, as determined by the blinded investigator).Cure was defined as a resolution of purulent drainage, pain, edema, fever, erythema, tenderness, and induration <REF Dunbar 2011 AAC, p. 3478A>. The clinical cure rates at the test-of-cure visit in the clinically evaluable population were 72.4%, 81.5%, and 77.5% in the 200-mg daily-dosed, 1200-mg single-dose, and the 800-mg infrequent-dose groups, respectively <REF Dunbar 2011 AAC, p. 3479A, 3480A>. The single-dose and infrequent-dose regimens of oritavancin were noninferior to the daily-dose regimens <REF Dunbar 2011 AAC, p. 3480A>. In general, safety findings were similar among the 3 treatment groups <REF Dunbar 2011 AAC, p. 3480B>. The rate of reported adverse events was 56%, 55.6%, and 61.2% in the daily-, single-, and infrequent-dose groups <REF Dunbar 2011 AAC, p. 3481A>. The most common adverse events reported included nausea, phlebitis, diarrhea, headache, infusion site extravasation, vomiting, and constipation, and most of these were considered mild or moderate in severity <REF Dunbar 2011 AAC, p. 3480B, 3481A>. A total of 8.3% patients experienced a serious adverse event, and incidence of serious adverse events was higher in the daily-dose group compared to the 1200-mg dose and 800-mg dose groups <REF Dunbar 2011 AAC, p. 3480B>. There were 5 deaths during this study (cardiac arrest, cardiopulmonary failure, septic shock, myocardial infarction, and pulmonary embolism); none of these deaths were assessed as being related to the study medication <REF Dunbar 2011 AAC, p. 3480B>. <TABLE REF Dunbar 2011 AAC, p. 3480T2> Dunbar LM, et al; for the SIMPLIFI Study Team. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2011 Jul;55(7):3476-84.
  41. In general, safety findings were similar among the 3 treatment groups <REF Dunbar 2011 AAC, p. 3480B>. The rate of reported adverse events was 56%, 55.6%, and 61.2% in the daily-, single-, and infrequent-dose groups <REF Dunbar 2011 AAC, p. 3481A>. The most common adverse events reported included nausea, phlebitis, diarrhea, headache, infusion site extravasation, vomiting, and constipation, and most of these were considered mild or moderate in severity <REF Dunbar 2011 AAC, p. 3480B, 3481A>. A total of 8.3% patients experienced a serious adverse event, and incidence of serious adverse events was higher in the daily-dose group compared to the 1200-mg dose and 800-mg dose groups <REF Dunbar 2011 AAC, p. 3480B>. There were 5 deaths during this study (cardiac arrest, cardiopulmonary failure, septic shock, myocardial infarction, and pulmonary embolism); none of these deaths were assessed as being related to the study medication <REF Dunbar 2011 AAC, p. 3480B>. Dunbar LM, et al; for the SIMPLIFI Study Team. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2011 Jul;55(7):3476-84.
  42. The efficacy and safety of oritavancin were also evaluated in the SOLO-1 and SOLO-2 Phase 3 clinical trials, which were designed to support the filing of a New Drug Application (NDA) in the United States as well as a Marketing Authorization Application (MAA) in Europe <REF The Med Co 2012 SOLO2, p. 2B>. SOLO-1 and SOLO-2 were identical, multicenter, double-blind, randomized clinical trials that compared treatment with a single IV dose of oritavacin with 7 to 10 days of vancomycin administered IV BID <REF The Med Co 2012 SOLO1, p. 2B; The Med Co 2012 SOLO2, p. 1C>. The combined 1987 patients in the intent-to-treat population represent the largest patient population evaluating an anti-infective for the treatment of ABSSSI in controlled clinical trials, and the subset of 405 patients comprises one of the largest subsets of patients with documented MRSA infection <REF The Med Co 2012 SOLO2, p. 2B>. Under the Special Protocol Assessment (SPA) agreed with the FDA, the protocols pre-specified that MRSA patients from the SOLO studies would be pooled for the evaluation of efficacy. All primary and secondary efficacy endpoints specified by the study protocols were met <REF The Med Co 2012 SOLO1, p. 1B; The Med Co 2012 SOLO2, p. 1D>. In both SOLO-1 and SOLO-2, oritavacin was shown to be noninferior to vancomycin in an efficacy analysis for the early clinical evaluation (48- to 72-hour) endpoints required by US FDA and the later (7 to 14 days after treatment was discontinued) endpoint required by the European Medicines Agency (EMA) <REF The Med Co 2012 SOLO1, p. 1B; The Med Co 2012 SOLO2, p. 1D>. While the combined data from SOLO-1 and SOLO-2 showed that efficacy was similar for oritavancin and vancomycin for the early clinical endpoint and the post-treatment endpoint, in microbiologically confirmed cases of MRSA, patients treated with oritavancin achieved the FDA-proposed endpoint of ≥20% reduction of lesion area more frequently than patients treated with vancomycin <REF The Med Co 2012 SOLO2, p. 1E>. <TABLE REF The Med Co 2012 SOLO2, p. 2A> The Medicines Company. Press release 7/2/2013. http://ir.themedicinescompany.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=122204&p=irol-newsArticle&ID=1834647&highlight=. Accessed 3/8/2014.
  43. The efficacy and safety of oritavancin were also evaluated in the SOLO-1 and SOLO-2 Phase 3 clinical trials, which were designed to support the filing of a New Drug Application (NDA) in the United States as well as a Marketing Authorization Application (MAA) in Europe <REF The Med Co 2012 SOLO2, p. 2B>. SOLO-1 and SOLO-2 were identical, multicenter, double-blind, randomized clinical trials that compared treatment with a single IV dose of oritavacin with 7 to 10 days of vancomycin administered IV BID <REF The Med Co 2012 SOLO1, p. 2B; The Med Co 2012 SOLO2, p. 1C>. The combined 1987 patients in the intent-to-treat population represent the largest patient population evaluating an anti-infective for the treatment of ABSSSI in controlled clinical trials, and the subset of 405 patients comprises one of the largest subsets of patients with documented MRSA infection <REF The Med Co 2012 SOLO2, p. 2B>. Under the Special Protocol Assessment (SPA) agreed with the FDA, the protocols pre-specified that MRSA patients from the SOLO studies would be pooled for the evaluation of efficacy. All primary and secondary efficacy endpoints specified by the study protocols were met <REF The Med Co 2012 SOLO1, p. 1B; The Med Co 2012 SOLO2, p. 1D>. In both SOLO-1 and SOLO-2, oritavacin was shown to be noninferior to vancomycin in an efficacy analysis for the early clinical evaluation (48- to 72-hour) endpoints required by US FDA and the later (7 to 14 days after treatment was discontinued) endpoint required by the European Medicines Agency (EMA) <REF The Med Co 2012 SOLO1, p. 1B; The Med Co 2012 SOLO2, p. 1D>. While the combined data from SOLO-1 and SOLO-2 showed that efficacy was similar for oritavancin and vancomycin for the early clinical endpoint and the post-treatment endpoint, in microbiologically confirmed cases of MRSA, patients treated with oritavancin achieved the FDA-proposed endpoint of ≥20% reduction of lesion area more frequently than patients treated with vancomycin <REF The Med Co 2012 SOLO2, p. 1E>. <TABLE REF The Med Co 2012 SOLO2, p. 2A> The Medicines Company. Press release 7/2/2013. http://ir.themedicinescompany.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=122204&p=irol-newsArticle&ID=1834647&highlight=. Accessed 3/8/2014.
  44. The efficacy and safety of oritavancin were also evaluated in the SOLO-1 and SOLO-2 Phase 3 clinical trials, which were designed to support the filing of a New Drug Application (NDA) in the United States as well as a Marketing Authorization Application (MAA) in Europe <REF The Med Co 2012 SOLO2, p. 2B>. SOLO-1 and SOLO-2 were identical, multicenter, double-blind, randomized clinical trials that compared treatment with a single IV dose of oritavacin with 7 to 10 days of vancomycin administered IV BID <REF The Med Co 2012 SOLO1, p. 2B; The Med Co 2012 SOLO2, p. 1C>. The combined 1987 patients in the intent-to-treat population represent the largest patient population evaluating an anti-infective for the treatment of ABSSSI in controlled clinical trials, and the subset of 405 patients comprises one of the largest subsets of patients with documented MRSA infection <REF The Med Co 2012 SOLO2, p. 2B>. Under the Special Protocol Assessment (SPA) agreed with the FDA, the protocols pre-specified that MRSA patients from the SOLO studies would be pooled for the evaluation of efficacy. All primary and secondary efficacy endpoints specified by the study protocols were met <REF The Med Co 2012 SOLO1, p. 1B; The Med Co 2012 SOLO2, p. 1D>. In both SOLO-1 and SOLO-2, oritavacin was shown to be noninferior to vancomycin in an efficacy analysis for the early clinical evaluation (48- to 72-hour) endpoints required by US FDA and the later (7 to 14 days after treatment was discontinued) endpoint required by the European Medicines Agency (EMA) <REF The Med Co 2012 SOLO1, p. 1B; The Med Co 2012 SOLO2, p. 1D>. While the combined data from SOLO-1 and SOLO-2 showed that efficacy was similar for oritavancin and vancomycin for the early clinical endpoint and the post-treatment endpoint, in microbiologically confirmed cases of MRSA, patients treated with oritavancin achieved the FDA-proposed endpoint of ≥20% reduction of lesion area more frequently than patients treated with vancomycin <REF The Med Co 2012 SOLO2, p. 1E>. <TABLE REF The Med Co 2012 SOLO2, p. 2A> The Medicines Company. Press release 7/2/2013. http://ir.themedicinescompany.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=122204&p=irol-newsArticle&ID=1834647&highlight=. Accessed 3/8/2014.
  45. Combined safety profiles were similar for the 2 drugs<REF The Med Co 2012 SOLO1, p. 2D; The Med Co 2012 SOLO2, p. 1D>. In the SOLO-1 trial, 60% of patients on oritavancin and 63.8% of patients on vancomycin experienced at least 1 adverse event <REF The Med Co 2012 SOLO1, p. 2D>. Also in SOLO-1, fewer treatment-emergent adverse events were reported among patients treated with oritavacin than vancomycin (22.8% versus 31.4%, respectively; p=0.003), and fewer adverse effects affecting the skin and subcutaneous tissues were also reported among patients treated with oritavancin (11.6% versus 19.1%; p=0.001) <REF The Med Co 2012 SOLO1, p. 2D>. Safety profiles, measured at any point up to 60 days after treatment, were similar across treatment groups in SOLO II. Overall, 50.9% of patients on oritavancin and 50.2% of patients on vancomycin were reported to experience at least one adverse event. In SOLO II, treatment emergent adverse events considered by investigators as related to study drug were reported by similar proportions of patients treated with oritavancin and vancomycin (21.7% and 25.5%, respectively). The Medicines Company. Press release 7/2/2013. http://ir.themedicinescompany.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=122204&p=irol-newsArticle&ID=1834647&highlight=. Accessed 3/8/2014.
  46. 55
  47. Two Phase 3 trials have been performed to compare the efficacy and safety of tedizolid versus linezolid in the treatment of ABSSSIs Notes references: Prokocimer 2013 JAMA; Moran GJ, et al. In press 2014; TR701-112 CSR; TR701-113 CSR
  48. Integrated efficacy data from the 2 trials are shown here. In the 2 ESTABLISH studies, 81.6% of patients in the tedizolid arms experienced at least a 20% decrease in lesion area from baseline at 48 to 72 hours, compared to 79.4% in the linezolid arms. The lower limit of the 95% CI was greater than -10%; as you will recall, this was the predefined requirement for tedizolid non-inferiority. Therefore, tedizolid was found to be non-inferior to linezolid for the primary efficacy analysis of early clinical response. In the programmatic assessment at the EOT visit in the ITT, the rate of clinical success was similar between the tedizolid and linezolid groups (87.0% and 87.9%). Likewise, the investigators’ assessment of clinical response rates at the PTE (a primary efficacy endpoint under EMA guidance) was similar in the tedizolid and linezolid groups. Note references: TR701-112 and -113 ISE; EMA 2011 Guidelines Table references: TR701-112 and -113 ISE, p. 137T63, 155T80, 154T79
  49. 60
  50. 61
  51. Quinolones have been used as antimicrobial agents since the 1960s to treat intra-abdominal, urinary tract, respiratory tract, and skin and skin structure infections <REF Remy 2012 JAC, p. 2814B>. Delafloxacin is an investigational fluoroquinolone currently in development <REF Remy 2012 JAC, p. 2814C>. Delafloxacin differs from other fluoroquinolones in 3 important ways: (1) the lack of a strongly basic group at C-7 makes delafloxacin a weak acid; (2) the chlorine at C-8 in conjunction with the fluorine at C-6 exerts a strong electron-withdrawing effect on the aromatic ring, and (3) the heteroaromatic substitution at N-1 results in a larger molecular surface than most other fluoroquinolones <REF Remy 2012 JAC, p. 2814D>. Phase 3 trials examining the efficacy and safety of delafloxacin in the treatment of ABSSSI are currently ongoing <REF CT NCT01984684, p. 1A>. <ART REF Remy 2012 JAC, p. 2815F1> Remy JM, et al., J Antimicrob Chemother. 2012 Dec;67(12):2814-20.
  52. Most quinolones typically have a binding preference for DNA gyrases in Gram-negative organisms and for topoisomerase in Gram-positive organisms <REF Remy 2012 JAC, p. 2814A>. The figure shows quinolone molecules complexed with topoisomerase IV and DNA gyrase on DNA, thus impeding the progression of the multicomponent DNA replication complex <REF Hooper 2002 Lancet, p. 531A>. Delafloxacin appears to be equally potent against both targets <REF Remy 2012 JAC, p. 2815A>. Efflux pumps that confer some quinolone resistance (such as NorA, NorB, and NorC) do not affect delafloxacin activity in vitro <REF Remy 2012 JAC, p. 2815A>. Delafloxacin is active in vitro against S. aureus, including quinolone-resistant MRSA <REF Remy 2012 JAC, p. 2815B>. In vitro resistance selection studies suggest that delafloxacin does not readily select for de novo mutants in naïve strains <REF Remy 2012 JAC, p. 2818A>. The dual-targeting may help reduce the selection of resistant strains, as a mutation of each of the targets would be necessary to affect susceptibility <REF Remy 2012 JAC, p. 2815A>. <FIGURE REF Hooper 2012, p. 531A> Remy JM, et al., J Antimicrob Chemother. 2012 Dec;67(12):2814-20. Hooper DC. Lancet Infect Dis. 2002 Sep;2(9):530-8.
  53. The efficacy and safety of delafloxacin in the treatment of skin and skin structure infections was examined in a randomized, double-blind, Phase 2 trial <REF Longcor ICAAC-2012 L1-1663, p. 1A>. Eligible subjects included those with major abscesses, cellulitis, wound or burn infections <REF Longcor ICAAC-2012 L1-1663, p. 1A>. Subjects were randomized 1:1:1 to receive delafloxacin 300 mg IV twice daily, linezolid 600 mg IV twice daily, or vancomycin 15 mg/kg IV twice daily <REF Longcor ICAAC-2012 L1-1663, p. 1A>. The success rate at the follow-up visit using investigator assessment of the intent-to-treat population is presented in this table. Success was defined as a “cure” as assessed by an investigator based on the signs and symptoms of the acute bacterial skin and skin structure infection at the follow-up visit <REF Longcor ICAAC-2012 L1-1663, p. 1E> . Note that the difference in clinical response in all subjects exposed to vancomycin and all subjects exposed to delafloxacin was statistically significant <REF Longcor ICAAC-2012 L1-1663, p. 1C>. <TABLE Longcor ICAAC-2012 L1-1663, p. T3> Longcor J, et al. Presented at 52nd ICAAC. San Francisco (CA): September 9-12, 2012. Results of a Phase 2 Study of Delafloxacin (DLX) Compared to Vancomycin (VAN) and Linezolid (LNZ) in Acute Bacterial Skin and Skin Structure Infections (ABSSSI) Poster L1-1663.
  54. The incidence of treatment-emergent adverse events was similar among the 3 treatment groups <REF Longcor ICAAC-2012 L1-1663, p. 1D>. Reported adverse events considered possibly, probably, or definitely related to the study drug included nausea, pruritus, vomiting, diarrhea, and infusion site pain <REF Longcor ICAAC-2012 L1-1663, p. 1D>. <TABLE Longcor ICAAC-2012 L1-1663, p. T6> Longcor J, et al. Presented at 52nd ICAAC. San Francisco (CA): September 9-12, 2012. Results of a Phase 2 Study of Delafloxacin (DLX) Compared to Vancomycin (VAN) and Linezolid (LNZ) in Acute Bacterial Skin and Skin Structure Infections (ABSSSI) Poster L1-1663.
  55. As mentioned, delafloxacin is active against both methicillin‐susceptible and methicillin-resistant strains of S. aureus, including those susceptible or resistant to other fluoroquinolones <REF Remy 2012 JAC, p. 2815B>. As you can see in the table demonstrating the susceptibility data for 30 MRSA isolates, the MIC50 for delafloxacin was 4‐ to 64‐fold lower than for the other quinolones listed, and the MIC90 was 8‐ to 256‐fold lower <REF Remy 2012 JAC, p. 2816 T2>. The collection of MRSA isolates is evenly split between levofloxacin‐susceptible (MIC ≤1 µg/mL) and levofloxacin‐resistant (MIC ≥4 µg/mL) strains <REF Remy 2012 JAC, p. 2816 T2>. Delafloxacin demonstrates excellent potency against both MSSA and MRSA isolates with or without multiple quinolone resistance determining region (QRDR) <REF Remy 2012 JAC, p. 2817A4>. While fluoroquinolones may have activity against some CA‐MRSA isolates, they are not routinely recommended because resistance may emerge during monotherapy <REF Liu 2011 CID, p. 20A> <TABLE REF Remy 2012 JAC, p. 2816T2> Remy JM, et al. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2012 Dec;67(12):2814-20. Liu C, et al. Clin Infect Dis. 2011 Feb 1; 52(3):e18-55.
  56. Omadacycline is the first in a new class of antimicrobial compounds, the aminomethylcyclines <REF Noel 2012 AAC, p. 5650A>. Aminomethylcyclines are semisynthetic derivatives of minocycline and hold many of the properties that have made tetracyclines clinically important, including binding to the 70S ribosome and inhibiting protein synthesis <REF Noel 2012 AAC, p. 5650A; Draper 2014 AAC, p. 1280C>. Omadacycline also has unique properties that confer potency against tetracycline-resistant pathogens <REF Noel 2012 AAC, p. 5650A>. It has demonstrated a broad spectrum of activity, including against MSSA, MRSA, streptococci and enterococci <REF Noel 2012 AAC, p. 5650A>. Omadacycline is currently an investigational drug, and no Phase 3 studies have been completed at this time <REF Paratek QIDP PR, p 1A>. Paratek Pharmaceuticals anticipates indications for ABSSSI, community-acquired bacterial pneumonia, and urinary tract infections <REF Paratek QIDP PR, p 1A>. On January 3, 2013, the US FDA designated omadacycline as a Qualified Infectious Disease Product (QIDP) <REF Paratek QIDP PR, p 1B>. <ART REF Draper 2014 AAC, p. 1279F1> Paratek Pharmaceuticals. Press release 1/3/2013. http://www.paratekpharm.com/press/010313%20Paratek%20QIDP%20Press%20Release.pdf. Accessed 2/22/2013. Draper MP, et al. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2014;58(3):1279-83. Noel GJ, et al. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2012; 56(11):5650-54.
  57. Omadacycline is the first in a new class of antimicrobial compounds, the aminomethylcyclines <REF Noel 2012 AAC, p. 5650A>. Aminomethylcyclines are semisynthetic derivatives of minocycline and hold many of the properties that have made tetracyclines clinically important, including binding to the 70S ribosome and inhibiting protein synthesis <REF Noel 2012 AAC, p. 5650A; Draper 2014 AAC, p. 1280C>. Omadacycline also has unique properties that confer potency against tetracycline-resistant pathogens <REF Noel 2012 AAC, p. 5650A>. It has demonstrated a broad spectrum of activity, including against MSSA, MRSA, streptococci and enterococci <REF Noel 2012 AAC, p. 5650A>. Omadacycline is currently an investigational drug, and no Phase 3 studies have been completed at this time <REF Paratek QIDP PR, p 1A>. Paratek Pharmaceuticals anticipates indications for ABSSSI, community-acquired bacterial pneumonia, and urinary tract infections <REF Paratek QIDP PR, p 1A>. On January 3, 2013, the US FDA designated omadacycline as a Qualified Infectious Disease Product (QIDP) <REF Paratek QIDP PR, p 1B>. <ART REF Draper 2014 AAC, p. 1279F1> Paratek Pharmaceuticals. Press release 1/3/2013. http://www.paratekpharm.com/press/010313%20Paratek%20QIDP%20Press%20Release.pdf. Accessed 2/22/2013. Draper MP, et al. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2014;58(3):1279-83. Noel GJ, et al. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2012; 56(11):5650-54.
  58. Recall that tetracycline resistance is usually mediated by 1 of 2 mechanisms: efflux of the drug into the extracellular space and ribosomal protection <REF Draper 2014 AAC, p. 1279A>. In contrast to either tetracycline or doxycycline, omadacycline retains antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive organisms that express either one of these resistance mechanisms <REF Draper 2014 AAC, p. 1280A>. In cell-free in vitro assays, ribosomal protector Tet(O) promotes the release of tetracycline from the 70S ribosome <REF Draper 2014 AAC, p. 1280B>. Omadacycline’s ability to inhibit protein synthesis was unaffected by the presence or absence of Tet(O) <REF Draper 2014 AAC, p. 1280B>. <TABLE REF Draper 2014 AAC, p. 1280T1> Draper MP, et al. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2014 Mar;58(3):1279-83.
  59. A preliminary evaluation of the safety and efficacy of omadacycline in the treatment of complicated skin and skin structure infections was conducted via a randomized, active-controlled, Phase 2 trial <REF Noel 2012 AAC, p. 5650B>. Patients had either wound infections, major abscesses, infected ulcers of the lower extremities, or cellulitis <REF Noel 2012 AAC, p. 5650C>. Following randomization, patients received either omadacycline IV 100 mg every 24 hours or linezolid IV 600 mg every 12 hours <REF Noel 2012 AAC, p. 5650D, 5651A>. Patients were able to transition to oral therapy (omadacycline 200 mg once daily or linezolid 600 mg twice daily) at the discretion of their clinician based on the appropriateness of hospital discharge <REF Noel 2012 AAC, p. 5651B>. The rates of successful clinical responses at the test-of-cure visit are presented here. Clinical response was considered successful if a blinded investigator assessed that a patient’s infection was sufficiently resolved such that no additional antibiotics were needed <REF Noel 2012 AAC, p. 5650C>. Note that for all analysis populations, the successful clinical response rate was higher in the omadacycline-treated group than in the linezolid-treated group, although only significantly different in the intent to treat population <REF Noel 2012 AAC, p. 5653A,B>. Treatment-emergent adverse events that were reported in 5 or more patients included nausea (11.7%), headache (6.3%), vomiting (4.5%), constipation (4.5%), fatigue (4.5%), rash (4.5%), dizziness (3.6%), diarrhea (2.7%), elevated alanine aminotransferase (2.7%), and elevated aspartate aminotransferase (2.7%) <REF Noel 2012 AAC, p. 5652T3>. <TABLE REF Noel 2012 AAC, p. 5653T4> Noel GJ, et al. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2012; 56(11):5650-54.
  60. A preliminary evaluation of the safety and efficacy of omadacycline in the treatment of complicated skin and skin structure infections was conducted via a randomized, active-controlled, Phase 2 trial <REF Noel 2012 AAC, p. 5650B>. Patients had either wound infections, major abscesses, infected ulcers of the lower extremities, or cellulitis <REF Noel 2012 AAC, p. 5650C>. Following randomization, patients received either omadacycline IV 100 mg every 24 hours or linezolid IV 600 mg every 12 hours <REF Noel 2012 AAC, p. 5650D, 5651A>. Patients were able to transition to oral therapy (omadacycline 200 mg once daily or linezolid 600 mg twice daily) at the discretion of their clinician based on the appropriateness of hospital discharge <REF Noel 2012 AAC, p. 5651B>. Treatment-emergent adverse events that were reported in 5 or more patients included nausea (11.7%), headache (6.3%), vomiting (4.5%), constipation (4.5%), fatigue (4.5%), rash (4.5%), dizziness (3.6%), diarrhea (2.7%), elevated alanine transaminase (2.7%), and elevated aspartate transaminase (2.7%) <REF Noel 2012 AAC, p. 5652T3>. <TABLE REF Noel 2012 AAC, p. 5653T4> Noel GJ, et al. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2012; 56(11):5650-54.
  61. † The FDA has indicated in its Complete Response Letter to Johnson & Johnson PRD that it has completed the review of the application and has determined that it cannot approve the application in its present form … The Agency determined that data from Studies BAP00154 and BAP00414 cannot be relied upon because inspections and audits of approximately one-third of the clinical trial sites for these studies found the data from a large proportion of these sites to be unreliable or unverifiable, raising concerns regarding the overall data integrity for both studies